南京近郊麻栎林冠层蒸腾时间变化及降温效应
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摘要
2012年9月和10月及2013年5-8月,利用树干液流仪和小气象站对南京近郊东善桥林场的麻栎Quercus acutissima树干液流速率及环境因子进行连续观测,分析麻栎林冠层蒸腾量及其对周边环境的降温效应。结果表明:1各月麻栎液流密度均在13:00左右达到最大值,其中8月峰值最高(18.78 g·cm-2·h-1),6月峰值最低(13.49 g·cm-2·h-1);25-10月麻栎林冠层蒸腾总量为237.52 mm,7月冠层蒸腾量最高(50.46 mm),10月冠层蒸腾量最低(29.86mm);37月的蒸腾耗能量与太阳辐射能量值最高,分别为154.97 MJ·m-2,489.65 MJ·m-2,8月冠层蒸腾耗能系数最高(35.82%),10月的冠层蒸腾耗能系数最低(25.76%);4麻栎林7月冠层蒸腾降温值最高(3.07℃),生长期平均可降温(2.35±0.53)℃。
Global warming and regional water resources shortage have become the focus of the global. Climate warming affects global hydrological cycles, and tree transpiration also affects climate warming. This study was conducted to analyze canopy transpiration of Quercus acutissima and to determine its cooling effect on surrounding environments. Continuous observation of the sap flow density and environmental factors, such as solar radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature, soil water content, used a sap flow meter and a mini weather station in Nanjing Dongshanqiao Forest Farm. Maximum sap flux density, peak daily sap flux density, transpiration heat flux, solar energy, consumed-energy coefficient, and canopy transpiration cooling was conducted according these data. Six trees of different diameter grade were observed. Results indicated that 1)the maximum sap flux density appeared at 13:00; the greatest peak daily sap flux density was 18.78 g·cm-2·h-1in August, and the lowest was 13.49 g·cm-2·h-1in June. 2) Canopy transpiration summed from May to October was 237.52 mm with the highest month being July. 3) July also had the greatest transpiration heat flux(154.97 MJ· m-2) and solar energy(489.65 MJ·m-2). The coefficient of consumed-energy for canopy transpiration was highest in August(35.8%) and lowest in October(25.8%). 4) Canopy transpiration cooling from Q.acutissima was highest in July(3.07 °C), and during the growing season, canopy transpiration reduced the av-erage temperature(2.35 ± 0.53) °C·h-1per 10 m3 air. According to the transpiration and its cooling effect, we could choose suitable afforestation design in order to alleviate global warming and heat island effect
Global warming and regional water resources shortage have become the focus of the global. Climate warming affects global hydrological cycles, and tree transpiration also affects climate warming. This study was conducted to analyze canopy transpiration of Quercus acutissima and to determine its cooling effect on surrounding environments. Continuous observation of the sap flow density and environmental factors, such as solar radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil temperature, soil water content, used a sap flow meter and a mini weather station in Nanjing Dongshanqiao Forest Farm. Maximum sap flux density, peak daily sap flux density, transpiration heat flux, solar energy, consumed-energy coefficient, and canopy transpiration cooling was conducted according these data. Six trees of different diameter grade were observed. Results indicated that 1)the maximum sap flux density appeared at 13:00; the greatest peak daily sap flux density was 18.78 g·cm-2·h-1in August, and the lowest was 13.49 g·cm-2·h-1in June. 2) Canopy transpiration summed from May to October was 237.52 mm with the highest month being July. 3) July also had the greatest transpiration heat flux(154.97 MJ· m-2) and solar energy(489.65 MJ·m-2). The coefficient of consumed-energy for canopy transpiration was highest in August(35.8%) and lowest in October(25.8%). 4) Canopy transpiration cooling from Q.acutissima was highest in July(3.07 °C), and during the growing season, canopy transpiration reduced the av-erage temperature(2.35 ± 0.53) °C·h-1per 10 m3 air. According to the transpiration and its cooling effect, we could choose suitable afforestation design in order to alleviate global warming and heat island effect
引文
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[14]NAKAZATO T,INAGAKI T.Analysis of plant function as bio-thermal-conditioner using Pothos(Epipremnum aureum)[J].Thermochimica Acta,2012,532:49-55.
[15]GRANIER A.A new method of sap flow measurement in tree stems[J].Ann For Sci,42(2):193-200.
[16]GRANIER A.Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas fir stand by means of sap flow measurements[J].Tree Physiol,1987,3(4):309-320.
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[18]阮宏华,郑阿宝,钟育谦.次生栎林蒸腾强度与蒸腾量的研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23(4):32-35.RUAN Honghua,ZHENG Abao,ZHONG Yuqian.A study on the transpiration intensity and total transpiration calculation of the secondary oak forest[J].J Nanjing For Univ,1999,23(4):32-35.
[19]肖辉杰,余新晓,贾瑞燕,等.北京山区典型人工林的耗水规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):72-77.XIAO Huijie,YU Xinxiao,JIA Ruiyan,et al.Water consumption of typical artificial forests in Beijing mountainous area[J].Sci Soil Water Conserv,2014,12(2):72-77.
[20]王鹤松,张劲松,孟平,等.华北石质山区杜仲人工林蒸腾特征及水分供求关系[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(4):475-480.WANG Hesong,ZHANG Jinsong,MENG Ping,et al.Transpiration variation and relationship between supply and demand of water for Eucommia ulmoides plantations in the rocky mountainous area of north China[J].For Res,2008,21(4):475-480.
[21]刘彩凤,张志强,郭军庭,等.晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区油松刺槐混交林蒸腾耗水[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(5):42-48.LIU Caifeng,ZHANG Zhiqiang,GUO Junting,et al.Transpiration of a Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest in hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau,West Shanxi Province[J].Sci Soil Water Conserv,2010,8(5):42-48.
[22]田风霞,赵传燕,冯兆东.祁连山区青海云杉林蒸腾耗水估算[J].生态学报,2011,31(9):2383-2391.TIAN Fengxia,ZHAO Chuanyan,FENG Zhaodong.Model-based estimation of the canopy transpiration of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(9):2383-2391.
[23]赵平,邹绿柳,饶兴权,等.成熟马占相思林的蒸腾耗水及年际变化[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):6038-6048.ZHAO Ping,ZOU Lüliu,RAO Xingquan,et al.Water consumption and annual variation of transpiration in mature Acacia mangium plantation[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(20):6038-6048.
[24]HUANG Yuqing,LI Xiankun,ZHANG Zhongfeng,et al.Seasonal changes in Cyclobalanopsis glauca transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance and their dependence on subterranean water and climatic factors in rocky karst terrain[J].J Hydrol,2011,402(1/2):135-143.
[25]PRAK J,RM,TESARRM.Estimation of plant transpiration from meteorological data under conditions of sufficient soil moisture[J].J Hydrol,1994,162(3):409-427.
[26]苏泳娴,黄光庆,陈修治,等.广州市城区公园对周边环境的降温效应[J].生态学报,2010,30(18):4905-4918.SU Yongxian,HUANG Guangqing,CHEN Xiuzhi,et al.The cooling effect of Guangzhou City parks to surrounding environments[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2010,30(18):4905-4918.
[27]张艳丽,费世民,李智勇,等.成都市沙河主要绿化树种固碳释氧和降温增湿效益[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3878-3887.ZHANG Yanli,FEI Shimin,LI Zhiyong,et al.Carbon sequestration and oxygen release as well as cooling and humidification efficiency of the main greening tree species of Sha River,Chengdu[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2013,33(12):3878-3887.
[28]欧阳旭,李跃林,张倩媚.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林小气候调节效应[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(3):575-582.OUYANG Xu,LI Yuelin,ZHANG Qianmei.Characteristics of microclimate in a mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve[J].Chin J Ecol,2014,33(3):575-582.
[2]GAO Xuejie,ZHAO Zongci,DING Yihui,et al.Climate change due to greenhouse effects in China as simulated by a regional climate model[J].Adv Atmos Sci,2001,18(6):1224-1230.
[3]IPCC.Climate Change 1990:the IPCC Scientific Assessment[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[4]IPCC.Climate Change 1995:the Science of Climate Change:Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[5]IPCC.Climate Change 2001:the Scientific Basis:Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[6]IPCC.Climate Change 2007:the Physical Science Basis:Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.
[7]OKE T R,CROWTHER J M,Mc NAUGHTON K G,et al.The micrometeorology of the urban forest[J].Philos Trans Royal Soc Ser B Biol Sci,1989,324(223):335-349.
[8]PETERS E B,Mc FADDEN J P,MONTGOMERY R A.Biological and environmental controls on tree transpiration in a suburban landscape[J].J Geophys Res Biogeosci,2010,115(G4):G04006.DOI:10.1029/2009JG001266.
[9]GILLA S E,RAHMANB M A,HANADLEY J F,et al.Modeling water stress to urban amenity grass in Manchester UK under climate change and its potential impacts in reducing urban cooling[J].Urban For&Urban Green,2013,12(3):350-358.
[10]CLAUSNITZER F,KSTNER B,SCHWRZEL K,et al.Relationships between canopy transpiration,atmospheric conditions and soil water availability:analyses of long-term sap-flow measurements in an old Norway spruce forest at the Ore Mountains/Germany[J].Agric For Meteorol,2011,151(8):1023-1034.
[11]LIU Xiaozhi,KANG Shaozhong,LI Fusheng.Simulation of artifcial neural network model for trunk sap flow of Pyrus pyrifolia and its comparison with multiple-linear regression[J].Agric Water Manage,2009,96(6):939-945.
[12]HENTSCHEL R,BITTNERB S,JANOTT M,et al.Simulation of stand transpiration based on a xylem water flow model for individual trees[J].Agric For Meteorol,2013,182:31-42.
[13]ZHU Liwei,ZHAO Ping.Temporal variation in sap-flux-scaled transpiration and cooling effect of a subtropical Schima superba plantation in the urban Area of Guangzhou[J].J Integr Agric,2013,12(8):1350-1356.
[14]NAKAZATO T,INAGAKI T.Analysis of plant function as bio-thermal-conditioner using Pothos(Epipremnum aureum)[J].Thermochimica Acta,2012,532:49-55.
[15]GRANIER A.A new method of sap flow measurement in tree stems[J].Ann For Sci,42(2):193-200.
[16]GRANIER A.Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas fir stand by means of sap flow measurements[J].Tree Physiol,1987,3(4):309-320.
[17]CAMPBELL G S,NORMAN J M.An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics[M].2nd ed.New York:SpringerVerlag,1998:5-9.
[18]阮宏华,郑阿宝,钟育谦.次生栎林蒸腾强度与蒸腾量的研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23(4):32-35.RUAN Honghua,ZHENG Abao,ZHONG Yuqian.A study on the transpiration intensity and total transpiration calculation of the secondary oak forest[J].J Nanjing For Univ,1999,23(4):32-35.
[19]肖辉杰,余新晓,贾瑞燕,等.北京山区典型人工林的耗水规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):72-77.XIAO Huijie,YU Xinxiao,JIA Ruiyan,et al.Water consumption of typical artificial forests in Beijing mountainous area[J].Sci Soil Water Conserv,2014,12(2):72-77.
[20]王鹤松,张劲松,孟平,等.华北石质山区杜仲人工林蒸腾特征及水分供求关系[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(4):475-480.WANG Hesong,ZHANG Jinsong,MENG Ping,et al.Transpiration variation and relationship between supply and demand of water for Eucommia ulmoides plantations in the rocky mountainous area of north China[J].For Res,2008,21(4):475-480.
[21]刘彩凤,张志强,郭军庭,等.晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区油松刺槐混交林蒸腾耗水[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(5):42-48.LIU Caifeng,ZHANG Zhiqiang,GUO Junting,et al.Transpiration of a Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest in hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau,West Shanxi Province[J].Sci Soil Water Conserv,2010,8(5):42-48.
[22]田风霞,赵传燕,冯兆东.祁连山区青海云杉林蒸腾耗水估算[J].生态学报,2011,31(9):2383-2391.TIAN Fengxia,ZHAO Chuanyan,FENG Zhaodong.Model-based estimation of the canopy transpiration of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(9):2383-2391.
[23]赵平,邹绿柳,饶兴权,等.成熟马占相思林的蒸腾耗水及年际变化[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):6038-6048.ZHAO Ping,ZOU Lüliu,RAO Xingquan,et al.Water consumption and annual variation of transpiration in mature Acacia mangium plantation[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(20):6038-6048.
[24]HUANG Yuqing,LI Xiankun,ZHANG Zhongfeng,et al.Seasonal changes in Cyclobalanopsis glauca transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance and their dependence on subterranean water and climatic factors in rocky karst terrain[J].J Hydrol,2011,402(1/2):135-143.
[25]PRAK J,RM,TESARRM.Estimation of plant transpiration from meteorological data under conditions of sufficient soil moisture[J].J Hydrol,1994,162(3):409-427.
[26]苏泳娴,黄光庆,陈修治,等.广州市城区公园对周边环境的降温效应[J].生态学报,2010,30(18):4905-4918.SU Yongxian,HUANG Guangqing,CHEN Xiuzhi,et al.The cooling effect of Guangzhou City parks to surrounding environments[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2010,30(18):4905-4918.
[27]张艳丽,费世民,李智勇,等.成都市沙河主要绿化树种固碳释氧和降温增湿效益[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3878-3887.ZHANG Yanli,FEI Shimin,LI Zhiyong,et al.Carbon sequestration and oxygen release as well as cooling and humidification efficiency of the main greening tree species of Sha River,Chengdu[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2013,33(12):3878-3887.
[28]欧阳旭,李跃林,张倩媚.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林小气候调节效应[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(3):575-582.OUYANG Xu,LI Yuelin,ZHANG Qianmei.Characteristics of microclimate in a mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve[J].Chin J Ecol,2014,33(3):575-582.