不同利益相关者对山岳型乡村社区多功能绿地设计的看法及其差异——以房干村为例
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摘要
具有多种生态系统服务的多功能绿地设计是乡村社区生态环境修复和美丽乡村建设的重要环节,而深入了解不同利益相关者对绿地设计的需求及其差异是实现绿地功能效益多样化和最大化的重要保障。本研究以典型山岳型乡村社区房干村为例,通过面对面的问卷调查,研究了社区常住居民、驻地单位职员、生态环境专家、游客等不同利益相关者对房干村绿地设计和山岳型乡村主要类型绿地景观特色、功能价值、物种搭配、种苗来源等核心问题的看法。结果表明:大部分受访者对房干村的绿地现状持肯定态度,但也认为其存在景观特色不明显、环境功能薄弱、物种单一等乡村社区绿地具有的共性问题。受访者总体上主张山岳型社区的绿地设计应以本地野生植物和本地种源为主,形成与本地野生山林相融合同时突出本地乡村农家田园特色的绿地景观;但庭院、房前屋后、院墙边坡、水岸等不同类型的绿地在景观特色的功能价值、物种搭配、种苗来源方面应区别对待。在水岸绿地和种苗来源等相关问题上,不同利益相关者的看法表现出显著的差异:生态环境专家更强调绿地的生态安全功能和本地种源;社区居民和驻地单位职员对绿地的观赏、娱乐价值和观赏型植物具有更高的接受度。研究结果为优化乡村绿地设计、解决乡村社区绿地的突出问题和发展乡村绿化种苗供应体系提供了新的启示,对美丽乡村建设和乡村植被修复具有参考价值。
The design of multifunctional green spaces which can provide a wide range of ecosystem services is an important link between ecological environment restoration and Beautiful Village Construction in rural communities.To diverse and maximize the benefits of green space functions,it is essential to understand the perspectives of different stakeholders on the design of green spaces.Taking Fanggan Village as an example of typical mountainous villages of East China,this paper investigated the various perspectives of different stakeholders on landscape design,functions,species collocation,seedling sources and other key issues of rural green spaces by face-to-face questionnaire.The 195 interviewees were classified into four groups including residents,employees of local organizations,ecological experts and tourists during investigation.The results showed that most stakeholders expressed positive attitude towards current green spaces in Fanggan.However,they also thought that there were some common problems with rural communal green spaces.Featureless landscape,weak ecological functions,and monotonous species of rural green spaces,among others,were highlighted.Overall,the interviewees generally advocated that the green space design of the mountain-type community should be based on local wild plants and local provenances,forming a green landscape that blends with the local wild mountain forests while highlighting the local rural farmland characteristics.In the meantime,different types of green spaces such as courtyards,surroundings,yard slopes,and waterfront should be treated differently in terms of functions,species collocation,and seedling sources.On the issues related to waterfront green space and seedling sources,the views of different stakeholders,however,showed significant differences:experts emphasized the ecological security function of green land and local provenance while residents and employees of local organizations prioritized entertainment function and the ornamental plants.The findings provide new insights into optimizing rural green space,solving the existing problems and developing ecological friendly seedling supply system for rural green space,as well as into the construction of Beautiful Village and restoration of rural vegetation.
The design of multifunctional green spaces which can provide a wide range of ecosystem services is an important link between ecological environment restoration and Beautiful Village Construction in rural communities.To diverse and maximize the benefits of green space functions,it is essential to understand the perspectives of different stakeholders on the design of green spaces.Taking Fanggan Village as an example of typical mountainous villages of East China,this paper investigated the various perspectives of different stakeholders on landscape design,functions,species collocation,seedling sources and other key issues of rural green spaces by face-to-face questionnaire.The 195 interviewees were classified into four groups including residents,employees of local organizations,ecological experts and tourists during investigation.The results showed that most stakeholders expressed positive attitude towards current green spaces in Fanggan.However,they also thought that there were some common problems with rural communal green spaces.Featureless landscape,weak ecological functions,and monotonous species of rural green spaces,among others,were highlighted.Overall,the interviewees generally advocated that the green space design of the mountain-type community should be based on local wild plants and local provenances,forming a green landscape that blends with the local wild mountain forests while highlighting the local rural farmland characteristics.In the meantime,different types of green spaces such as courtyards,surroundings,yard slopes,and waterfront should be treated differently in terms of functions,species collocation,and seedling sources.On the issues related to waterfront green space and seedling sources,the views of different stakeholders,however,showed significant differences:experts emphasized the ecological security function of green land and local provenance while residents and employees of local organizations prioritized entertainment function and the ornamental plants.The findings provide new insights into optimizing rural green space,solving the existing problems and developing ecological friendly seedling supply system for rural green space,as well as into the construction of Beautiful Village and restoration of rural vegetation.
引文
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[39]马建伟,张洁.浙江乡土树种资源状况及在生态建设中的利用[J].新农村,2011(7):5-7.
[2]姚恭平.社会主义新农村绿化景观建设的几点思考[J].江苏城市规划,2007(5):43-44.
[3]车生泉,杨知洁,倪静雪.上海乡村景观模式调查和景观元素设计模式研究[J].中国园林,2008,24(8):21-27.
[4]欧阳润平,胡晓琴.国内外旅游需求研究综述[J].南京财经大学学报,2007(3):80-83.
[5]陈英瑾.乡村景观特征评估与规划[D].清华大学,2012.
[6]R DA G.Rural buildings and environment[J].Landscape&urban planning,1998,41(2):93-97.
[7]路伟.乡村绿地景观规划设计研究[D].新疆农业大学,2014.
[8]戚泉木.发展庭院经济是推进农村两个文明建设的有效途径[J].上海农业科技,1993(1):46.
[9]伍少云,张宗文,Bhuwon R.Sthapit,等.昆明市双哨乡户级庭园植物多样性分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2004,20(1):16-19.
[10]祝遵凌,刘亚亮,褚茜.长三角新农村庭院植物多样性与配置模式[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(7):35-37.
[11]石玲玲.浙江省现代乡村植物景观营造研究[D].浙江农林大学,2010.
[12]周心琴.西方国家乡村景观研究新进展[J].地域研究与开发,2007,26(3):85-90.
[13]孙益军,吴震,黄和元.浅谈村庄绿化树种选择[J].江苏林业科技,2009,36(1):46-49.
[14]冯剑.新农村环境建设中观赏植物的选择与配置研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2010.
[15]KELAGER A,PEDERSEN J S,BRUUNH H.Multiple introductions and no loss of genetic diversity:invasion history of Japanese Rose,Rosa rugosa,in Europe[J].Biological invasions,2013,15(5):1125-1141.
[16]王瑞.我国严重威胁性外来入侵植物入侵与扩散历史过程重建及其潜在分布区的预测[D].中国科学院研究生院(植物研究所),2006.
[17]王立科.运用乡土植物营造地域特色景观[J].现代农业科技,2010(20):247-247.
[18]殷华林.新农村绿化应立足发展乡土树种[J].安徽林业科技,2008(3):15-16.
[19]金坤良.园林绿化中乡土植物的应用及分析[J].现代园艺,2012(4):79.
[20]SERVICE O S U E,WITHROW-ROBINSONB A,JOHNSON R.Selecting native plant materials for restoration projects:ensuring local adaptation and maintaining genetic diversity[M].Corvallis,Or.:Oregon State University,Extension Service,2006.
[21]BASEY A C,FANT J B,KRAMER A T.Producing native plant materials for restoration:10 rules to collect and maintain genetic diversity[J].Native plants journal,2015(16):37-53.
[22]WOOD T E,DOHERTY K,PADGETT W.Development of native plant materials for restoration and rehabilitation of colorado plateau ecosystems[J].Natural areas journal,2015,35(1):134-150.
[23]BARNES M G.The effect of plant source location on restoration success:a reciprocal transplant experiment with winterfat(Krascheninnikovia lanata)[J].Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks,2009.
[24]单银丽,沈玉英.梅家坞村庄绿化现状评价及景观优化研究[J].北方园艺,2011(21):88-91.
[25]钟雨庭.浅谈村庄绿化在新农村建设中的思路[J].科技创新导报,2011(24):132-132.
[26]华芳,陈太平,王小芹,等.提高村庄绿化水平的几点思考[J].中国园艺文摘,2013(11):87+89.
[27]赵品龙.义乌市村庄绿化现状调查及对策[J].观察与思考,2012(11):76-77.
[28]MIJNSBRUGGE K V,BISCHOFF A,SMITH B,et al.A question of origin:where and how to collect seed for ecological restoration.[J].Basic&applied ecology,2010,11(4):300-311.
[29]陈波,包志毅.乡村景观规划中的环境管理评价[J].地域研究与开发,2004,23(1):93-96.
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[31]YAO G,XIE H.Rural spatial restructuring in ecologically fragile mountainous areas of southern China:a case study of Changgang town,Jiangxi province[J].Journal of rural studies,2016(47):435-448.
[32]BREED M F,LOWE A J,MORTIMER P E.Restoration:'Garden of Eden'unrealistic[J].Nature,2016,533(7604):469.
[33]徐腾.村落乡土植物景观保护与建设研究[D].浙江农林大学,2013.
[34]BOZZANO M,JALONEN R,THOMASE,et al.Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species[J].Forest ecikigy&management 2014,333:66-75.
[35]马远军,胡文海.山岳型旅游地生态环境问题及其整治对策[J].国土与自然资源研究,2001(2):63-65.
[36]潘仰轩.杭州市村庄绿化建设探析[D].浙江农林大学,2012.
[37]王坚娅,张才荣,徐统.仙居县的村庄绿化[J].中国城市林业,2008,6(1).
[38]黄建军,杜飞辉,谢小辉.乡土植物营造地方特色园林景观探讨[J].农业科技与信息:现代园林,2009(8):67-69.
[39]马建伟,张洁.浙江乡土树种资源状况及在生态建设中的利用[J].新农村,2011(7):5-7.