稻草还田对设施切花菊品质及连作土壤养分的影响
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摘要
【目的】针对设施切花菊连作土壤质量严重下降切花菊品质逐年下降的现象,研究探讨暗管排水(埋管最适间距2 m)条件下,稻草还田措施对设施切花菊‘神马’连作土壤理化性质及品质的改善效果。【方法】试验设5个处理:1)无暗管和无秸秆还田(CK);2)有暗管和无秸秆还田(PS0);3)有暗管和800 kg/hm~2秸秆还田(PS800);4)有暗管和1600 kg/hm~2秸秆还田(PS1600);5)有暗管和2400 kg/hm~2秸秆还田(PS2400)。测定温室耕作层土壤(0—15 cm)养分含量、阳离子交换量、全盐含量以及植株主要生理指标。【结果】暗管排水条件下,不同稻草还田量均可显著增加土壤中的有机质含量、有效磷含量及速效钾含量。与CK相比,1600 kg/hm~2稻草还田量处理后土壤碱解氮含量最低,而土壤的阳离子交换量与其他处理相比分别增加了32.7%、23.6%、11.4%、8.23%;除此之外,各稻草还田处理均可有效降低土壤pH值、土壤全盐量及电导率,其中1600 kg/hm~2稻草还田量处理后土壤耕作层电导率最低,为167μS/cm,相比CK下降了31.1%;各稻草还田处理使切花菊的株高、茎粗、舌状花数、花鲜重和生物量等主要生理指标显著提高,切花菊‘神马’的株高、舌状花数、生物量在1600 kg/hm~2稻草还田处理下显著高于其他处理。【结论】1600 kg/hm~2稻草还田量为本试验综合效果最佳的处理,其对设施切花菊‘神马’土壤理化性质改善明显,土壤肥力增加显著,切花菊品质提高最佳。
【Objectives】Due to the deterioration of soil properties and the quality decreasing of cut chrysanthemum in continuous cropping system year by year in greenhouse, the effect of straw returned into field on soil properties and the quality of cut chrysanthemum ‘Jimba' was studied.【Methods】Under subsurface pipe drainage(optimum spacing of buried pipe 2 m) condition, the different straw amounts(0, 800,1600 and 2400 kg/hm~2) were returned and their effect on the quality of cut chrysanthemum ‘Jimba' and on soil properties were investigated through the determination of the nutrients, cation exchange capacity and total salt content in tillage layer soil(0–15 cm) and the main physiological parameters as well.【Results】Under the condition of subsurface pipe drainage, different amounts of straw returned could significantly increase soil organic matter, available phosphorus and readily available potassium contents. Compared with the control, the content of available nitrogen in soil showed the lowest after applied with 1600 kg/hm~2 straw, while the soil cation exchange capacity was increased by 32.7%, 23.6%, 11.4%, and 8.23%, respectively compared with other treatments. In addition, the treatments of returning straw into field could effectively reduce the pH, total salt content and electrical conductivity of the tillage layer soil, and the electrical conductivity of tillage layer soil after applied with1600 kg/hm~2 straw was the lowest(167.2 μS/cm), which was 31.1% lower than that of CK. The main physiological indexes such as plant height, stem diameter, ray florets, flower fresh weight, and biomass were significantly increased in all the treatments evaluated. Among them, application of 1600 kg/hm~2 straw into field had a significant increase in plant height, ray flowers, and biomass than other treatments.【Conclusions】The application of 1600 kg/hm~2 straw was the optimal treatment of all the treatments evaluated, not only the soil physical and chemical properties were improved obviously, but also the soil fertility and the quality of the cut chrysanthemum ‘Jimba' were increased significantly.
【Objectives】Due to the deterioration of soil properties and the quality decreasing of cut chrysanthemum in continuous cropping system year by year in greenhouse, the effect of straw returned into field on soil properties and the quality of cut chrysanthemum ‘Jimba' was studied.【Methods】Under subsurface pipe drainage(optimum spacing of buried pipe 2 m) condition, the different straw amounts(0, 800,1600 and 2400 kg/hm~2) were returned and their effect on the quality of cut chrysanthemum ‘Jimba' and on soil properties were investigated through the determination of the nutrients, cation exchange capacity and total salt content in tillage layer soil(0–15 cm) and the main physiological parameters as well.【Results】Under the condition of subsurface pipe drainage, different amounts of straw returned could significantly increase soil organic matter, available phosphorus and readily available potassium contents. Compared with the control, the content of available nitrogen in soil showed the lowest after applied with 1600 kg/hm~2 straw, while the soil cation exchange capacity was increased by 32.7%, 23.6%, 11.4%, and 8.23%, respectively compared with other treatments. In addition, the treatments of returning straw into field could effectively reduce the pH, total salt content and electrical conductivity of the tillage layer soil, and the electrical conductivity of tillage layer soil after applied with1600 kg/hm~2 straw was the lowest(167.2 μS/cm), which was 31.1% lower than that of CK. The main physiological indexes such as plant height, stem diameter, ray florets, flower fresh weight, and biomass were significantly increased in all the treatments evaluated. Among them, application of 1600 kg/hm~2 straw into field had a significant increase in plant height, ray flowers, and biomass than other treatments.【Conclusions】The application of 1600 kg/hm~2 straw was the optimal treatment of all the treatments evaluated, not only the soil physical and chemical properties were improved obviously, but also the soil fertility and the quality of the cut chrysanthemum ‘Jimba' were increased significantly.
引文
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[13]王玄德,石孝均,宋光煜.长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(3):302-307.Wang X D,Shi X J,Song G Y.Effects of long-term rice straw returning on the fertility and productivity of purplish paddy soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(3):302-307.
[14]陈德章.稻草还田对土壤理化性质及产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2000,(5):24-27.Chen D Z.Influence of rice straw return to field on physico-chemical properties of soil and yield of crops[J].Soil and Fertilizer,2000,(5):24-27.
[15]周江明,徐大连,薛才余.稻草还田综合效益研究[J].中国农学通报,2002,8(4):7-10.Zhou J M,Xu D L,Xue C Y.Study of comprehensive utilization efficiency of returning rice straw to field[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2002,8(4):7-10.
[16]Helgason B L,Gregorich E G,Janzen H H,et al.Long-term microbial retention of residue C is site-specific and depends on residue placement[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2014,68(1):231-240.
[17]何志刚,王秀娟,董环,等.秸秆反应堆和功能菌对日光温室番茄生长发育及土壤微生态环境的影响[J].北方园艺,2013,(22):184-187.He Z G,Wang X J,Dong H,et al.Effects of straw reactors and function microorganism on growth and soil micro-eco-environment of tomato[J].Northern Horticulture,2013,(22):184-187.
[18]刘建国,卞新民,李彦斌,等.长期连作和秸秆还田对棉田土壤生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(5):1027-1032.Liu J G,Bian X M,Li Y B,et al.Effects of long-term continuous cropping of cotton and returning cotton stalk into field on soil biological activities[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(5):1027-1032.
[19]娄春荣,何志刚,王秀娟,等.秸秆不同用量对日光温室番茄土壤次生盐渍化及微生物区系的影响[J].北方园艺,2013,(9):52-54.Lou C R,He Z G,Wang X J,et al.Effect of different amounts of straw on tomato soil salinization and microbial flora[J].Northern Horticulture,2013,(9):52-54.
[20]朱林.有机物料减轻黄瓜连作障碍作用及其机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2000.Zhu L.The study on organic materials alleviating cucumber continuous cropping obstacle and mechanism[J].Nanjing:MSThesis of Nanjing Agricultural University,2000.
[21]Zhou Z,Shi X,Zheng Y,et al.Abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in purple soil under longterm fertilization[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,60:24-33.
[2]韩玉珠,宋述尧.稻草配施生物菌剂对大棚连作土壤的改良效果[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(8):1544-1547.Han Y Z,Song S Y.Improvement effects of rice straw mixed with biological agent on plastic shed continuous cultivation soil[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2012,51(8):1544-1547.
[3]Hamido S A,Kpomblekou A K.Cover crop and tillage effects on soil enzyme activities following tomato[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,105(2):269-274.
[4]黄国强.稻草还田对烤烟产质及土壤理化性状的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学硕士学位论文,2006.Huang G Q.Effects of returning straws-to-field on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco,soil physical and chemical characteristics[D].Changsha:MS Thesis of Hunan Agricultural University,2006.
[5]Dikgwatlhe S B,Chen Z D,Lal R,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen as affected by tillage and residue management under wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2014,144(4):110-118.
[6]Zhang P,Chen X,Wei T,et al.Effects of straw incorporation on the soil nutrient contents,enzyme activities,and crop yield in a semiarid region of China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,160:65-72.
[7]尚志强,张晓海,邵岩,等.秸秆还田和覆盖对烤烟生长发育及品质的影响[J].烟草科技,2006,(1):50-53.Shang Z Q,Zhang X H,Shao Y,et al.Effects of straw back-applying and mulching on flue-cured tobacco growth,development and quality[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2006,(1):50-53.
[8]孟艳玲,王丽萍,杨合法,等.长期施用有机肥对温室土壤盐分积累的抑制作用[J].长江蔬菜,2008,(5):54-56.Meng Y L,Wang L P,Yang H F,et al.Effects of long-term application of organic manure on controlling salt accumulation in greenhouse soil[J].Journal of Changjiang Vegetables,2008,(5):54-56.
[9]钱宏兵,韩春贵,钱存进,等.稻麦秸秆直接还田技术的研究[J].土壤肥料,1998,(2):26-28.Qian H B,Han C G,Qian C J,et al.Study on the technology of rice straw returning directly to the field[J].Soil and Fertilizer,1998,(2):26-28.
[10]石健康,姜立新,戴昌浩,等.稻草还田的效应研究[J].作物研究,2006,(1):66-67.Shi J K,Jiang L X,Dai C H,et al.The effect of rice straw returning to the field[J].Crop Research,2006,(1):66-67.
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis(3rd Edition)[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2011.
[12]王利民,陈金林,梁珍海,等.黄麻秸秆及有机肥对滨海盐土生物性质的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2010,(1):39-42.Wang L M,Chen J L,Liang Z H,et al.Effects of jute straw and organic fertilizer on the biological properties of the coastal saline soil[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2010,(1):39-42.
[13]王玄德,石孝均,宋光煜.长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(3):302-307.Wang X D,Shi X J,Song G Y.Effects of long-term rice straw returning on the fertility and productivity of purplish paddy soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(3):302-307.
[14]陈德章.稻草还田对土壤理化性质及产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2000,(5):24-27.Chen D Z.Influence of rice straw return to field on physico-chemical properties of soil and yield of crops[J].Soil and Fertilizer,2000,(5):24-27.
[15]周江明,徐大连,薛才余.稻草还田综合效益研究[J].中国农学通报,2002,8(4):7-10.Zhou J M,Xu D L,Xue C Y.Study of comprehensive utilization efficiency of returning rice straw to field[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2002,8(4):7-10.
[16]Helgason B L,Gregorich E G,Janzen H H,et al.Long-term microbial retention of residue C is site-specific and depends on residue placement[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2014,68(1):231-240.
[17]何志刚,王秀娟,董环,等.秸秆反应堆和功能菌对日光温室番茄生长发育及土壤微生态环境的影响[J].北方园艺,2013,(22):184-187.He Z G,Wang X J,Dong H,et al.Effects of straw reactors and function microorganism on growth and soil micro-eco-environment of tomato[J].Northern Horticulture,2013,(22):184-187.
[18]刘建国,卞新民,李彦斌,等.长期连作和秸秆还田对棉田土壤生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(5):1027-1032.Liu J G,Bian X M,Li Y B,et al.Effects of long-term continuous cropping of cotton and returning cotton stalk into field on soil biological activities[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(5):1027-1032.
[19]娄春荣,何志刚,王秀娟,等.秸秆不同用量对日光温室番茄土壤次生盐渍化及微生物区系的影响[J].北方园艺,2013,(9):52-54.Lou C R,He Z G,Wang X J,et al.Effect of different amounts of straw on tomato soil salinization and microbial flora[J].Northern Horticulture,2013,(9):52-54.
[20]朱林.有机物料减轻黄瓜连作障碍作用及其机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2000.Zhu L.The study on organic materials alleviating cucumber continuous cropping obstacle and mechanism[J].Nanjing:MSThesis of Nanjing Agricultural University,2000.
[21]Zhou Z,Shi X,Zheng Y,et al.Abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in purple soil under longterm fertilization[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,60:24-33.