硅钙钾镁肥对南方稻田土壤酸性和盐基离子动态变化的影响
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摘要
南方稻田土壤大面积酸化是水稻生产的主要限制因子.尽管石灰作为酸化土壤调理剂已广泛应用,但大量或长期施用石灰不仅会引起土壤板结,而且会导致土壤钙、钾、镁等元素的平衡失调.硅钙钾镁肥由于溶解度更低、养分全面是良好的替代材料.为了明确硅钙钾镁肥阻控土壤酸化的效果和作用,本研究采用连续4年的硅钙钾镁肥田间定位试验,以农民习惯施肥为对照,分析在农民习惯施肥基础上增施750、1125、1500和1875 kg·hm~(-2)硅钙钾镁肥下稻田土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子和有效硅的动态变化.结果表明:农民习惯施肥导致土壤p H、土壤交换性盐基和盐基饱和度逐年下降,土壤交换性酸逐年增加.与之相反,硅钙钾镁肥处理显著提高了土壤pH值,提高幅度随硅钙钾镁肥施用次数或用量的增加而增大.连续多次施用硅钙钾镁肥有效促进了盐基离子在土壤中的累积和土壤交换酸的消耗,特别是土壤交换性Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的累积和土壤交换性Al3+的消耗,硅钙钾镁肥用量越大,积累或消耗的量越多,但速率相对越慢.土壤交换性酸消耗量中,硅钙钾镁肥释放的交换性盐基离子和相应碱贡献了108.8%,是交换性酸减少的主要途径.硅钙钾镁肥在改良稻田土壤酸性的同时,土壤有效硅含量逐年增加,增幅随硅钙钾镁肥施用量的增加而显著增大.总之,农民习惯施肥导致土壤持续酸化,酸化率为2.86 kmol H+·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),硅钙钾镁肥能有效阻控酸化过程,产生了大量碱(9.69～18.44 kmol OH~-·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)),释放的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)盐基离子和相应碱是土壤酸化阻控的主要作用因子.
Soil acidification of large areas of paddy fields in southern China has become an important problem in rice production. Therefore,how to ameliorate or remedy the acidifying paddy soil and to exposit its mechanism has important theoretical and practical significance for rebuilding healthy soils and guaranteeing national food security. Although lime has already been extensively used to remedy acidified soils,long-term application of a large amount of lime would not only cause the soil to harden,but also disturb the balance between calcium,potassium and magnesium in the soil. Given the advantages of lower solubility and comprehensive nutrient supply,fertilizer of calcium silicon magnesium potassium( CSMP) may be used as an alternative. The aim of this study was to clarify the functions of CSMP and its effects on soil acidification in paddy fields. A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of soil p H,exchangeable acidi-ty,exchangeable base cation and available silicon,as well as 0 ～ 30 cm p H buffer capacity( p HBC),net base production under CSMP fertilization in the paddy soil. There were five treatments,i.e. CK( traditional fertilization practice of the local farmers),treatment I( CK plus 750 kg · hm~(-2)CSMP);treatment II( CK plus 1125 kg·hm~(-2)CSMP),treatment III( CK plus 1500 kg·hm~(-2)CSMP),and treatment IV( CK plus 1875 kg·hm~(-2)CSMP). The results showed that the traditional fertilization practice of the local farmers resulted in a decline of soil pH,soil exchangeable base cation and base saturation year by year,but soil exchangeable acid was increased with year. Conversely,CSPM fertlization significantly raised soil pH,with the magnitude of increases positively depending on the number of application times or application rate. Continuous and repeated application of CSMP effectively promoted the accumulation of exchangeable base cation and the consumption of soil exchangeable acid in paddy soil,especially for the accumulation of soil exchangeable Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)and the consumption of soil exchangeable Al~(3+). Furthermore,the more amount of CSPM application resulted in the more accumulation or consumption,but with relatively slower rate. The exchangeable base cation and alkali released by CSMP contributed 108. 8% to the total reduction of soil exchangeable acid,suggesting that it was the main path to reduce soil exchangeable acid. Meanwhile,CSMP application improved soil acidity in paddy field,with the content of available silicon increased year by year and the increase amplitude became larger with the more amount of CSMP application. The traditional fertilization of local farmers resulted in soil acidification,with a acidification rate was 2. 86 kmol H+· hm~(-2)· a~(-1). CSMP application could effectively control soil acidification,producing a lot of alkalinity with net alkalinity production of 9. 93-13. 82 kmol OH-·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). CSPM could release Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)and alkali,which would mitigate soil acidification in paddy fields.
Soil acidification of large areas of paddy fields in southern China has become an important problem in rice production. Therefore,how to ameliorate or remedy the acidifying paddy soil and to exposit its mechanism has important theoretical and practical significance for rebuilding healthy soils and guaranteeing national food security. Although lime has already been extensively used to remedy acidified soils,long-term application of a large amount of lime would not only cause the soil to harden,but also disturb the balance between calcium,potassium and magnesium in the soil. Given the advantages of lower solubility and comprehensive nutrient supply,fertilizer of calcium silicon magnesium potassium( CSMP) may be used as an alternative. The aim of this study was to clarify the functions of CSMP and its effects on soil acidification in paddy fields. A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of soil p H,exchangeable acidi-ty,exchangeable base cation and available silicon,as well as 0 ～ 30 cm p H buffer capacity( p HBC),net base production under CSMP fertilization in the paddy soil. There were five treatments,i.e. CK( traditional fertilization practice of the local farmers),treatment I( CK plus 750 kg · hm~(-2)CSMP);treatment II( CK plus 1125 kg·hm~(-2)CSMP),treatment III( CK plus 1500 kg·hm~(-2)CSMP),and treatment IV( CK plus 1875 kg·hm~(-2)CSMP). The results showed that the traditional fertilization practice of the local farmers resulted in a decline of soil pH,soil exchangeable base cation and base saturation year by year,but soil exchangeable acid was increased with year. Conversely,CSPM fertlization significantly raised soil pH,with the magnitude of increases positively depending on the number of application times or application rate. Continuous and repeated application of CSMP effectively promoted the accumulation of exchangeable base cation and the consumption of soil exchangeable acid in paddy soil,especially for the accumulation of soil exchangeable Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)and the consumption of soil exchangeable Al~(3+). Furthermore,the more amount of CSPM application resulted in the more accumulation or consumption,but with relatively slower rate. The exchangeable base cation and alkali released by CSMP contributed 108. 8% to the total reduction of soil exchangeable acid,suggesting that it was the main path to reduce soil exchangeable acid. Meanwhile,CSMP application improved soil acidity in paddy field,with the content of available silicon increased year by year and the increase amplitude became larger with the more amount of CSMP application. The traditional fertilization of local farmers resulted in soil acidification,with a acidification rate was 2. 86 kmol H+· hm~(-2)· a~(-1). CSMP application could effectively control soil acidification,producing a lot of alkalinity with net alkalinity production of 9. 93-13. 82 kmol OH-·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). CSPM could release Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)and alkali,which would mitigate soil acidification in paddy fields.
引文
[1] Guo JH,Liu XJ,Zhang YJ,et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science,2010,327:1008-1010
[2] Guo Z-X(郭治兴),Wang J(王静),Chai M(柴敏),et al. Spatiotemporal variation of soil p H in Guangdong Province of China in past 30 years. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(2):425-430(in Chinese)
[3] He Y-Q(何园球),Sun B(孙波),et al. Evolvement and Regulation of Red Soil Quality. Beijing:Science Press,2008(in Chinese)
[4] Kirkham JM,Rowe BA,Doyle RB. Persistent improvements in the structure and hydraulic conductivity of a Ferrosol due to liming. Australian Journal of Soil Research,2007,45:218-223
[5] Bennett JM,Greene RSB,Murphy BW,et al. Inuence of lime and gypsum on long-term rehabilitation of a red sodosol in a semi-arid environment of New South Wales.Soil Research,2014,52:120-128
[6] Goulding KWT. Soil acidication and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom. Soil Use and Management,2016,32:390-399
[7] Brennan RF,Bolland MDA,Bell RW. Increased risk of zinc deficiency in wheat on soils limed to correct soil acidity. Australian Journal of Soil Research,2005,43:647-657
[8] Nilsson SI,Andersson S,Valeur I,et al. Influence of dolomite lime on leaching and storage of C,N and S in a Spodosol under Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.)Karst.). Forest Ecology and Management,2001,146:55-73
[9] West TO,Mcbride AC. The contribution of agricultural lime to carbon dioxide emissions in the United States:Dissolution,transport,and net emissions. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,108:145-154
[10] Li M(李敏),Ye S-Y(叶舒娅),Liu F(刘枫),et al. The effects of silicon,calcium,magnesium,phosphorus and potassium fertilization level on yield and phosphorus and potassium absorption of super rice. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2014,30(30):122-126(in Chinese)
[11] Han K-F(韩科峰),Chen Y-P(陈余平),Hu T-J(胡铁军),et al. Effects of silicon,calcium,potassium and magnesium fertilizer on acid paddy soil improvement in Zhejiang Province. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis(浙江农业学报),2018,30(1):117-122(in Chinese)
[12] Li F-L(栗方亮),Zhang Q(张青),Wang H-P(王煌平),et al. Effects of soil amendments on yield,quality of honey Pomelo and soil properties. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2018,34(6):39-44(in Chinese)
[13] Wang J-K(王建康),Li X-L(李小玲),Chen H-N(陈海宁),et al. Effects of silicon-calcium-potassiummagnesium fertilizer on yield, quality and economic benefit of chewing cane. Sugarcane and Canesugar(甘蔗糖业),2016,(4):42-45(in Chinese)
[14] Bao S-D(鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000(in Chinese)
[15] Wong MTF,Nortcliff S,Swift RS. Method for determining the acid ameliorating capacity of plant residue compost,urban waste compost,farmyard manure,and peat applied to tropical soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1998,29:2927-2937
[16] Luo WT,Nelson PN,Li MH,et al. Contrasting p H buffering patterns in neutral-alkaline soils along a 3600km transect in northern China. Biogeosciences,2015,12:7047-7056
[17] Wang J-D(汪吉东),Qi B-J(戚冰洁),Zhang Y-C(张永春),et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on p H buffer system of sandy loam calcareous fluvor-aquic soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(4):1031-1036(in Chinese)
[18] Nelson PN, Su N. Soil p H buffering capacity:A descriptive function and its application to some acidic tropical soils. Soil Research,2010,48:201-207
[19] Butterly CR,Baldock JA,Tang C. The contribution of crop residues to changes in soil p H under field conditions. Plant and Soil,2013,366:185-198
[20] Cai ZJ,Wang BR,Xu MG,et al. Intensified soil acidification from chemical N fertilization and prevention by manure in an 18-year field experiment in the red soil of southern China. Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15:260-270
[21] Breemen NV,Driscoll CT,Mulder J. Acidic deposition and internal proton sources in acidification of soils and waters. Nature,1984,307:599-604
[22] Noble AD,Suzuki S,Soda W,et al. Soil acidification and carbon storage in fertilized pastures of Northeast Thailand. Geoderma,2008,144:248-255
[23] Lesturgez G,Poss R,Noble A,et al. Soil acidication without p H drop under intensive cropping systems in Northeast Thailand. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2006,114:239-248
[24] Long RP,Bailey SW,Horsley SB,et al. Long-term effects of forest liming on soil,soil leachate,and foliage chemistry in Northern Pennsylvania. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79:1223-1236
[25] Rheinheimer DS,Tiecher T,Gonzattoa R,et al. Residual effect of surface-applied lime on soil acidity properties in a long-term experiment under no-till in a Southern Brazilian sandy Ultisol. Geoderma,2018,313:7-16
[26] Ma JF,Yamaji N. Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends in Plant Science,2006,11:392-397
[27] Castro GSA,Crusciol CAC. Effects of supercial liming and silicate application on soil fertility and crop yield under rotation. Geoderma,2013,195:234-242
[28] Crusciol CAC,Foltran R,Rossato OB,et al. Effects of surface application of calcium-magnesium silicate and gypsum on soil fertility and sugarcane yield. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,2014,38:1843-1854
[29] Pulz AL,Crusciol CAC,Lemos LB,et al. Silicate and limestone effects on potato nutrition,yield and quality under drought stress. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,2008,32:1651-1659
[30] Oliveira LAD, Kornd9rfer GH, Pereira AC. Silicon accumulation in rice in different rhizosphere p H conditions. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,2007,31:685-690
[31] Li JY,Masud MM,Li ZY,et al. Amelioration of an Ultisol profile acidity using crop straws combined with alkaline slag. Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2015,22:9965-9975
[32] Sarto MVM,Lana MDC,Rampim L,et al. Effects of silicate application on soil fertility and wheat yield.Semina Ciencias Agrarias,2015,36:4071-4082
[33] Moore JD,Duchesne L,Ouimet R. Soil properties and maple-beech regeneration a decade after liming in a northern hardwood stand. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255:3460-3468
[34] Soratto RP,Crusciol CAC. Dolomite and phosphogypsum surface application effects on annual crops nutrition and yield. Agronomy Journal,2008,100:261-270
[35] Shi RY, Hong ZN, Li JY, et al. Mechanisms for increasing the p H buffering capacity of an acidic Ultisol by crop residue-derived biochars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65:8111-8119
[2] Guo Z-X(郭治兴),Wang J(王静),Chai M(柴敏),et al. Spatiotemporal variation of soil p H in Guangdong Province of China in past 30 years. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(2):425-430(in Chinese)
[3] He Y-Q(何园球),Sun B(孙波),et al. Evolvement and Regulation of Red Soil Quality. Beijing:Science Press,2008(in Chinese)
[4] Kirkham JM,Rowe BA,Doyle RB. Persistent improvements in the structure and hydraulic conductivity of a Ferrosol due to liming. Australian Journal of Soil Research,2007,45:218-223
[5] Bennett JM,Greene RSB,Murphy BW,et al. Inuence of lime and gypsum on long-term rehabilitation of a red sodosol in a semi-arid environment of New South Wales.Soil Research,2014,52:120-128
[6] Goulding KWT. Soil acidication and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom. Soil Use and Management,2016,32:390-399
[7] Brennan RF,Bolland MDA,Bell RW. Increased risk of zinc deficiency in wheat on soils limed to correct soil acidity. Australian Journal of Soil Research,2005,43:647-657
[8] Nilsson SI,Andersson S,Valeur I,et al. Influence of dolomite lime on leaching and storage of C,N and S in a Spodosol under Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.)Karst.). Forest Ecology and Management,2001,146:55-73
[9] West TO,Mcbride AC. The contribution of agricultural lime to carbon dioxide emissions in the United States:Dissolution,transport,and net emissions. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,108:145-154
[10] Li M(李敏),Ye S-Y(叶舒娅),Liu F(刘枫),et al. The effects of silicon,calcium,magnesium,phosphorus and potassium fertilization level on yield and phosphorus and potassium absorption of super rice. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2014,30(30):122-126(in Chinese)
[11] Han K-F(韩科峰),Chen Y-P(陈余平),Hu T-J(胡铁军),et al. Effects of silicon,calcium,potassium and magnesium fertilizer on acid paddy soil improvement in Zhejiang Province. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis(浙江农业学报),2018,30(1):117-122(in Chinese)
[12] Li F-L(栗方亮),Zhang Q(张青),Wang H-P(王煌平),et al. Effects of soil amendments on yield,quality of honey Pomelo and soil properties. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2018,34(6):39-44(in Chinese)
[13] Wang J-K(王建康),Li X-L(李小玲),Chen H-N(陈海宁),et al. Effects of silicon-calcium-potassiummagnesium fertilizer on yield, quality and economic benefit of chewing cane. Sugarcane and Canesugar(甘蔗糖业),2016,(4):42-45(in Chinese)
[14] Bao S-D(鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000(in Chinese)
[15] Wong MTF,Nortcliff S,Swift RS. Method for determining the acid ameliorating capacity of plant residue compost,urban waste compost,farmyard manure,and peat applied to tropical soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1998,29:2927-2937
[16] Luo WT,Nelson PN,Li MH,et al. Contrasting p H buffering patterns in neutral-alkaline soils along a 3600km transect in northern China. Biogeosciences,2015,12:7047-7056
[17] Wang J-D(汪吉东),Qi B-J(戚冰洁),Zhang Y-C(张永春),et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on p H buffer system of sandy loam calcareous fluvor-aquic soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(4):1031-1036(in Chinese)
[18] Nelson PN, Su N. Soil p H buffering capacity:A descriptive function and its application to some acidic tropical soils. Soil Research,2010,48:201-207
[19] Butterly CR,Baldock JA,Tang C. The contribution of crop residues to changes in soil p H under field conditions. Plant and Soil,2013,366:185-198
[20] Cai ZJ,Wang BR,Xu MG,et al. Intensified soil acidification from chemical N fertilization and prevention by manure in an 18-year field experiment in the red soil of southern China. Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15:260-270
[21] Breemen NV,Driscoll CT,Mulder J. Acidic deposition and internal proton sources in acidification of soils and waters. Nature,1984,307:599-604
[22] Noble AD,Suzuki S,Soda W,et al. Soil acidification and carbon storage in fertilized pastures of Northeast Thailand. Geoderma,2008,144:248-255
[23] Lesturgez G,Poss R,Noble A,et al. Soil acidication without p H drop under intensive cropping systems in Northeast Thailand. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2006,114:239-248
[24] Long RP,Bailey SW,Horsley SB,et al. Long-term effects of forest liming on soil,soil leachate,and foliage chemistry in Northern Pennsylvania. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79:1223-1236
[25] Rheinheimer DS,Tiecher T,Gonzattoa R,et al. Residual effect of surface-applied lime on soil acidity properties in a long-term experiment under no-till in a Southern Brazilian sandy Ultisol. Geoderma,2018,313:7-16
[26] Ma JF,Yamaji N. Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends in Plant Science,2006,11:392-397
[27] Castro GSA,Crusciol CAC. Effects of supercial liming and silicate application on soil fertility and crop yield under rotation. Geoderma,2013,195:234-242
[28] Crusciol CAC,Foltran R,Rossato OB,et al. Effects of surface application of calcium-magnesium silicate and gypsum on soil fertility and sugarcane yield. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,2014,38:1843-1854
[29] Pulz AL,Crusciol CAC,Lemos LB,et al. Silicate and limestone effects on potato nutrition,yield and quality under drought stress. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,2008,32:1651-1659
[30] Oliveira LAD, Kornd9rfer GH, Pereira AC. Silicon accumulation in rice in different rhizosphere p H conditions. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,2007,31:685-690
[31] Li JY,Masud MM,Li ZY,et al. Amelioration of an Ultisol profile acidity using crop straws combined with alkaline slag. Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2015,22:9965-9975
[32] Sarto MVM,Lana MDC,Rampim L,et al. Effects of silicate application on soil fertility and wheat yield.Semina Ciencias Agrarias,2015,36:4071-4082
[33] Moore JD,Duchesne L,Ouimet R. Soil properties and maple-beech regeneration a decade after liming in a northern hardwood stand. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255:3460-3468
[34] Soratto RP,Crusciol CAC. Dolomite and phosphogypsum surface application effects on annual crops nutrition and yield. Agronomy Journal,2008,100:261-270
[35] Shi RY, Hong ZN, Li JY, et al. Mechanisms for increasing the p H buffering capacity of an acidic Ultisol by crop residue-derived biochars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65:8111-8119