柴北缘查查香卡铀-钍-铌-稀土矿床地质特征及矿床成因:一种与钠长岩相关的新矿化类型
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摘要
青海查查香卡铀-钍-铌-稀土矿床位于柴达木盆地北缘的柴达木—阿尔金超高压变质杂岩带东端,是中国发现的首例与钠长细晶岩脉相关的铀-钍-铌-稀土多金属成矿系统。矿化主要分为两类:脉状矿化和微细浸染脉状矿化。脉状矿化即为钠长岩脉;微细浸染脉状矿化是以微细浸染细脉产于绿片岩围岩中的矿化类型。详细的矿物学工作研究表明查查香卡矿床可初步划分为岩浆、热液主成矿和成矿后3个阶段。岩浆阶段以发育"水滴状"铀-钍-铌矿物(晶质铀矿、铀钍矿、钍石、维铌钙矿等)包体为典型特征,产于最主要的造岩矿物钠长石中;热液主成矿阶段主要以稀土矿化为主,伴随铌和钍矿化作用,矿石矿物包括褐帘石、氟碳铈矿、钍石、含铌榍石(?)、锆石等,与磷灰石、方解石、绿泥石、石英等中低温脉石矿物普遍共生;成矿后阶段以广泛出现的方解石±石英网脉为特征。通过矿物学研究和主微量元素数据的综合分析,初步认为钠长岩脉为岩浆-热液成因,源于富含稀土和铌等成矿元素的富集地幔部分熔融岩浆的演化;岩浆成矿作用过程中可能经历了硅酸盐熔体与碳酸盐/磷酸盐熔/流体的分离作用,但本矿床更为重要的成矿元素富集机制为硅酸盐熔体与富氯岩浆热液流体的不混溶作用,后者引发本矿床大规模的稀土成矿作用,并活化和再富集了铌和钍。钠长岩脉特征的红色形貌特征可作为此类矿床一个重要的野外找矿特征,根据类似成矿系统的成矿模式,认为矿床深部及外围隐伏区仍有较大的成矿潜力。
The Chachaxiangka deposit in Qinghai Province is located in the eastern segment of the QaidamAltun UHPM complex in the northeastern Qaidam basin.It is the first albite aplite vein related U-Th-NbREE deposit recognized in China.Mineralization can be divided into two types:vein and disseminated veinlet types.Vein type mineralization is entirely hosted in albite aplite,while disseminated veinlet type refers to disseminated veinlets produced in greenschist wall rock.Three mineralization stages have been delineated according to detailed mineralogical analyses,i.e.magmatic,hydrothermal main mineralization and post-ore stages.The magmatic stage is characterized by the"droplet"U-Th-Nb mineral(uraninite,uranothorite,thorite,viggezzite,etc.)inclusions hosted in the albite grains.The main hydrothermal mineralization stage is mainly the REE mineralization stage,accompanied by Nb and Th mineralization.The major ore minerals include allanite,bastnaesite,thorite,Nb-titanite,zircon,etc.,closely intergrown with low-temperature gangue minerals such as apatite,calcite,chlorite and quartz.The post-ore stage marks the termination of the mineralization system and is represented by the widespread calcite quartz stockworks.Based on our comprehensive analyses of mineralogical,major and trace elemental compositions,we suggest that the albitite vein is magmatic-hydrothermal in origin and derived from the partial melting of the REEand Nb-rich metasomatized mantle source.Although phase separation between silicate and carbonate/phosphate melts could take place in the magmatic stage,immiscibility between silicate melt and chloridedominated fluids is still the most important mechanism for REE mineralization and cause of Nb-Th remobilization and enrichment.The red color of albitite aplite vein is a useful prospecting mark in the field,and more mineralization can be expected in the deeply buried or peripheral areas of the deposit according to the metallogenic model of similar U-Th-Nb-REE mineralization systems.
The Chachaxiangka deposit in Qinghai Province is located in the eastern segment of the QaidamAltun UHPM complex in the northeastern Qaidam basin.It is the first albite aplite vein related U-Th-NbREE deposit recognized in China.Mineralization can be divided into two types:vein and disseminated veinlet types.Vein type mineralization is entirely hosted in albite aplite,while disseminated veinlet type refers to disseminated veinlets produced in greenschist wall rock.Three mineralization stages have been delineated according to detailed mineralogical analyses,i.e.magmatic,hydrothermal main mineralization and post-ore stages.The magmatic stage is characterized by the"droplet"U-Th-Nb mineral(uraninite,uranothorite,thorite,viggezzite,etc.)inclusions hosted in the albite grains.The main hydrothermal mineralization stage is mainly the REE mineralization stage,accompanied by Nb and Th mineralization.The major ore minerals include allanite,bastnaesite,thorite,Nb-titanite,zircon,etc.,closely intergrown with low-temperature gangue minerals such as apatite,calcite,chlorite and quartz.The post-ore stage marks the termination of the mineralization system and is represented by the widespread calcite quartz stockworks.Based on our comprehensive analyses of mineralogical,major and trace elemental compositions,we suggest that the albitite vein is magmatic-hydrothermal in origin and derived from the partial melting of the REEand Nb-rich metasomatized mantle source.Although phase separation between silicate and carbonate/phosphate melts could take place in the magmatic stage,immiscibility between silicate melt and chloridedominated fluids is still the most important mechanism for REE mineralization and cause of Nb-Th remobilization and enrichment.The red color of albitite aplite vein is a useful prospecting mark in the field,and more mineralization can be expected in the deeply buried or peripheral areas of the deposit according to the metallogenic model of similar U-Th-Nb-REE mineralization systems.
引文
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