The sources and transport of iron in the North Paci?c and its impact on marine ecosystems
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摘要
微量元素铁是浮游植物生长所必需的营养元素,对于促进海洋初级生产力和增加海洋吸收二氧化碳的能力等具有重要作用。相对于世界上其他海域,铁限制使得北太平洋成为典型的高营养盐、低叶绿素(HNLC)区域。陆源铁主要通过河流输入和大气沉降进入海洋;海洋中垂直混合等物理过程也是输送生物可利用铁进入上层海洋的重要过程。目前,随着人类污染的加剧,人类活动排放的铁对海洋生态系统的影响也变得更加显著。为了研究铁循环过程及其对北太平洋海洋生态系统的影响,以国家自然科学基金资助的"北太平洋铁的来源与传输及其对上层海洋生态系统的影响"为依托,该项目将主要关注三个重要科学问题:(1)北太平洋上层生物可利用铁的主要来源是什么?(2)海洋中铁络合配体的循环会对北太平洋上层海洋生态系统产生怎样的影响?(3)未来全球变化对铁循环及上层海洋生态系统的可能影响是什么?项目将对铁在当前和未来海洋酸化和物理环境变化背景下的分布特征及其对海洋生态系统产生的影响进行研究。项目研究结果有望加深我们对北太平洋海洋生态系统的认识和理解,实现对未来北太平洋生态系统变化趋势的预测。
The limitation of iron(Fe) makes the North Paci?c a typically high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll(HNLC) region in comparison with other oceanic regions of the world. Iron inputs from land via river discharge and atmospheric dust deposition are the primary processes introducing Fe into the ocean. Also, subsequent physical processes are crucial in transporting biologically available Fe into the upper ocean. As anthropogenic dust increases, the Fe from anthropogenic activities is expected to become more important in terms of impacting marine ecosystems. To investigate the Fe cycle and its impact on ecosystems, a project entitled ‘The sources and transport of Fe in the North Paci?c and its impact on marine ecosystems' has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The project will focus on three major scienti?c questions:(1) What are the major sources of Fe in the North Paci?c?(2) What is the in?uence of the Fe-binding ligand cycle on marine ecosystems?(3) What is the likely in?uence of global change in the future? The distribution of Fe and its corresponding impact on the marine ecosystem in current and future environmental conditions will be investigated. The results of the project are expected to improve our understanding of the marine ecosystem in the North Paci?c.
The limitation of iron(Fe) makes the North Paci?c a typically high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll(HNLC) region in comparison with other oceanic regions of the world. Iron inputs from land via river discharge and atmospheric dust deposition are the primary processes introducing Fe into the ocean. Also, subsequent physical processes are crucial in transporting biologically available Fe into the upper ocean. As anthropogenic dust increases, the Fe from anthropogenic activities is expected to become more important in terms of impacting marine ecosystems. To investigate the Fe cycle and its impact on ecosystems, a project entitled ‘The sources and transport of Fe in the North Paci?c and its impact on marine ecosystems' has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The project will focus on three major scienti?c questions:(1) What are the major sources of Fe in the North Paci?c?(2) What is the in?uence of the Fe-binding ligand cycle on marine ecosystems?(3) What is the likely in?uence of global change in the future? The distribution of Fe and its corresponding impact on the marine ecosystem in current and future environmental conditions will be investigated. The results of the project are expected to improve our understanding of the marine ecosystem in the North Paci?c.
引文
Bishop,J.K.,R.E.Davis,and J.T.Sherman.2002.“Robotic Observations of Dust Storm Enhancement of Carbon Biomass in the North Pacific.”Science 298(5594):817-821doi:10.1126/science.1074961.
Boyce,D.G.,M.R.Lewis,and B.Worm.2010.“Globa Phytoplankton Decline over the past Century.”Nature 466(7306):591-596.doi:10.1038/nature09268.
Boyd,P.W.,T.Jickells,C.S.Law,S.Blain,E.A.Boyle,K.O.Buesseler K.H.Coale,et al.2007.“Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments1993-2005:Synthesis and Future Directions.”Science 315(5812):612-617.doi:10.1126/science.1131669.
Breitbarth,E.,E.P.Achterber,M.V.Ardelan,A.R.Baker E.Bucciarelli,F.Chever,P.L.Croot,et al.2009.“Iron Biogeochemistry across Marine Systems at Changing Times-Conclusions.”Paper Presented at the Workshop for the Biogeosciences Discussions 6(4):6635-6694Gothenburg,2008,May 14-16.
Chai,F.,R.C.Dugdale,T.H.Peng,F.P.Wilkerson,and R.T.Barber.2002.“One-Dimensional Ecosystem Model of the Equatorial Pacific Upwelling System.Part I:Mode Development and Silicon and Nitrogen Cycle.”Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(13-14):2713-2745.doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00055-3.
Coale,K.H.,K.S.Johnson,F.P.Chavez,K.O.Buesseler R.T.Barber,M.A.Brzezinski,W.P.Cochlan,et al.2004“Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment:Carbon Cycling in High-and low-Si Waters.”Science 304:408-414doi:10.1126/science.1089778.
Duce,R.A.,and N.W.Tindale.1991.“Atmospheric Transport of Iron and Its Deposition in the Ocean.”Limnology and Oceanography36(8):1715-1726.doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1715.
Dugdale,R.C.,and F.P.Wilkerson.1991.“Low Specific Nitrate Uptake Rate:A Common Feature of High-Nutrient,Low-Chlorophyll Marine Ecosystems.”Limnology and Oceanography 36(8):1678-1688doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1678.
Fujii,M.,N.Yoshie,Y.Yamanaka,and F.Chai.2005.“Simulated Biogeochemical Responses to Iron Enrichments in Three High Nutrient,Low Chlorophyll(HNLC)Regions.”Progress in Oceanography 64(2):307-324.doi:10.1016/j pocean.2005.02.017.
Gledhill,M.,E.P.Achterberg,K.Li,K.N.Mohamed,and M.J.A.Rijkenberg.2015.“Influence of Ocean Acidification on the Complexation of Iron and Copper by Organic Ligands in Estuarine Waters.”Marine Chemistry 177(13)421-433.doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.03.016.
Johnson,W.K.,L.A.Miller,N.E.Sutherland,and C.S.Wong2005.“Iron Transport by Mesoscale Haida Eddies in the Gulf of Alaska.”Deep-Sea Research Part II 52(7):933-953doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.08.017.
Krishnamurthy,A.,J.K.Moore,N.Mahowald,C.Luo,S.C.Doney K.Lindsay,and C.S.Zender.2009.“Impacts of Increasing Anthropogenic Soluble Iron and Nitrogen Deposition on Ocean Biogeochemistry.”Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23(3):GB3016.doi:10.1029/2008GB003440.
Macrellis,H.M.,C.G.Trick,E.L.Rue,G.Smith,and K.W.Bruland.2001.“Collection and Detection of Natura Iron-Binding Ligands from Seawater.”Marine Chemistry 76(3):175-187.doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00061-5.
Martin,J.H.1990.“Glacial-Interglacial CO2Change:The Iron Hypothesis.”Paleoceanography 5:1-13.doi:10.1029/PA005i001p00001.
Martin,J.H.,K.H.Coale,K.S.Johnson,S.E.Fitzwater R.M.Gordon,S.J.Tanner,C.N.Hunter,et al.1994“Testing the Iron Hypothesis in Ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.”Nature 371(6493):123-129https://www.nature.com/articles/371123a0.
Martin,J.H.,and S.E.Fitzwater.1988.“Iron Deficiency Limits Phytoplankton Growth in the North-East Pacific Subarctic.”Nature 331:341-343.doi:10.1038/331341a0.
Misumi,K.,K.Lindsay,J.K.Moore,S.C.Doney,F.O.Bryan D.Tsumune,and Y.Yoshida.2014.“The Iron Budget in Ocean Surface Waters in the 20th and 21st Centuries:Projections by the Community Earth System Model Version 1.”Biogeosciences Discussions 10(5):8505-8559.doi:10.5194/bg-11-33-2014.
Nishioka,J.,T.Ono,H.Saito,T.Nakatsuka,S.Takeda T.Yoshimura,K.Suzuki,et al.2007.“Iron Supply to the Western Subarctic Pacific:Importance of Iron Export from the Sea of Okhotsk.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans112:C10012.doi:10.1029/2006JC004055.
Nishioka,J.,T.Ono,H.Saito,K.Sakaoka,and T.Yoshimura2011.“Oceanic Iron Supply Mechanisms Which Support the Spring Diatom Bloom in the Oyashio Region,Western Subarctic Pacific.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans116:C02021.doi:10.1029/2010JC006321.
Nishioka,J.,S.Takeda,C.S.Wong,and W.K.Johnson.2001“Size-Fractionated Iron Concentrations in the Northeast Pacific Ocean:Distribution of Soluble and Small Colloida Iron.”Marine Chemistry 74(2):157-179.doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00013-5.
Shi,D.,Y.Xu,B.M.Hopkinson,and F.M.Morel.2010.“Effect of Ocean Acidification on Iron Availability to Marine Phytoplankton.”Science 327(5966):676-679.doi:10.1126/science.1183517.
Shiomoto,A.,and S.Hashimoto.2000.“Comparison of East and West Chlorophyll a Standing Stock and Oceanic Habitat along the Transition Domain of the North Pacific.”Journa of Policy History 22(1):444-460.doi:10.1093/plankt/22.1.1.
Sorichetti,R.,I.Creed,and C.Trick.2013.“Dissolved Organic Matter Influences Fe-Binding Ligand Availability for Cyanobacteria in Oligotrophic Ontario Lakes.”EGU Genera Assembly 15:13280.
Stockdale,A.,E.Tipping,S.Lofts,and R.J.Mortimer.2016“The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Organic and Inorganic Speciation of Trace Metals.”Environmenta Science and Technology 50(4):1906-1913.doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b05624.
Tagliabue,A.,O.Aumont,R.Death,J.P.Dunne,S.Dutkiewicz E.Galbraith,K.Misumi,et al.2016.“How Well Do Globa Ocean Biogeochemistry Models Simulate Dissolved Iron Distributions?”Global Biogeochemical Cycles 30(2)149-174.doi:10.1002/2015GB005289.
Wells,M.,M.Perry,and C.Trick.2008.“Collaborative Research The Effect of Iron-Complexing Ligands on Iron Availability to Phytoplankton in HNLC Waters of the Subarctic Pacific Ocean.”University of Maine Office of Research and Sponsored Programs:Grant Reports,162.https://digitalcommons library.umaine.edu/orsp_reports/162.
Wells,M.L.1989.“The Availability of Iron in Seawater:APerspective.”Biological Oceanography 6(5-6):463-476doi:10.1080/01965581.1988.10749545.
Wu,Y.,D.A.Campbell,A.J.Irwin,D.J.Suggett,and Z.V.Finkel2014.“Ocean Acidification Enhances the Growth Rate of Larger Diatoms.”Limnology and Oceanography 59(3)1027-1034.doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.1027.
Xiu,P.,and F.Chai.2012.“Spatial and Temporal Variability in Phytoplankton Carbon,Chlorophyll,and Nitrogen in the North Pacific.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 117C11023.doi:10.1029/2012JC008067.
Xiu,P.,and F.Chai.2013.“Variability of Oceanic Carbon Cycle in the North Pacific from Seasonal to Decadal Scales.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 119(8):5270-5288.doi:10.1002/2013JC009505.
Xiu,P.,A.P.Palacz,F.Chai,E.G.Roy,and M.L.Wells.2011.“Iron Flux Induced by Haida Eddies in the Gulf of Alaska.”Geophysica Research Letters 38(13):392.doi:10.1029/2011GL047946.
Ye,Y.,and C.V?lker.2017.“On the Role of Dust-Deposited Lithogenic Particles for Iron Cycling in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic.”Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31(10):1543-1558.doi:10.1002/2017gb005663.
Zhang,R.,S.G.John,J.Zhang,J.Ren,Y.Wu,Z.Zhu,S.Liu X.Zhu,C.M.Marsay,and F.Wenger.2015.“Transport and Reaction of Iron and Iron Stable Isotopes in Glacia Meltwaters on Svalbard near Kongsfjorden:From Rivers to Estuary to Ocean.”Earth and Planetary Science Letters 424(10):201-211.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.031.
Zhu,M.,J.Shi,X.Ben,S.Qiu,H.Gao,and X.Yao.2016“Solubility of Trace Elements in Atmospheric Aerosols and Determination Factors in Qingdao,China.”China Environmental Science 36(11):3245-3252.
Boyce,D.G.,M.R.Lewis,and B.Worm.2010.“Globa Phytoplankton Decline over the past Century.”Nature 466(7306):591-596.doi:10.1038/nature09268.
Boyd,P.W.,T.Jickells,C.S.Law,S.Blain,E.A.Boyle,K.O.Buesseler K.H.Coale,et al.2007.“Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments1993-2005:Synthesis and Future Directions.”Science 315(5812):612-617.doi:10.1126/science.1131669.
Breitbarth,E.,E.P.Achterber,M.V.Ardelan,A.R.Baker E.Bucciarelli,F.Chever,P.L.Croot,et al.2009.“Iron Biogeochemistry across Marine Systems at Changing Times-Conclusions.”Paper Presented at the Workshop for the Biogeosciences Discussions 6(4):6635-6694Gothenburg,2008,May 14-16.
Chai,F.,R.C.Dugdale,T.H.Peng,F.P.Wilkerson,and R.T.Barber.2002.“One-Dimensional Ecosystem Model of the Equatorial Pacific Upwelling System.Part I:Mode Development and Silicon and Nitrogen Cycle.”Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(13-14):2713-2745.doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00055-3.
Coale,K.H.,K.S.Johnson,F.P.Chavez,K.O.Buesseler R.T.Barber,M.A.Brzezinski,W.P.Cochlan,et al.2004“Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment:Carbon Cycling in High-and low-Si Waters.”Science 304:408-414doi:10.1126/science.1089778.
Duce,R.A.,and N.W.Tindale.1991.“Atmospheric Transport of Iron and Its Deposition in the Ocean.”Limnology and Oceanography36(8):1715-1726.doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1715.
Dugdale,R.C.,and F.P.Wilkerson.1991.“Low Specific Nitrate Uptake Rate:A Common Feature of High-Nutrient,Low-Chlorophyll Marine Ecosystems.”Limnology and Oceanography 36(8):1678-1688doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1678.
Fujii,M.,N.Yoshie,Y.Yamanaka,and F.Chai.2005.“Simulated Biogeochemical Responses to Iron Enrichments in Three High Nutrient,Low Chlorophyll(HNLC)Regions.”Progress in Oceanography 64(2):307-324.doi:10.1016/j pocean.2005.02.017.
Gledhill,M.,E.P.Achterberg,K.Li,K.N.Mohamed,and M.J.A.Rijkenberg.2015.“Influence of Ocean Acidification on the Complexation of Iron and Copper by Organic Ligands in Estuarine Waters.”Marine Chemistry 177(13)421-433.doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.03.016.
Johnson,W.K.,L.A.Miller,N.E.Sutherland,and C.S.Wong2005.“Iron Transport by Mesoscale Haida Eddies in the Gulf of Alaska.”Deep-Sea Research Part II 52(7):933-953doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.08.017.
Krishnamurthy,A.,J.K.Moore,N.Mahowald,C.Luo,S.C.Doney K.Lindsay,and C.S.Zender.2009.“Impacts of Increasing Anthropogenic Soluble Iron and Nitrogen Deposition on Ocean Biogeochemistry.”Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23(3):GB3016.doi:10.1029/2008GB003440.
Macrellis,H.M.,C.G.Trick,E.L.Rue,G.Smith,and K.W.Bruland.2001.“Collection and Detection of Natura Iron-Binding Ligands from Seawater.”Marine Chemistry 76(3):175-187.doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00061-5.
Martin,J.H.1990.“Glacial-Interglacial CO2Change:The Iron Hypothesis.”Paleoceanography 5:1-13.doi:10.1029/PA005i001p00001.
Martin,J.H.,K.H.Coale,K.S.Johnson,S.E.Fitzwater R.M.Gordon,S.J.Tanner,C.N.Hunter,et al.1994“Testing the Iron Hypothesis in Ecosystems of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.”Nature 371(6493):123-129https://www.nature.com/articles/371123a0.
Martin,J.H.,and S.E.Fitzwater.1988.“Iron Deficiency Limits Phytoplankton Growth in the North-East Pacific Subarctic.”Nature 331:341-343.doi:10.1038/331341a0.
Misumi,K.,K.Lindsay,J.K.Moore,S.C.Doney,F.O.Bryan D.Tsumune,and Y.Yoshida.2014.“The Iron Budget in Ocean Surface Waters in the 20th and 21st Centuries:Projections by the Community Earth System Model Version 1.”Biogeosciences Discussions 10(5):8505-8559.doi:10.5194/bg-11-33-2014.
Nishioka,J.,T.Ono,H.Saito,T.Nakatsuka,S.Takeda T.Yoshimura,K.Suzuki,et al.2007.“Iron Supply to the Western Subarctic Pacific:Importance of Iron Export from the Sea of Okhotsk.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans112:C10012.doi:10.1029/2006JC004055.
Nishioka,J.,T.Ono,H.Saito,K.Sakaoka,and T.Yoshimura2011.“Oceanic Iron Supply Mechanisms Which Support the Spring Diatom Bloom in the Oyashio Region,Western Subarctic Pacific.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans116:C02021.doi:10.1029/2010JC006321.
Nishioka,J.,S.Takeda,C.S.Wong,and W.K.Johnson.2001“Size-Fractionated Iron Concentrations in the Northeast Pacific Ocean:Distribution of Soluble and Small Colloida Iron.”Marine Chemistry 74(2):157-179.doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00013-5.
Shi,D.,Y.Xu,B.M.Hopkinson,and F.M.Morel.2010.“Effect of Ocean Acidification on Iron Availability to Marine Phytoplankton.”Science 327(5966):676-679.doi:10.1126/science.1183517.
Shiomoto,A.,and S.Hashimoto.2000.“Comparison of East and West Chlorophyll a Standing Stock and Oceanic Habitat along the Transition Domain of the North Pacific.”Journa of Policy History 22(1):444-460.doi:10.1093/plankt/22.1.1.
Sorichetti,R.,I.Creed,and C.Trick.2013.“Dissolved Organic Matter Influences Fe-Binding Ligand Availability for Cyanobacteria in Oligotrophic Ontario Lakes.”EGU Genera Assembly 15:13280.
Stockdale,A.,E.Tipping,S.Lofts,and R.J.Mortimer.2016“The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Organic and Inorganic Speciation of Trace Metals.”Environmenta Science and Technology 50(4):1906-1913.doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b05624.
Tagliabue,A.,O.Aumont,R.Death,J.P.Dunne,S.Dutkiewicz E.Galbraith,K.Misumi,et al.2016.“How Well Do Globa Ocean Biogeochemistry Models Simulate Dissolved Iron Distributions?”Global Biogeochemical Cycles 30(2)149-174.doi:10.1002/2015GB005289.
Wells,M.,M.Perry,and C.Trick.2008.“Collaborative Research The Effect of Iron-Complexing Ligands on Iron Availability to Phytoplankton in HNLC Waters of the Subarctic Pacific Ocean.”University of Maine Office of Research and Sponsored Programs:Grant Reports,162.https://digitalcommons library.umaine.edu/orsp_reports/162.
Wells,M.L.1989.“The Availability of Iron in Seawater:APerspective.”Biological Oceanography 6(5-6):463-476doi:10.1080/01965581.1988.10749545.
Wu,Y.,D.A.Campbell,A.J.Irwin,D.J.Suggett,and Z.V.Finkel2014.“Ocean Acidification Enhances the Growth Rate of Larger Diatoms.”Limnology and Oceanography 59(3)1027-1034.doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.1027.
Xiu,P.,and F.Chai.2012.“Spatial and Temporal Variability in Phytoplankton Carbon,Chlorophyll,and Nitrogen in the North Pacific.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 117C11023.doi:10.1029/2012JC008067.
Xiu,P.,and F.Chai.2013.“Variability of Oceanic Carbon Cycle in the North Pacific from Seasonal to Decadal Scales.”Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 119(8):5270-5288.doi:10.1002/2013JC009505.
Xiu,P.,A.P.Palacz,F.Chai,E.G.Roy,and M.L.Wells.2011.“Iron Flux Induced by Haida Eddies in the Gulf of Alaska.”Geophysica Research Letters 38(13):392.doi:10.1029/2011GL047946.
Ye,Y.,and C.V?lker.2017.“On the Role of Dust-Deposited Lithogenic Particles for Iron Cycling in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic.”Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31(10):1543-1558.doi:10.1002/2017gb005663.
Zhang,R.,S.G.John,J.Zhang,J.Ren,Y.Wu,Z.Zhu,S.Liu X.Zhu,C.M.Marsay,and F.Wenger.2015.“Transport and Reaction of Iron and Iron Stable Isotopes in Glacia Meltwaters on Svalbard near Kongsfjorden:From Rivers to Estuary to Ocean.”Earth and Planetary Science Letters 424(10):201-211.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.031.
Zhu,M.,J.Shi,X.Ben,S.Qiu,H.Gao,and X.Yao.2016“Solubility of Trace Elements in Atmospheric Aerosols and Determination Factors in Qingdao,China.”China Environmental Science 36(11):3245-3252.