铁电体的光伏效应
|
摘要
介绍了铁电光伏效应的发展历史和现状,通过与传统半导体p-n结光伏器件比较,旨在阐述铁电光伏器件非比寻常的优点和重要的应用前景.铁电光伏效应分为体光伏效应和反常光伏效应,多种物理机制已被发现,无疑为铁电光伏效应的提高指明了方向.还对钙钛矿氧化物、卤化物和双钙钛矿结构氧化物等铁电体中的光伏效应进行了阐述,讨论了通过引入新的自由度实现多功能性光伏器件的可能性.
Ferroelectric oxides are attractive materials for constructing efficient solar cells. The mechanism includes the anomalous photovoltaic effect(APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect(BPE). The BPE refers to the generation of a steady photocurrent and above-bandgap photovoltage in a single-phase homogeneous material lacking inversion symmetry. The mechanism of BPE is different from the typical p-n junction-based photovoltaic mechanism in heterogeneous materials.We survey the history, development and recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of BPE, with a focus on the shift current mechanism, an intrinsic BPE that is universal to all materials lacking inversion symmetry. We also review the important factors to the APE, i.e., the domain boundary, the Schottcky junction, and the depolarization field.The recent successful applications of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials in solar cells emphasize that ferroelectrics can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review the development in this field, with a particular emphasis on the perovskite materials and the theoretical explanations. In addition to discussing the implication of a ferroelectric absorber layer and the solid state theory of polarization, the design principles and prospect for highefficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are also mentioned. Considering the coupling between the degrees of freedom, some special ferroelectrics are expected to have prominent multi-functionality. With the introduction of the additional degree of freedom, some ferroelectrics, i.e., Sc FexCr1-xO3(1/6 x 5/6), can be a promising candidate for highly efficient solar cells and spin photovoltaic devices.
Ferroelectric oxides are attractive materials for constructing efficient solar cells. The mechanism includes the anomalous photovoltaic effect(APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect(BPE). The BPE refers to the generation of a steady photocurrent and above-bandgap photovoltage in a single-phase homogeneous material lacking inversion symmetry. The mechanism of BPE is different from the typical p-n junction-based photovoltaic mechanism in heterogeneous materials.We survey the history, development and recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of BPE, with a focus on the shift current mechanism, an intrinsic BPE that is universal to all materials lacking inversion symmetry. We also review the important factors to the APE, i.e., the domain boundary, the Schottcky junction, and the depolarization field.The recent successful applications of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials in solar cells emphasize that ferroelectrics can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review the development in this field, with a particular emphasis on the perovskite materials and the theoretical explanations. In addition to discussing the implication of a ferroelectric absorber layer and the solid state theory of polarization, the design principles and prospect for highefficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are also mentioned. Considering the coupling between the degrees of freedom, some special ferroelectrics are expected to have prominent multi-functionality. With the introduction of the additional degree of freedom, some ferroelectrics, i.e., Sc FexCr1-xO3(1/6 x 5/6), can be a promising candidate for highly efficient solar cells and spin photovoltaic devices.
引文
[1]Green M A,Bremner S P 2017 Nat.Mater.16 23
[2]Chapin D M,Fuller C S,Pearson G L A 1954 J.Appl.Phys.25 676
[3]Shockley W,Queisser H J 1961 J.Appl.Phys.32 510
[4]Lopez N,Reichertz L A,Yu K M 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.106 028701
[5]Jackson E D 1958 Trans Conf.Use Solar Energy 5122
[6]Green M A,Keevers M J,Thomas I,Lasich J B,Emery K 2015 Prog.Photovolt.23 685
[7]Fridkin V M 1979 Photoferroelectrics(Berlin:SpringerVerlag)
[8]King-Smith R D,Vanderbilt D 1993 Phys.Rev.B 471651
[9]Seidel J,Eng L M 2014 Curr.Appl.Phys.14 1083
[10]Bulter K T,Frost J M,Walsh A 2015 Energy Environ.Sci.8 838
[11]Hu Z,Tian M,Nysten B,Jonas A M 2009 Nat.Mater.8 62
[12]Scott J F 2007 Science 315 954
[13]Garcia V,Bibes M 2012 Nature 483 279
[14]Lee D,Yang S M,Kim T H,Jeon B C,Kim Y S,Yoon J G,Lee H N,Baek S H,Eom C B,Noh T W 2012 Adv.Mater.24 402
[15]Dong S,Liu J M,Cheong S W,Ren Z 2015 Adv.Phys.64 519
[16]Garcia V,Bibes M,Bocher L,Valencia S,Kronast F,Crassous A,Moya X,Enouz-Vedrenne S,Gloter A,Imhoff D,Deranlot C,Mathur N D,Fusil S,Bouzehouane K,Barthlmy A 2010 Science 327 1106
[17]Ramesh R 2010 Nat.Mater.9 380
[18]Meyerheim H L,Klimenta F,Ernst A,Mohseni K,Ostanin S,Fechner M,Parihar S,Maznichenko I V,Mertig I,Kirschner J 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.106 087203
[19]Cai T Y,Ju S,Sun H,Li Z Y 2008 Prog.Phys.1 50(in Chinese)[蔡田怡,雎胜,孙华,李振亚2008物理学进展150]
[20]Weng Y K,Lin L F,Dagotto E,Dong S 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.117 037601
[21]Cai T Y,Ju S,Lee J,Sai N,Demkov A A,Niu Q,Li Z Y,Shi J R,Wang E G 2009 Phys.Rev.B 80 140415
[22]Cai T Y,Liu S C,Ju S,Liu C Y,Guo G Y 2017 Phys.Rev.Appl.8 034034
[23]Yuan Y,Xiao Z,Yang B,Huang J 2014 J.Mater.Chem.A 2 6027
[24]Tan L Z,Zheng F,Young S M,Wang F,Liu S,Rappe A M 2016 npj Comput.Mater.2 16026
[25]Yang S Y,Seidel J,Byrnes S J,Shafer P,Yang C H,Rossell M D,Yu P,Chu Y H,Scott J F,Ager III J W,Martin L W,Ramesh R 2010 Nat.Nanotechnol.5 143
[26]Young S M,Rappe A M 2012 Phys.Rev.Lett.109116601
[27]Grinberg I,West D V,Torres M,Gou G,Stein D M,Wu L,Chen G,Gallo E M,Akbashev A R,Davies P K,Spanier J E,Rappe A M 2013 Nature 503 509
[28]Alexe M,Hesse D 2011 Nat.Commun.2 256
[29]Bhatnagar A,Chaudhuri A R,Kim Y H,Hesse D,Alexe M 2013 Nat.Commun.4 2835
[30]Kojima A,Teshima K,Shirai Y,Miyasaka T 2009 J.Am.Chem.Soc.131 6050
[31]Lee M M,Teuscher J,Miyasaka T,Murakami T N,Snaith H J 2012 Science 338 643
[32]Burschka J,Pellet N,Moon S J,Humphry-Baker R,Gao P,Nazeeruddin M K,Gr?tzel M 2013 Nature 499 316
[33]Heo J H,Im S H,Noh J H,Mandal T N,Lim C S,Chang J A,Lee Y H,Kim H J,Sarkar A,Nazeeruddin M K2013 Nat.Photon.7 486
[34]Park N G 2013 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.4 2423
[35]Bass K K,Mc Anally R E,Zhou S,Djurovich P I,Thompson M E,Melot B C 2014 Chem.Commun.5015819
[36]Bhachu D,Scanlon D,Saban E,Bronstein H,Parkin I,Carmalt C,Palgrave R 2015 J.Mater.Chem.A 3 9071
[37]Zenkevich A,Matveyev Y,Maksimova K,Gaynutdinov R,Tolstikhina A,Fridkin V M 2014 Phys.Rev.B 90161409
[38]Sturman B S I,Fridkin V M 1992 Photovoltaic and Photorefractive Effects in Noncentrosymmetric Materials(Philadelphia:Gordon and Breach)
[39]Fridkin V M,Popov B N 1978 Sov.Phys.Usp.21 981V
[40]Koch W T H,Munser R,Ruppel W,Wurfel P 1975 Solid State Commun.17 847
[41]Chynoweth A G 1956 Phys.Rev.102 705
[42]Belinicher V I,Sturman B I 1980 Phys.-Usp.23 199
[43]Lines M E,Glass A M 1977 Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials(Oxford:Clarendon Press)
[44]Fridkin V M 2012 Applications of Ferroelectrics Held Jointly with 2012 European Conference on the Applications of Polar Dielectrics and 2012 International Symp Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and Nanoscale Phenomena in Polar Materials(ISAF/ECAPD/PFM),Aveiro,Portugal,July 9–13,2012,pp1,2
[45]Dresselhaus G 1955 Phys.Rev.100 580
[46]Even J,Pedesseau L,Jancu J M,Katan C 2013 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.4 2999
[47]Brivio F,Butler K T,Walsh A,van Schilfgaarde M 2014Phys.Rev.B 89 155204
[48]Auston D H,Glass A M,Ballman A A 1972 Phys.Rev.Lett.28 897
[49]Glass A M,von der Linde D,Negran T J 1974 Appl.Phys.Lett.25 233
[50]Somma C,Reimann K,Flytzanis C,Elsaesser T,Woerner M 2014 Phys.Rev.Lett.112 146602
[51]Ji W,Yao K,Liang Y C 2010 Adv.Mater.22 1763
[52]Bieler M,Pierz K,Siegner U,Dawson P 2007 Phys.Rev.B 76 161304
[53]Ogden T R,Gookin D M 1984 Appl.Phys.Lett.45 995
[54]Nakamura M,Kagawa F,Tanigaki T,Park H S,Matsuda T,Shindo D,Tokura Y,Kawasaki M 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.116 156801
[55]von Baltz R,Kraut W 1981 Phys.Rev.B 23 5590
[56]Král P 2000 J.Phys.:Condens.Matter 12 4851
[57]Sipe J E,Shkrebtii A I 2000 Phys.Rev.B 61 5337
[58]Nastos F,Sipe J E 2010 Phys.Rev.B 82 235204
[59]Young S M,Zheng F,Rappe A M 2012 Phys.Rev.Lett.109 236601
[60]Young S M,Zheng F,Rappe A M 2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.110 057201
[61]Tan L Z,Rappe A M 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.116 237402
[62]Wang F,Young S M,Zheng F 2016 Nat.Commun.710419
[63]Starkiewicz J,Sosnowski L,Simpson O 1946 Nature 15828
[64]Johnson H R,Williams R H,Mee C H B 1975 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.8 1530
[65]Goldstein B,Pensak L 1959 J.Appl.Phys.30 155
[66]Uspenskii M D,Ivanova N G,Malkis I E 1968 Semiconductors 1 1059
[67]Qin M,Yao K,Liang Y C 2009 J.Appl.Phys.105061624
[68]Ichiki M,Furue H 2006 Proc.SPIE 6035 60350P
[69]Xu J,Cao D W,Fang L,Shen M R 2009 J.Appl.Phys.106 113705
[70]Cao D W,Xu J,Fang L,Shen M R 2010 Appl.Phys.Lett.96 192101
[71]Qin M,Yao K,Liang Y C 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95022912
[72]Yang S Y,Martin L W,Byrens S J 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95 062909
[73]Zheng F G,Xu J,Fang L,Shen M R 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.93 172101
[74]Chen B,Li M,Liu Y W 2011 Nanotechnology 22 195201
[75]Cao D W,Zhang H,Fang L,Shen M R 2010 Appl.Phys.Lett.97 102104
[76]Yi H,Choi T,Choi S,Oh Y S,Cheong S W 2011 Adv.Mater.23 3403
[77]Choi T,Lee S,Choi Y J,Kiryukhin V,Cheong S W2009 Science 324 63
[78]Kim D,Jo J,Kim Y 2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.95 237602
[79]Shvydaka D,Karpov V G 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.92053507
[80]Huang F,Liu X 2013 Appl.Phys.Lett.102 103501
[81]Zhang N,Yokota H,Glazer A,Ren Z,Keen D,Keeble D,Thomas P,Ye Z G 2014 Nat.Commun.5 5231
[82]Catlow C R A,Guo Z X,Miskufova M,Shevlin S A,Smith A G H,Sokol A A,Walsh A,Wilson D J,Woodley S M 2010 Philos.Trans.R.Soc.A 368 3379
[83]Walsh A,Catlow C R A,Smith A G H,Sokol A A,Woodley S M 2011 Phys.Rev.B 83 220301
[84]Nechache R,Harnagea C,Li S,Cardenas L,Huang W,Chakrabartty J,Rosei F 2015 Nat.Photon.9 61
[85]Zheng F,Xin Y,Huang W,Zhang J,Wang X,Shen M R,Dong W,Fang L,Bai Y,Shen X,Hao J 2014 J.Mater.Chem.A 2 1363
[86]Wang F,Grinberg I,Rappe A M 2014 Phys.Rev.B 89235105
[87]Wang F,Grinberg I,Rappe A M 2014 Appl.Phys.Lett.104 152903
[88]Ju S,Cai T Y,Guo G Y 2009 J.Chem.Phys.130214708
[89]Guo R,You L,Zhou Y,Lim Z S,Zou X,Chen L,Ramesh R,Wang J 2013 Nat.Commun.4 1990
[90]Hu W J,Wang Z,Yu W,Wu T 2016 Nat.Commun.710808
[91]Yang M,Luo Z,Kim D J,Alexe M 2017 Appl.Phys.Lett.110 183902
[92]Kim H S,Mora-Sero I,Gonzalez-Pedro V,FabregatSantiago F,Juarez-Perez E J,Park N G,Bisquert J 2013Nat.Commun.4 2242
[93]Carnie M J,Charbonnaeu C,Davies M L,Troughton J,Watson T M,Wojciechowski K,Snaith H,Worsley D A2013 Chem.Commun.49 7893
[94]Liu M,Johnston M B,Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
[95]Zhou H,Chen Q,Li G,Luo S,Song T B,Duan H S,Hong Z,You J,Liu Y,Yang Y 2014 Science 345 542
[96]Noel N K,Stranks S D,Abate A,Wehrenfennig C,Guarnera S,Haghighirad A,Sadhanala A,Eperon G E,Pathak S K,Johnston M B,Petrozza A,Herz L,Snaith H 2014 Energy Environ.Sci.7 3061
[97]Umari P,Mosconi E,de Angelis F 2014 Sci.Rep.4 4467
[98]Brivio F,Walker A B,Walsh A 2013 APL Mater.1042111
[99]Frost J M,Butler K T,Brivio F,Hendon C H,van Schilfgaarde M,Walsh A 2014 Nano Lett.14 2584
[100]Gottesman R,Haltzi E,Gouda L,Tirosh S,Bouhadana Y,Zaban A,Mosconi E,de Angelis F 2014 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.5 2662
[101]Mitzi D B,Wang S,Field C A,Chess C A,Guloy A M1995 Science 267 1473
[102]Calabrese J,Jones N,Harlow R,Herron N,Thorn D,Wang Y 1991 J.Am.Chem.Soc.113 2328
[103]Borriello I,Cantele G,Ninno D 2008 Phys.Rev.B 77235214
[104]Snaith H J,Abate A,Ball J M,Eperon G E,Leijtens T,Noel N K,Stranks S D,Wang J T W,Wojciechowski K,Zhang W 2014 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.5 1511
[105]Kutes Y,Ye L,Zhou Y,Pang S,Huey B D,Padture N P 2014 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.5 3335
[106]Zheng F,Takenaka H,Wang F,Koocher N Z,Rappe A M 2015 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.6 31
[107]Huang X,Paudel T R,Dong S,Tsymbal E Y 2015 Phys.Rev.B 92 125201
[108]Inaguma Y,Yoshida M,Katsumata T 2008 J.Am.Chem.Soc.130 6704
[109]Inaguma Y,Aimi A,Shirako Y,Sakurai D,Mori D,Kojitani H,Akaogi M,Nakayama M 2014 J.Am.Chem.Soc.136 2748
[110]Inaguma Y,Tanaka K,Tsuchiya T,Mori D,Katsumata T,Ohba T,Hiraki K,Takahashi T,Saitoh H 2011 J.Am.Chem.Soc.133 16920
[111]Li M R,Adem U,Mc Mitchell S R,Xu Z,Thomas C I,Warren J E,Schiffmann F 2012 J.Am.Chem.Soc.1343737
[112]Li M R,Stephens P W,Retuerto M,Sarkar T,Grams C P,Hemberger J,Croft M C,Walker D,Greenblatt M2014 J.Am.Chem.Soc.136 8508
[113]Baettig P,Spaldin N A 2005 Appl.Phys.Lett.86 012505
[114]Ju S,Guo G Y 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.92 202504
[115]PálováL,Chandra P,Rabe K M 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.104 037202
[116]Diéguez O,í?iguez J 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.107 057601
[117]Wang P S,Ren W,Bellaiche L,Xiang H J 2015 Phys.Rev.Lett.114 147204
[118]Young S M,Zheng F,Rappe A M 2015 Phys.Rev.Appl.4 054004
[119]He J,Franchini C,Rondinelli J M 2016 Chem.Mater.28 25
[120]Stroppa A,Sante D D,Barone P,Bokdam M,Kresse G,Franchini C,Whangbo M H,Picozzi S 2014 Nat.Commun.5 5900
[121]Ju S,Cai T Y 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95 112506
[122]Ju S,Cai T Y 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95 231906
[123]Ju S,Cai T Y,Wei C I,Guo G Y 2009 Opt.Lett.343860
[124]Ju S,Cai T Y 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.93 251904
[125]Ju S,Cai T Y 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.94 191908
[126]Ju S,Guo G Y 2008 J.Chem.Phys.129 194704
[2]Chapin D M,Fuller C S,Pearson G L A 1954 J.Appl.Phys.25 676
[3]Shockley W,Queisser H J 1961 J.Appl.Phys.32 510
[4]Lopez N,Reichertz L A,Yu K M 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.106 028701
[5]Jackson E D 1958 Trans Conf.Use Solar Energy 5122
[6]Green M A,Keevers M J,Thomas I,Lasich J B,Emery K 2015 Prog.Photovolt.23 685
[7]Fridkin V M 1979 Photoferroelectrics(Berlin:SpringerVerlag)
[8]King-Smith R D,Vanderbilt D 1993 Phys.Rev.B 471651
[9]Seidel J,Eng L M 2014 Curr.Appl.Phys.14 1083
[10]Bulter K T,Frost J M,Walsh A 2015 Energy Environ.Sci.8 838
[11]Hu Z,Tian M,Nysten B,Jonas A M 2009 Nat.Mater.8 62
[12]Scott J F 2007 Science 315 954
[13]Garcia V,Bibes M 2012 Nature 483 279
[14]Lee D,Yang S M,Kim T H,Jeon B C,Kim Y S,Yoon J G,Lee H N,Baek S H,Eom C B,Noh T W 2012 Adv.Mater.24 402
[15]Dong S,Liu J M,Cheong S W,Ren Z 2015 Adv.Phys.64 519
[16]Garcia V,Bibes M,Bocher L,Valencia S,Kronast F,Crassous A,Moya X,Enouz-Vedrenne S,Gloter A,Imhoff D,Deranlot C,Mathur N D,Fusil S,Bouzehouane K,Barthlmy A 2010 Science 327 1106
[17]Ramesh R 2010 Nat.Mater.9 380
[18]Meyerheim H L,Klimenta F,Ernst A,Mohseni K,Ostanin S,Fechner M,Parihar S,Maznichenko I V,Mertig I,Kirschner J 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.106 087203
[19]Cai T Y,Ju S,Sun H,Li Z Y 2008 Prog.Phys.1 50(in Chinese)[蔡田怡,雎胜,孙华,李振亚2008物理学进展150]
[20]Weng Y K,Lin L F,Dagotto E,Dong S 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.117 037601
[21]Cai T Y,Ju S,Lee J,Sai N,Demkov A A,Niu Q,Li Z Y,Shi J R,Wang E G 2009 Phys.Rev.B 80 140415
[22]Cai T Y,Liu S C,Ju S,Liu C Y,Guo G Y 2017 Phys.Rev.Appl.8 034034
[23]Yuan Y,Xiao Z,Yang B,Huang J 2014 J.Mater.Chem.A 2 6027
[24]Tan L Z,Zheng F,Young S M,Wang F,Liu S,Rappe A M 2016 npj Comput.Mater.2 16026
[25]Yang S Y,Seidel J,Byrnes S J,Shafer P,Yang C H,Rossell M D,Yu P,Chu Y H,Scott J F,Ager III J W,Martin L W,Ramesh R 2010 Nat.Nanotechnol.5 143
[26]Young S M,Rappe A M 2012 Phys.Rev.Lett.109116601
[27]Grinberg I,West D V,Torres M,Gou G,Stein D M,Wu L,Chen G,Gallo E M,Akbashev A R,Davies P K,Spanier J E,Rappe A M 2013 Nature 503 509
[28]Alexe M,Hesse D 2011 Nat.Commun.2 256
[29]Bhatnagar A,Chaudhuri A R,Kim Y H,Hesse D,Alexe M 2013 Nat.Commun.4 2835
[30]Kojima A,Teshima K,Shirai Y,Miyasaka T 2009 J.Am.Chem.Soc.131 6050
[31]Lee M M,Teuscher J,Miyasaka T,Murakami T N,Snaith H J 2012 Science 338 643
[32]Burschka J,Pellet N,Moon S J,Humphry-Baker R,Gao P,Nazeeruddin M K,Gr?tzel M 2013 Nature 499 316
[33]Heo J H,Im S H,Noh J H,Mandal T N,Lim C S,Chang J A,Lee Y H,Kim H J,Sarkar A,Nazeeruddin M K2013 Nat.Photon.7 486
[34]Park N G 2013 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.4 2423
[35]Bass K K,Mc Anally R E,Zhou S,Djurovich P I,Thompson M E,Melot B C 2014 Chem.Commun.5015819
[36]Bhachu D,Scanlon D,Saban E,Bronstein H,Parkin I,Carmalt C,Palgrave R 2015 J.Mater.Chem.A 3 9071
[37]Zenkevich A,Matveyev Y,Maksimova K,Gaynutdinov R,Tolstikhina A,Fridkin V M 2014 Phys.Rev.B 90161409
[38]Sturman B S I,Fridkin V M 1992 Photovoltaic and Photorefractive Effects in Noncentrosymmetric Materials(Philadelphia:Gordon and Breach)
[39]Fridkin V M,Popov B N 1978 Sov.Phys.Usp.21 981V
[40]Koch W T H,Munser R,Ruppel W,Wurfel P 1975 Solid State Commun.17 847
[41]Chynoweth A G 1956 Phys.Rev.102 705
[42]Belinicher V I,Sturman B I 1980 Phys.-Usp.23 199
[43]Lines M E,Glass A M 1977 Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials(Oxford:Clarendon Press)
[44]Fridkin V M 2012 Applications of Ferroelectrics Held Jointly with 2012 European Conference on the Applications of Polar Dielectrics and 2012 International Symp Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and Nanoscale Phenomena in Polar Materials(ISAF/ECAPD/PFM),Aveiro,Portugal,July 9–13,2012,pp1,2
[45]Dresselhaus G 1955 Phys.Rev.100 580
[46]Even J,Pedesseau L,Jancu J M,Katan C 2013 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.4 2999
[47]Brivio F,Butler K T,Walsh A,van Schilfgaarde M 2014Phys.Rev.B 89 155204
[48]Auston D H,Glass A M,Ballman A A 1972 Phys.Rev.Lett.28 897
[49]Glass A M,von der Linde D,Negran T J 1974 Appl.Phys.Lett.25 233
[50]Somma C,Reimann K,Flytzanis C,Elsaesser T,Woerner M 2014 Phys.Rev.Lett.112 146602
[51]Ji W,Yao K,Liang Y C 2010 Adv.Mater.22 1763
[52]Bieler M,Pierz K,Siegner U,Dawson P 2007 Phys.Rev.B 76 161304
[53]Ogden T R,Gookin D M 1984 Appl.Phys.Lett.45 995
[54]Nakamura M,Kagawa F,Tanigaki T,Park H S,Matsuda T,Shindo D,Tokura Y,Kawasaki M 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.116 156801
[55]von Baltz R,Kraut W 1981 Phys.Rev.B 23 5590
[56]Král P 2000 J.Phys.:Condens.Matter 12 4851
[57]Sipe J E,Shkrebtii A I 2000 Phys.Rev.B 61 5337
[58]Nastos F,Sipe J E 2010 Phys.Rev.B 82 235204
[59]Young S M,Zheng F,Rappe A M 2012 Phys.Rev.Lett.109 236601
[60]Young S M,Zheng F,Rappe A M 2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.110 057201
[61]Tan L Z,Rappe A M 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.116 237402
[62]Wang F,Young S M,Zheng F 2016 Nat.Commun.710419
[63]Starkiewicz J,Sosnowski L,Simpson O 1946 Nature 15828
[64]Johnson H R,Williams R H,Mee C H B 1975 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.8 1530
[65]Goldstein B,Pensak L 1959 J.Appl.Phys.30 155
[66]Uspenskii M D,Ivanova N G,Malkis I E 1968 Semiconductors 1 1059
[67]Qin M,Yao K,Liang Y C 2009 J.Appl.Phys.105061624
[68]Ichiki M,Furue H 2006 Proc.SPIE 6035 60350P
[69]Xu J,Cao D W,Fang L,Shen M R 2009 J.Appl.Phys.106 113705
[70]Cao D W,Xu J,Fang L,Shen M R 2010 Appl.Phys.Lett.96 192101
[71]Qin M,Yao K,Liang Y C 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95022912
[72]Yang S Y,Martin L W,Byrens S J 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95 062909
[73]Zheng F G,Xu J,Fang L,Shen M R 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.93 172101
[74]Chen B,Li M,Liu Y W 2011 Nanotechnology 22 195201
[75]Cao D W,Zhang H,Fang L,Shen M R 2010 Appl.Phys.Lett.97 102104
[76]Yi H,Choi T,Choi S,Oh Y S,Cheong S W 2011 Adv.Mater.23 3403
[77]Choi T,Lee S,Choi Y J,Kiryukhin V,Cheong S W2009 Science 324 63
[78]Kim D,Jo J,Kim Y 2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.95 237602
[79]Shvydaka D,Karpov V G 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.92053507
[80]Huang F,Liu X 2013 Appl.Phys.Lett.102 103501
[81]Zhang N,Yokota H,Glazer A,Ren Z,Keen D,Keeble D,Thomas P,Ye Z G 2014 Nat.Commun.5 5231
[82]Catlow C R A,Guo Z X,Miskufova M,Shevlin S A,Smith A G H,Sokol A A,Walsh A,Wilson D J,Woodley S M 2010 Philos.Trans.R.Soc.A 368 3379
[83]Walsh A,Catlow C R A,Smith A G H,Sokol A A,Woodley S M 2011 Phys.Rev.B 83 220301
[84]Nechache R,Harnagea C,Li S,Cardenas L,Huang W,Chakrabartty J,Rosei F 2015 Nat.Photon.9 61
[85]Zheng F,Xin Y,Huang W,Zhang J,Wang X,Shen M R,Dong W,Fang L,Bai Y,Shen X,Hao J 2014 J.Mater.Chem.A 2 1363
[86]Wang F,Grinberg I,Rappe A M 2014 Phys.Rev.B 89235105
[87]Wang F,Grinberg I,Rappe A M 2014 Appl.Phys.Lett.104 152903
[88]Ju S,Cai T Y,Guo G Y 2009 J.Chem.Phys.130214708
[89]Guo R,You L,Zhou Y,Lim Z S,Zou X,Chen L,Ramesh R,Wang J 2013 Nat.Commun.4 1990
[90]Hu W J,Wang Z,Yu W,Wu T 2016 Nat.Commun.710808
[91]Yang M,Luo Z,Kim D J,Alexe M 2017 Appl.Phys.Lett.110 183902
[92]Kim H S,Mora-Sero I,Gonzalez-Pedro V,FabregatSantiago F,Juarez-Perez E J,Park N G,Bisquert J 2013Nat.Commun.4 2242
[93]Carnie M J,Charbonnaeu C,Davies M L,Troughton J,Watson T M,Wojciechowski K,Snaith H,Worsley D A2013 Chem.Commun.49 7893
[94]Liu M,Johnston M B,Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
[95]Zhou H,Chen Q,Li G,Luo S,Song T B,Duan H S,Hong Z,You J,Liu Y,Yang Y 2014 Science 345 542
[96]Noel N K,Stranks S D,Abate A,Wehrenfennig C,Guarnera S,Haghighirad A,Sadhanala A,Eperon G E,Pathak S K,Johnston M B,Petrozza A,Herz L,Snaith H 2014 Energy Environ.Sci.7 3061
[97]Umari P,Mosconi E,de Angelis F 2014 Sci.Rep.4 4467
[98]Brivio F,Walker A B,Walsh A 2013 APL Mater.1042111
[99]Frost J M,Butler K T,Brivio F,Hendon C H,van Schilfgaarde M,Walsh A 2014 Nano Lett.14 2584
[100]Gottesman R,Haltzi E,Gouda L,Tirosh S,Bouhadana Y,Zaban A,Mosconi E,de Angelis F 2014 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.5 2662
[101]Mitzi D B,Wang S,Field C A,Chess C A,Guloy A M1995 Science 267 1473
[102]Calabrese J,Jones N,Harlow R,Herron N,Thorn D,Wang Y 1991 J.Am.Chem.Soc.113 2328
[103]Borriello I,Cantele G,Ninno D 2008 Phys.Rev.B 77235214
[104]Snaith H J,Abate A,Ball J M,Eperon G E,Leijtens T,Noel N K,Stranks S D,Wang J T W,Wojciechowski K,Zhang W 2014 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.5 1511
[105]Kutes Y,Ye L,Zhou Y,Pang S,Huey B D,Padture N P 2014 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.5 3335
[106]Zheng F,Takenaka H,Wang F,Koocher N Z,Rappe A M 2015 J.Phys.Chem.Lett.6 31
[107]Huang X,Paudel T R,Dong S,Tsymbal E Y 2015 Phys.Rev.B 92 125201
[108]Inaguma Y,Yoshida M,Katsumata T 2008 J.Am.Chem.Soc.130 6704
[109]Inaguma Y,Aimi A,Shirako Y,Sakurai D,Mori D,Kojitani H,Akaogi M,Nakayama M 2014 J.Am.Chem.Soc.136 2748
[110]Inaguma Y,Tanaka K,Tsuchiya T,Mori D,Katsumata T,Ohba T,Hiraki K,Takahashi T,Saitoh H 2011 J.Am.Chem.Soc.133 16920
[111]Li M R,Adem U,Mc Mitchell S R,Xu Z,Thomas C I,Warren J E,Schiffmann F 2012 J.Am.Chem.Soc.1343737
[112]Li M R,Stephens P W,Retuerto M,Sarkar T,Grams C P,Hemberger J,Croft M C,Walker D,Greenblatt M2014 J.Am.Chem.Soc.136 8508
[113]Baettig P,Spaldin N A 2005 Appl.Phys.Lett.86 012505
[114]Ju S,Guo G Y 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.92 202504
[115]PálováL,Chandra P,Rabe K M 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.104 037202
[116]Diéguez O,í?iguez J 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.107 057601
[117]Wang P S,Ren W,Bellaiche L,Xiang H J 2015 Phys.Rev.Lett.114 147204
[118]Young S M,Zheng F,Rappe A M 2015 Phys.Rev.Appl.4 054004
[119]He J,Franchini C,Rondinelli J M 2016 Chem.Mater.28 25
[120]Stroppa A,Sante D D,Barone P,Bokdam M,Kresse G,Franchini C,Whangbo M H,Picozzi S 2014 Nat.Commun.5 5900
[121]Ju S,Cai T Y 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95 112506
[122]Ju S,Cai T Y 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.95 231906
[123]Ju S,Cai T Y,Wei C I,Guo G Y 2009 Opt.Lett.343860
[124]Ju S,Cai T Y 2008 Appl.Phys.Lett.93 251904
[125]Ju S,Cai T Y 2009 Appl.Phys.Lett.94 191908
[126]Ju S,Guo G Y 2008 J.Chem.Phys.129 194704