铍铝合金的制备工艺与应用进展
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摘要
铍铝合金具有质量轻、比强度高、比刚度高、热稳定性好、高韧性、抗腐蚀等许多优点,是一种重要的结构材料,被广泛应用于航空航天、计算机、汽车等工业。铍和铝金属之间没有任何金属间化合物生成,且相互固溶的能力极低,实质上是纯铍和纯铝的金属基复合材料。铍铝合金制备方法多采用精密铸造技术、粉末冶金和粉末冷等静压+压力加工方法制造,前者具有生产成本低的优点,后两者力学性能优于前者,但成本较高。本文综述了铍铝合金的特点,铍铝合金的铸造、粉末冶金、挤压/轧制/锻造产品性能和应用领域。评述了铍铝合金铸造过程中不同添加元素的作用,介绍了铍铝合金的焊接方法和性能。最后,分析了我国在铍铝合金研究方面存在的问题和对策,展望了我国铍铝合金的发展前景。
Beryllium aluminum alloy is an important structural material and is widely used in aerospace,computer,automotive and other industries because it has lightweight,high specific strength,high specific stiffness,good thermal stability,high toughness and corrosion resistance.It is also a metal matrix composite due to low solubility with each other and no intermetallic compounds exist.The alloy's preparation methods include investment casting,powder metallurgy and cold isostatic pressing + pressure process.The former has the advantage of low production cost,and the latter two have better mechanical performances but higher cost.The paper summarized the characteristics of Be-Al alloy,the casting Be-Al alloy,powder metallurgy Be-Al alloy,extrusion,rolling,forging Be-Al alloy,product properties and application fields of beryllium aluminum alloy.The effect of different additive agents on casting Be-Al alloy and the welding methods and properties of Be-Al alloy were reviewed.Finally,the problem and strategy of the Be-Al alloy research were analyzed and the application and research and development of Be-Al alloy in China were prospected.
Beryllium aluminum alloy is an important structural material and is widely used in aerospace,computer,automotive and other industries because it has lightweight,high specific strength,high specific stiffness,good thermal stability,high toughness and corrosion resistance.It is also a metal matrix composite due to low solubility with each other and no intermetallic compounds exist.The alloy's preparation methods include investment casting,powder metallurgy and cold isostatic pressing + pressure process.The former has the advantage of low production cost,and the latter two have better mechanical performances but higher cost.The paper summarized the characteristics of Be-Al alloy,the casting Be-Al alloy,powder metallurgy Be-Al alloy,extrusion,rolling,forging Be-Al alloy,product properties and application fields of beryllium aluminum alloy.The effect of different additive agents on casting Be-Al alloy and the welding methods and properties of Be-Al alloy were reviewed.Finally,the problem and strategy of the Be-Al alloy research were analyzed and the application and research and development of Be-Al alloy in China were prospected.
引文
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[14]Noribuml T,Nobuyoshi I,Shigemi T,Takao O.Method of fabricating a light shielding blade composed of beryllium aluminum alloy[P].US Patent:6502296B2,2003.
[15]Qiu Z C,Xiao D W,Chen X L,Lang D M.Mechanical properties of be at different temperatures[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2015,39(1):16.(丘志聪,肖大武,陈向林,郎定木.温度对铍力学性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2015,39(1):16.)
[16]Xu D M,Li F,Wang Z H,He L J,Qin G W.Fracture mechanisms of hot isotatic pressed powder and as-cast Be-Al alloys under tensile tests at room temperature[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2009,19(12):2128.(许德美,李峰,王战宏,何力军,秦高梧.粉末热等静压和铸造Be-Al合金的室温拉伸断裂机理[J].中国有色金属学报,2009,19(12):2128.)
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[18]Xu D M,Qin G W,Li F,Wang Z H,Zhong J M,He J L,He L J.Advances in beryllium and beryllium-containing materials[J].Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2014,24(5):1212.(许德美,秦高梧,李峰,王战宏,钟景明,何季麟,何力军.国内外铍及含铍材料的研究进展[J].中国有色金属学报,2014,24(5):1212.)
[19]Parsonage T.Beryllium metal matrix composites for aerospace and commercial application[J].Materials Science and Technology,2000,16:733.
[20]Xiao M.Damping of Be-Al alloy[J].Metallic Functional Materials,2000,7(6):42.(晓敏.铍铝减振合金[J].金属功能材料,2000,7(6):42.)
[21]Kendig K L.Beryllium-aluminum alloy raise stiffness of spacecraft[J].Advance Materials&Processes,2005,163(9):12.
[22]Levoy N F.Beryllium-aluminum alloy development for investment casting[A].Froes F H,Chellman D J.Synthesis/Processing of Lightweight Metallic MaterialsⅡ[C].USA:The Minerals Metals&Materials Society,1997.363.
[23]Wu C Y,Zhang L Y.Mechanics Principle of Powder Forming[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2003.35.(吴成义,张丽英.粉体成形力学原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003.35.)
[24]Ma L,Zhao S Q,Wang Z H,Mai X F,Zhao Y L.Effect of HIP temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of beryllium aluminum alloy[J].Winged Mssiles Journal,2006,(8):57.(马玲,赵双群,王战宏,买学锋,赵玉林.热等静压温度对铍铝合金显微组织及力学性能的影响[J].飞航导弹,2006,(8):57.)
[25]Marder J M.Aluminum-beryllium alloys[J].Advanced Materials&Processes,1997,152(4):37.
[26]Paronage T,Benoit J.Advances in beryllium and AlBe Met optical materials[A].Hatheway E H.Proceedings of SPIE(Vol.4771).Optomechanical Design and Engineering 2002[C].USA:The International Societyfor Optics and Photonics,2002.222.
[27]Chen J,Gao Y.Rolling process of high strength 5754aluminum alloy for automobile[J].Forging&Stamping Technology,2014,39(5):78.(陈建,高云.汽车用高强5754铝合金的轧制工艺[J].锻压技术,2014,39(5):78.)
[28]Pan Y J,Wu Y J.Study on isothermal forging process of 2024 aluminum alloy precision parts[J].Forging&Stamping Technology,2014,39(1):25.(潘跃进,吴跃江.2024铝合金件精密等温锻造工艺研究[J].锻压技术,2014,39(1):25.)
[29]Gamwell W R.The cryogenic tensile properties of an extruded Al-Be alloy[R].NASA/TM-2002-212049,Alabama:Marshall Space Flight Center,2002.
[30]Fridlyander I N.High-modulus aluminum alloys with beryllium and magnesium[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,2003,45(10):348.
[31]Narpone V C,Garosshen T J.Evaluation of the tensile and fatigue behaviour of a powder metallurgy beryllium-aluminium alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science,1997,32:2549.
[32]Anonymous.Beryllium aluminum ready for takeoff[J].Machine Design,2005,77(7):38.
[33]Milewski J O.Ultra-narrow gap laser welding of Be Al alloys final report[R].Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos National Laboratory,1998.
[34]Knapp J T.38%aluminum-62%beryllium shaped blank technology[A].Goodman W A,Robichaud J L.Proceedings of SPIE(Vol.6666).Optical Materials and Structures Technologies III[C].USA:The International Society for Optics and Photonics,2007:66660W-1-8.
[35]Mceachern R L.Beryllium materials for national ignition facility targets LARD—final report[R].Livermore CA:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,2001.
[36]Speer W,Essaid O.Applications of an aluminum-beryllium composite for structural aerospace components[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2004,11(6):895.
[2]William S.Application of aluminum-beryllium composite for structural aerospace component[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2004,11(6):895.
[3]Roskill Information Services Ltd..The Economics of Beryllium[M].London:Roskill Information Services Ltd.Press,2001.52.
[4]US Air Force Research Laboratory,Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.Beryllium-aluminum alloys reduce weight in spacecraft[J].Advanced Materials&Processes,2004,162(4):12.
[5]Zhang Q P,Zhang Y S.The mechanical properties of Be-Al alloy[J].Winged Missiles Journal,2002,(12):57.(张秋平,张永寿.Be-Al合金的机械性能[J].飞航导弹,2002,(12):57.)
[6]Ma L,Zhao S Q.Progress in research on Be-Al alloy[J].Materials Review,2005,19(S2):431.(马玲,赵双群.铍铝合金的研究进展[J].材料导报,2005,19(S2):431.)
[7]Jie W Q,Jian Z Y,Liu L.Technology Casting[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2013.181.(介万奇,坚增云,刘林.铸造技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2013.181.)
[8]Zhang Y S,Qin Y J,Wu D Z,Xie Z Q.Properties and applications of beryllium&beryllium-containing materials[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2001,22(6):92.(张友寿,秦有钧,吴东周,谢志强.铍和含铍材料的性能及应用[J].焊接学报,2001,22(6):92.)
[9]Wang Z H,Wang L,Mai X F,Zhao Y L.Manufacturing research beryllium-aluminum structural material[J].Mining Technology,2006,6(4):16.(王战宏,王莉,买学锋,赵玉林.铍铝合金结构材料制造研究[J].采矿技术,2006,6(4):16.)
[10]Wang Z H,Wang L,Zhao S Q,Mai X F,Xu D M,Zhong J M,Qu X H.Effects of Ni on microstructure and mechanical properties of beryllium-aluminum alloys[J].Special Casting&Nonferrous Alloys,2006,28(8):526.(王战宏,王莉,赵双群,买学锋,许德美,钟景明,曲选辉.Ni对Be-Al合金组织和性能的影响[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2006,28(8):526.)
[11]Jiao Q,Ma L,Feng T,Zhao S Q,Wang Z H,Mai X F,Zhao Y L.Effect of silver,cobalt and germanium on microstructure and properties of beryllium aluminum alloy[J].Special Casting&Nonferrous Alloys,2010,30(10):973.(焦旗,马玲,冯婷,赵双群,王战宏,买学锋,赵玉林.银、钴、鍺对铍铝合金组织及性能的影响[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2010,30(10):973.)
[12]Jiao Q.Experimental Study of Strengthen Technology and Numerical Simulation during Quenching Process of Casting Beryllium Aluminum Alloy[D].Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2010.28.(焦旗.铸态铍铝合金强化技术试验研究及淬火过程的数值模拟[D].银川:宁夏大学,2010.28.)
[13]William T N,Nancy F Levoy,Kevin R R.Light Weight,High strength,beryllium aluminum alloy[P].US Patent:5603780,1997.
[14]Noribuml T,Nobuyoshi I,Shigemi T,Takao O.Method of fabricating a light shielding blade composed of beryllium aluminum alloy[P].US Patent:6502296B2,2003.
[15]Qiu Z C,Xiao D W,Chen X L,Lang D M.Mechanical properties of be at different temperatures[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2015,39(1):16.(丘志聪,肖大武,陈向林,郎定木.温度对铍力学性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2015,39(1):16.)
[16]Xu D M,Li F,Wang Z H,He L J,Qin G W.Fracture mechanisms of hot isotatic pressed powder and as-cast Be-Al alloys under tensile tests at room temperature[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2009,19(12):2128.(许德美,李峰,王战宏,何力军,秦高梧.粉末热等静压和铸造Be-Al合金的室温拉伸断裂机理[J].中国有色金属学报,2009,19(12):2128.)
[17]Quan H S.Beryllium aluminum alloy precision casting for aerospace[J].Material Engineering.1998,(4):24.(全宏声.航空航天用铍铝合金精密铸造[J].材料工程,1998,(4):24.)
[18]Xu D M,Qin G W,Li F,Wang Z H,Zhong J M,He J L,He L J.Advances in beryllium and beryllium-containing materials[J].Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2014,24(5):1212.(许德美,秦高梧,李峰,王战宏,钟景明,何季麟,何力军.国内外铍及含铍材料的研究进展[J].中国有色金属学报,2014,24(5):1212.)
[19]Parsonage T.Beryllium metal matrix composites for aerospace and commercial application[J].Materials Science and Technology,2000,16:733.
[20]Xiao M.Damping of Be-Al alloy[J].Metallic Functional Materials,2000,7(6):42.(晓敏.铍铝减振合金[J].金属功能材料,2000,7(6):42.)
[21]Kendig K L.Beryllium-aluminum alloy raise stiffness of spacecraft[J].Advance Materials&Processes,2005,163(9):12.
[22]Levoy N F.Beryllium-aluminum alloy development for investment casting[A].Froes F H,Chellman D J.Synthesis/Processing of Lightweight Metallic MaterialsⅡ[C].USA:The Minerals Metals&Materials Society,1997.363.
[23]Wu C Y,Zhang L Y.Mechanics Principle of Powder Forming[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2003.35.(吴成义,张丽英.粉体成形力学原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003.35.)
[24]Ma L,Zhao S Q,Wang Z H,Mai X F,Zhao Y L.Effect of HIP temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of beryllium aluminum alloy[J].Winged Mssiles Journal,2006,(8):57.(马玲,赵双群,王战宏,买学锋,赵玉林.热等静压温度对铍铝合金显微组织及力学性能的影响[J].飞航导弹,2006,(8):57.)
[25]Marder J M.Aluminum-beryllium alloys[J].Advanced Materials&Processes,1997,152(4):37.
[26]Paronage T,Benoit J.Advances in beryllium and AlBe Met optical materials[A].Hatheway E H.Proceedings of SPIE(Vol.4771).Optomechanical Design and Engineering 2002[C].USA:The International Societyfor Optics and Photonics,2002.222.
[27]Chen J,Gao Y.Rolling process of high strength 5754aluminum alloy for automobile[J].Forging&Stamping Technology,2014,39(5):78.(陈建,高云.汽车用高强5754铝合金的轧制工艺[J].锻压技术,2014,39(5):78.)
[28]Pan Y J,Wu Y J.Study on isothermal forging process of 2024 aluminum alloy precision parts[J].Forging&Stamping Technology,2014,39(1):25.(潘跃进,吴跃江.2024铝合金件精密等温锻造工艺研究[J].锻压技术,2014,39(1):25.)
[29]Gamwell W R.The cryogenic tensile properties of an extruded Al-Be alloy[R].NASA/TM-2002-212049,Alabama:Marshall Space Flight Center,2002.
[30]Fridlyander I N.High-modulus aluminum alloys with beryllium and magnesium[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,2003,45(10):348.
[31]Narpone V C,Garosshen T J.Evaluation of the tensile and fatigue behaviour of a powder metallurgy beryllium-aluminium alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science,1997,32:2549.
[32]Anonymous.Beryllium aluminum ready for takeoff[J].Machine Design,2005,77(7):38.
[33]Milewski J O.Ultra-narrow gap laser welding of Be Al alloys final report[R].Los Alamos,NM:Los Alamos National Laboratory,1998.
[34]Knapp J T.38%aluminum-62%beryllium shaped blank technology[A].Goodman W A,Robichaud J L.Proceedings of SPIE(Vol.6666).Optical Materials and Structures Technologies III[C].USA:The International Society for Optics and Photonics,2007:66660W-1-8.
[35]Mceachern R L.Beryllium materials for national ignition facility targets LARD—final report[R].Livermore CA:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,2001.
[36]Speer W,Essaid O.Applications of an aluminum-beryllium composite for structural aerospace components[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2004,11(6):895.