高压开关SF_6-Cu电弧净辐射系数计算
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摘要
辐射是高温电弧等离子体能量输运的主要过程之一。在高压SF_6电弧中,来自触头烧蚀的铜蒸气会显著影响SF_6电弧的辐射过程。为了给考虑触头烧蚀的SF_6电弧仿真提供辐射相关的基础数据,在原子线状谱、原子连续谱及分子谱辐射计算研究的基础上,建立了高压开关SF_6-Cu电弧净辐射系数(NEC)计算模型,分析了电弧半径、电弧压力及铜蒸气浓度对SF_6-Cu电弧NEC的影响规律。研究发现:低温时,共振谱线占据主导;高温时,非共振谱线占据主导。NEC随电弧半径增大而下降,随电弧压力增强而升高。铜相比氟和硫等非金属元素更容易激发,谱线辐射强度更高,因此铜蒸气的存在使得SF_6-Cu电弧的NEC显著提高。
Radiation is one of the key processes of energy transport in high-temperature arc plasmas. In high-pressure SF_6 arc, the copper vapor resulting from electrode erosion shows significant influences on the radiation transport in SF_6 arc. In order to provide the basic data of radiation for the simulation of SF_6 arc with consideration of electrode erosion, the calculation model for net emission coefficients(NEC) of SF_6-Cu arc in high-voltage circuit breakers was established in this work based on the study of atomic lines, atomic continuum, and molecular spectrum. The effects of arc radius, arc pressure, and copper concentration were analyzed on the NEC of SF_6-Cu arc. It is found that the resonance lines and non-resonance lines dominate the NEC at low and high temperatures respectively. With the increase of arc radius, the values of NEC are reduced. With the increase of arc pressure, the values of NEC are raised. The existence of copper vapor strongly raises the values of NEC because copper is easier to ionize and excite than nonmetallic elements such as fluorine and sulfur.
Radiation is one of the key processes of energy transport in high-temperature arc plasmas. In high-pressure SF_6 arc, the copper vapor resulting from electrode erosion shows significant influences on the radiation transport in SF_6 arc. In order to provide the basic data of radiation for the simulation of SF_6 arc with consideration of electrode erosion, the calculation model for net emission coefficients(NEC) of SF_6-Cu arc in high-voltage circuit breakers was established in this work based on the study of atomic lines, atomic continuum, and molecular spectrum. The effects of arc radius, arc pressure, and copper concentration were analyzed on the NEC of SF_6-Cu arc. It is found that the resonance lines and non-resonance lines dominate the NEC at low and high temperatures respectively. With the increase of arc radius, the values of NEC are reduced. With the increase of arc pressure, the values of NEC are raised. The existence of copper vapor strongly raises the values of NEC because copper is easier to ionize and excite than nonmetallic elements such as fluorine and sulfur.
引文
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[2]荣命哲,吴翊,杨飞,等.开关电弧电流零区非平衡态等离子体仿真研究现状[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(2):1-12.Rong Mingzhe,Wu Yi,Yang Fei,et al.Review on the simulation method of non-equilibrium arc plasma during current zero period in the circuit breaker[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(2):1-12.
[3]Gleizes A,Gonzalez J,Liani B,et al.Calculation of net emission coefficient of thermal plasmas in mixtures of gas with metallic vapour[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1993,26(11):1921.
[4]Cressault Y,Gleizes A.Thermal plasma properties for ArAl,Ar-Fe and Ar-Cu mixtures used in welding plasmas processes:I.Net emission coefficients at atmospheric pressure[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2013,46(41):415206.
[5]Cressault Y,Gleizes A,Riquel G.Properties of airaluminum thermal plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2012,45(26):265202.
[6]Aubrecht V,Bartlova M,Coufal O.Radiative emission from air thermal plasmas with vapour of Cu or W[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(43):434007.
[7]Billoux T,Cressault Y,Boretskij V F,et al.Net emission coefficient of CO2-Cu thermal plasmas:role of copper and molecules[J].Journal of Physics:Conference Series,2012,406:012027.
[8]Lowke J J.Predictions of arc temperature profiles using approximate emission coefficients for radiation losses[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,1974,14(2):111-122.
[9]Zhang J,Fang M,Newland D.Theoretical investigation of a 2 kA DC nitrogen arc in a supersonic nozzle[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1987,20(3):368.
[10]Sevast'yanenko V.Radiation transfer in a real spectrum.Integration over frequency[J].Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics,1979,36(2):138-148.
[11]Aubrecht V,Lowke J.Calculations of radiation transfer in SF6 plasmas using the method of partial characteristics[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1994,27(10):2066.
[12]Eby S,Trepanier J,Zhang X.Modelling radiative transfer in circuit-breaker arcs with the P-1 approximation[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1998,31(13):1578.
[13]刘晓明,王尔智,曹云东.高压SF6断路器电弧动态模型研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(2):102-106.Liu Xiaoming,Wang Erzhi,Cao Yundong.Study of dynamic arc model for high voltage SF6 circuit breaker[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2004,24(2):102-106.
[14]Rong Mingzhe,Ma Qiang,Wu Yi,et al.The influence of electrode erosion on the air arc in a low-voltage circuit breaker[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2009,106(2):023308.
[15]Zhang Q,Yan J D,Fang M T C.The modelling of an SF6arc in a supersonic nozzle:I.Cold flow features and DC arc characteristics[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(21):215201.
[16]吴翊,荣命哲,王小华,等.触头打开过程中低压空气电弧等离子体的动态分析[J].电工技术学报,2008,23(5):12-17.Wu Yi,Rong Mingzhe,Wang Xiaohua,et al.Dynamic analysis of low-voltage air arc plasma during contact opening process[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2008,23(5):12-17.
[17]Murphy A B.The effects of metal vapour in arc welding[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(43):434001.
[18]Schnick M,Fuessel U,Hertel M,et al.Modelling of gasmetal arc welding taking into account metal vapour[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(43):434008.
[19]Gleizes A,Gongassian M,Rahmani B.Continuum absorption coefficient in SF6 and SF6-N2 mixture plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1989,22(1):83.
[20]Aubrecht V,Gross B.Net emission coefficient of radiation in SF6 arc plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1994,27(1):95.
[21]Gleizes A,Gonzalez J,Liani B,et al.Calculation of net emission coefficient in Ar-Cu and SF6-Cu thermal plasmas[J].Le Journal de Physique Colloques,1990,51(C5):C5-213-C215-220.
[22]Boulos M I,Fauchais P,Pfender E.Thermal plasmas:fundamentals and applications[M].New York:Springer Science&Business Media,1994.
[23]Cressault Y,Rouffet M E,Gleizes A,et al.Net emission of Ar-H2-He thermal plasmas at atmospheric pressure[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(33):335204.
[24]李志勇.焊接等离子体辐射光谱理论及其工业应用基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.
[25]Bernath P F.Spectra of atoms and molecules[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
[26]Walkup R,Stewart B,Pritchard D.Collisional line broadening due to van der Waals potentials[J].Physical Review A,1984,29(1):169.
[27]Liani B,Rahmouni M,Belbachir A,et al.Computation of net emission of CH4-H2 thermal plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1997,30(21):2964.
[28]Naghizadeh-Kashani Y,Cressault Y,Gleizes A.Net emission coefficient of air thermal plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2002,35(22):2925.
[29]Jan C,Cressault Y,Gleizes A,et al.Calculation of radiative properties of SF6-C2F4 thermal plasmas-application to radiative transfer in high-voltage circuit breakers modelling[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(1):015204.
[30]荣命哲,仲林林,王小华,等.平衡态与非平衡态电弧等离子体微观特性计算研究综述[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(19):54-65.Rong Mingzhe,Zhong Linlin,Wang Xiaohua,et al.Review of microscopic property calculation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium arc plasma[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(19):54-65.
[31]Rong Mingzhe,Zhong Linlin,Cressault Y,et al.Thermophysical properties of SF6-Cu mixtures at temperatures of 300-30 000 K and pressures of 0.01~1.0 MPa:part 1.Equilibrium compositions and thermodynamic properties considering condensed phases[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(49):495202.
[32]Wang Xiaohua,Zhong Linlin,Cressault Y,et al.Thermophysical properties of SF6-Cu mixtures at temperatures of 300-30,000 K and pressures of 0.01-1.0 MPa:part 2.Collision integrals and transport coefficients[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(49):495201.
[33]Wang Xiaohua,Zhong Linlin,Rong Mingzhe,et al.Dielectric breakdown properties of hot SF6 gas contaminated by copper at temperatures of 300-3 500 K[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2015,48(15):155205.
[34]Zhong Linlin,Wang Xiaohua,Rong Mingzhe,et al.Calculation of combined diffusion coefficients in SF6-Cu mixtures[J].Physics of Plasmas,2014,21(10):103506.
[35]Zhong Linlin,Yang Aijun,Wang Xiaohua,et al.Dielectric breakdown properties of hot SF6-CO2 mixtures at temperatures of 300-3500?K and pressures of 0.01-1.0MPa[J].Physics of Plasmas,2014,21(5):053506.
[2]荣命哲,吴翊,杨飞,等.开关电弧电流零区非平衡态等离子体仿真研究现状[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(2):1-12.Rong Mingzhe,Wu Yi,Yang Fei,et al.Review on the simulation method of non-equilibrium arc plasma during current zero period in the circuit breaker[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(2):1-12.
[3]Gleizes A,Gonzalez J,Liani B,et al.Calculation of net emission coefficient of thermal plasmas in mixtures of gas with metallic vapour[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1993,26(11):1921.
[4]Cressault Y,Gleizes A.Thermal plasma properties for ArAl,Ar-Fe and Ar-Cu mixtures used in welding plasmas processes:I.Net emission coefficients at atmospheric pressure[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2013,46(41):415206.
[5]Cressault Y,Gleizes A,Riquel G.Properties of airaluminum thermal plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2012,45(26):265202.
[6]Aubrecht V,Bartlova M,Coufal O.Radiative emission from air thermal plasmas with vapour of Cu or W[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(43):434007.
[7]Billoux T,Cressault Y,Boretskij V F,et al.Net emission coefficient of CO2-Cu thermal plasmas:role of copper and molecules[J].Journal of Physics:Conference Series,2012,406:012027.
[8]Lowke J J.Predictions of arc temperature profiles using approximate emission coefficients for radiation losses[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,1974,14(2):111-122.
[9]Zhang J,Fang M,Newland D.Theoretical investigation of a 2 kA DC nitrogen arc in a supersonic nozzle[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1987,20(3):368.
[10]Sevast'yanenko V.Radiation transfer in a real spectrum.Integration over frequency[J].Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics,1979,36(2):138-148.
[11]Aubrecht V,Lowke J.Calculations of radiation transfer in SF6 plasmas using the method of partial characteristics[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1994,27(10):2066.
[12]Eby S,Trepanier J,Zhang X.Modelling radiative transfer in circuit-breaker arcs with the P-1 approximation[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1998,31(13):1578.
[13]刘晓明,王尔智,曹云东.高压SF6断路器电弧动态模型研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(2):102-106.Liu Xiaoming,Wang Erzhi,Cao Yundong.Study of dynamic arc model for high voltage SF6 circuit breaker[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2004,24(2):102-106.
[14]Rong Mingzhe,Ma Qiang,Wu Yi,et al.The influence of electrode erosion on the air arc in a low-voltage circuit breaker[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2009,106(2):023308.
[15]Zhang Q,Yan J D,Fang M T C.The modelling of an SF6arc in a supersonic nozzle:I.Cold flow features and DC arc characteristics[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(21):215201.
[16]吴翊,荣命哲,王小华,等.触头打开过程中低压空气电弧等离子体的动态分析[J].电工技术学报,2008,23(5):12-17.Wu Yi,Rong Mingzhe,Wang Xiaohua,et al.Dynamic analysis of low-voltage air arc plasma during contact opening process[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2008,23(5):12-17.
[17]Murphy A B.The effects of metal vapour in arc welding[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(43):434001.
[18]Schnick M,Fuessel U,Hertel M,et al.Modelling of gasmetal arc welding taking into account metal vapour[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(43):434008.
[19]Gleizes A,Gongassian M,Rahmani B.Continuum absorption coefficient in SF6 and SF6-N2 mixture plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1989,22(1):83.
[20]Aubrecht V,Gross B.Net emission coefficient of radiation in SF6 arc plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1994,27(1):95.
[21]Gleizes A,Gonzalez J,Liani B,et al.Calculation of net emission coefficient in Ar-Cu and SF6-Cu thermal plasmas[J].Le Journal de Physique Colloques,1990,51(C5):C5-213-C215-220.
[22]Boulos M I,Fauchais P,Pfender E.Thermal plasmas:fundamentals and applications[M].New York:Springer Science&Business Media,1994.
[23]Cressault Y,Rouffet M E,Gleizes A,et al.Net emission of Ar-H2-He thermal plasmas at atmospheric pressure[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2010,43(33):335204.
[24]李志勇.焊接等离子体辐射光谱理论及其工业应用基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013.
[25]Bernath P F.Spectra of atoms and molecules[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
[26]Walkup R,Stewart B,Pritchard D.Collisional line broadening due to van der Waals potentials[J].Physical Review A,1984,29(1):169.
[27]Liani B,Rahmouni M,Belbachir A,et al.Computation of net emission of CH4-H2 thermal plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,1997,30(21):2964.
[28]Naghizadeh-Kashani Y,Cressault Y,Gleizes A.Net emission coefficient of air thermal plasmas[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2002,35(22):2925.
[29]Jan C,Cressault Y,Gleizes A,et al.Calculation of radiative properties of SF6-C2F4 thermal plasmas-application to radiative transfer in high-voltage circuit breakers modelling[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(1):015204.
[30]荣命哲,仲林林,王小华,等.平衡态与非平衡态电弧等离子体微观特性计算研究综述[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(19):54-65.Rong Mingzhe,Zhong Linlin,Wang Xiaohua,et al.Review of microscopic property calculation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium arc plasma[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(19):54-65.
[31]Rong Mingzhe,Zhong Linlin,Cressault Y,et al.Thermophysical properties of SF6-Cu mixtures at temperatures of 300-30 000 K and pressures of 0.01~1.0 MPa:part 1.Equilibrium compositions and thermodynamic properties considering condensed phases[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(49):495202.
[32]Wang Xiaohua,Zhong Linlin,Cressault Y,et al.Thermophysical properties of SF6-Cu mixtures at temperatures of 300-30,000 K and pressures of 0.01-1.0 MPa:part 2.Collision integrals and transport coefficients[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2014,47(49):495201.
[33]Wang Xiaohua,Zhong Linlin,Rong Mingzhe,et al.Dielectric breakdown properties of hot SF6 gas contaminated by copper at temperatures of 300-3 500 K[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2015,48(15):155205.
[34]Zhong Linlin,Wang Xiaohua,Rong Mingzhe,et al.Calculation of combined diffusion coefficients in SF6-Cu mixtures[J].Physics of Plasmas,2014,21(10):103506.
[35]Zhong Linlin,Yang Aijun,Wang Xiaohua,et al.Dielectric breakdown properties of hot SF6-CO2 mixtures at temperatures of 300-3500?K and pressures of 0.01-1.0MPa[J].Physics of Plasmas,2014,21(5):053506.