活性污泥生物炭对沉积物中镉生态毒性的影响
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摘要
为评价沉积物中生物炭对重金属Cd生态毒性的影响,以底栖动物铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为测试生物,采用14-d亚慢性沉积物生物测试研究了不同添加水平的活性污泥生物炭与不同浓度Cd联合作用对Cd的生物积累、肝胰脏细胞DNA损伤以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响。结果表明,活性污泥生物炭可以显著降低间隙水中Cd含量。当沉积物w(Cd)较低(10μg·g~(-1))时,添加生物炭并不显著降低Cd的生物积累,当沉积物w(Cd)较高(50μg·g~(-1))时,只有w=5%的生物炭才能显著降低Cd的生物积累。活性污泥生物炭对铜锈环棱螺不具有毒性。添加生物炭后,低Cd处理组DNA损伤指数、SOD活性和MDA含量均没有显著改变,提示低Cd沉积物中添加生物炭不影响Cd毒性。就高Cd处理组而言,添加w=1%生物炭也不影响Cd毒性,当添加w=5%生物炭时,DNA损伤显著降低,SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量显著下降,Cd毒性下降约60%。因此,沉积物中Cd生物有效性的降低并不必然导致Cd在铜锈环棱螺体内生物积累的减少。沉积物中较高比例的生物炭通过对Cd的吸附阻控在一定程度上减少了生物积累,从而可以有效地降低毒性。生物炭对沉积物中污染物生态毒性的影响与污染物的种类和浓度以及生物炭用量有关。
Biochar has emerged as an important green environmental sorbent of great potential in in-situ remedying contaminated soils and water. However,little is known regarding how biochar mitigates potential ecotoxicity risks of the pollutants in the environment through interaction with the pollutants. To evaluate the effects of biochar on ecological toxicity of cadmium( Cd),a heavy metal element,in sediments,Cd bioaccumulation,DNA damage,superoxide dismutase( SOD)activities and malondialdehyde( MDA) levels in the hepatopancreas of benthic macroinvertebrate Bellamya aeruginosa following 14-day exposure to sediments spiked with Cd and/or activated-sludge-derived biochar were investigated. Results show that activated-sludge-derived biochar significantly reduced Cd content in porewater. In the treatments relatively low in Cd concentration( 10 μg · g~(-1)),the addition of biochar did not significantly reduce Cd bioaccumulation,while in the treatments relatively high in Cd concentration( 50 μg·g~(-1)),the addition of only 5% of biochar was enough to significantly reduce Cd accumulation. The applied activated-sludge-derived biochar was not toxic to B. aeruginosa. In the treatments spiked with 10 μg·g~(-1),no effect of biochar affecting DNA damage index,SOD activities,and MDA contents in the hepatopancreas was observed,indicating the addition of biochar in sediments low in Cd content did not mitigate Cd toxicity. In the treatments spiked with 50 μg·g~(-1),the addition of 1% biochar did not show any effect on Cd toxicity,either,however,the addition of 5% biochar significantly alleviated DNA damage,increased SOD activity,lowered MDA levels,and estimatedly reduced Cd toxicity by about 60%. It could,therefore,be concluded that reduced bioavailability of Cd in sediments does not invariably lead to decreased bioaccumulation in B. aeruginosa. The application of biochar at a high rate insediments may reduce Cd bioaccumulation and hence Cd toxicity to some extent through inhibiting Cd adsorption. The effects of biochar alleviating ecotoxicity of pollutants in sediments may possibly be related to type and concentration of the pollutant and amendment rate of biochar.
Biochar has emerged as an important green environmental sorbent of great potential in in-situ remedying contaminated soils and water. However,little is known regarding how biochar mitigates potential ecotoxicity risks of the pollutants in the environment through interaction with the pollutants. To evaluate the effects of biochar on ecological toxicity of cadmium( Cd),a heavy metal element,in sediments,Cd bioaccumulation,DNA damage,superoxide dismutase( SOD)activities and malondialdehyde( MDA) levels in the hepatopancreas of benthic macroinvertebrate Bellamya aeruginosa following 14-day exposure to sediments spiked with Cd and/or activated-sludge-derived biochar were investigated. Results show that activated-sludge-derived biochar significantly reduced Cd content in porewater. In the treatments relatively low in Cd concentration( 10 μg · g~(-1)),the addition of biochar did not significantly reduce Cd bioaccumulation,while in the treatments relatively high in Cd concentration( 50 μg·g~(-1)),the addition of only 5% of biochar was enough to significantly reduce Cd accumulation. The applied activated-sludge-derived biochar was not toxic to B. aeruginosa. In the treatments spiked with 10 μg·g~(-1),no effect of biochar affecting DNA damage index,SOD activities,and MDA contents in the hepatopancreas was observed,indicating the addition of biochar in sediments low in Cd content did not mitigate Cd toxicity. In the treatments spiked with 50 μg·g~(-1),the addition of 1% biochar did not show any effect on Cd toxicity,either,however,the addition of 5% biochar significantly alleviated DNA damage,increased SOD activity,lowered MDA levels,and estimatedly reduced Cd toxicity by about 60%. It could,therefore,be concluded that reduced bioavailability of Cd in sediments does not invariably lead to decreased bioaccumulation in B. aeruginosa. The application of biochar at a high rate insediments may reduce Cd bioaccumulation and hence Cd toxicity to some extent through inhibiting Cd adsorption. The effects of biochar alleviating ecotoxicity of pollutants in sediments may possibly be related to type and concentration of the pollutant and amendment rate of biochar.
引文
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[20]李扬,李锋民,张修稳,等.生物炭覆盖对底泥污染物释放的影响[J].环境科学,2013,34(8):3071-3078.[LI Yang,LI Fengmin,ZHANG Xiu-wen,et al.Effects of Biochar Covering on the Release of Pollutants From Sediment[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(8):3071-3078.]
[21]MACDONALD D D,INGERSOLL C G,BERGER T A.Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[22]朱程,马陶武,周科,等.湘西河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及其潜在生态毒性风险[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):3982-3993.[ZHU Cheng,MA Tao-wu,ZHOU Ke,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Potential Ecotoxicity Risk of Heavy Metals in Surface River Sediments of Western Hunan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(15):3982-3993.]
[23]陈社军,麦碧娴,曾永平,等.珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1265-1271.[CHEN She-jun,MAI Bi-xian,ZENG Yongping,et al.Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers(PBDEs)in Surficial Sediments of the Pearl River Delta and Adjacent South China Sea[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(9):1265-1271.]
[24]SIMPSON S L,ANGEL B M,JOLLEY D F.Metal Equilibration in Laboratory-Contaminated(Spiked)Sediments Used for the Development of Whole-Sediment Toxicity Tests[J].Chemosphere,2004,54(5):597-609.
[25]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants With Freshwater Invertebrates,2nd[R].Washington D C,USA:Office of Research and Development,Duluth,MN and Office of Science and Technology,2000.
[26]TICE R R,AGURELL E,ANDERSON D,et al.Single Cell Gel/Comet Assay:Guidelines for in Vitro and in Vivo Genetic Toxicology Testing[J].Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis,2000,35(3):206-221.
[27]龙奕,刘珊珊,王萌,等.纳米Al2O3和Cd联合暴露对铜锈环棱螺体内Cd的生物积累和抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(2):216-223.[LONG Yi,LIU Shan-shan,WANG Meng,et al.Effects of Cd and Al2O3-NPs Co-Exposure on Bioaccumulation of Cd and Antioxidase Enzyme Activities in Bellamya aeroginosa[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(2):23-30.]
[28]SHEN M,XIA X,WANG F,et al.Influences of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Plant Residue Chars on Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Chironomus plumosus Larvae in Sediment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2012,31(1):202-209.
[29]XIA X,CHEN X,ZHAO X,et al.Effects of Carbon Nanotubes,Chars,and Ash on Bioaccumulation of Perfluorochemicals by Chironomus plumosus Larvae in Sediment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(22):12467-12475.
[30]MCLEOD P B,VAN DEN HEUVEL-GREVE M J,LUOMA S N,et al.Biological Uptake of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Macoma balthica From Sediment Amended With Activated Carbon[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2007,26(5):980-987.
[2]WENNING R J,SORENSEN M,MAGAR V S.Importance of Implementation and Residual Risk Analyses in Sediment Remediation[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,2006,2(1):59-65.
[3]LUTHY R G,AIKEN G R,BRUSSEAU M L,et al.Sequestration of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants by Geosorbents[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(12):3341-3347.
[4]JONKER M T,HOENDERBOOM A M,KOELMANS A A.Effects of Sedimentary Sootlike Materials on Bioaccumulation and Sorption of Polychlorinated Biphenyls[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2004,23(11):2563-2570.
[5]SUN X L,GHOSH U.The Effect of Activated Carbon on Partitioning,Desorption,and Biouptake of Native Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Four Freshwater Sediments[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2008,27(11):2287-2295.
[6]HO K T,BURGESS R M,PELLETIER M C,et al.Use of Powdered Coconut Charcoal as a Toxicity Identification and Evaluation Manipulation for Organic Toxicants in Marine Sediments[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2004,23(9):2124-2131.
[7]BURGESS R M,PERRON M M,FRIEDMAN C L,et al.Evaluation of the Effects of Coal Fly Ash Amendments on the Toxicity of a Contaminated Marine Sediment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2009,28(1):26-35.
[8]International Biochar Initiative(IBI).Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for Biochar That Is Used in Soil[EB/OL].[2017-08-01].http:∥www.biochar-international.org/characterizationstandard
[9]AHMAD M,RAJAPAKSHA A U,LIM J E,et al.Biochar as a Sorbent for Contaminant Management in Soil and Water:A Review[J].Chemosphere,2014,99:19-33.
[10]CAO X D,MA L N,GAO B,et al.Dairy-Manure Derived Biochar Effectively Sorbs Lead and Atrazine[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(9):3285-3291.
[11]BEESLEY L,MORENO-JIMNEZ E,GOMEZ-EYLES J L.Effects of Biochar and Greenwaste Compost Amendments on Mobility,Bioavailability and Toxicity of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants in a Multi-Element Polluted Soil[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(6):2282-2287.
[12]ZHANG Z H,SOLAIMAN Z M,MENEY K,et al.Biochars Immobilize Soil Cadmium,but Do Not Improve Growth of Emergent Wetland Species Juncus subsecundus in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2012,13(1):140-151.
[13]HOUBEN D,EVRARD L,SONNET P.Mobility,Bioavailability and p H-Dependent Leaching of Cadmium,Zinc and Lead in a Contaminated Soil Amended With Biochar[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(11):1450-1457.
[14]WANG Y,WANG L,FANG G D,et al.Enhanced PCBs Sorption on Biochars as Affected by Environmental Factors:Humic Acid and Metal Cations[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,172:86-93.
[15]BIELSKL,KAH M,SIGMUND G,et al.Bioavailability and Toxicity of Pyrene in Soils Upon Biochar and Compost Addition[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,595:132-140.
[16]WANG F,JI R,JIANG Z W,et al.Species-Dependent Effects of Biochar Amendment on Bioaccumulation of Atrazine in Earthworms[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,186:241-247.
[17]MA T W,GONG S J,ZHOU K,et al.Laboratory Culture of the Freshwater Benthic Gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa(Reeve)and Its Utility as a Test Species for Sediment Toxicity[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(2):304-313.
[18]刘珊珊,龙奕,王萌,等.沉积物-底栖动物体系中多壁碳纳米管对镉生态毒性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(3):414-419.[LIU Shan-shan,LONG Yi,WANG Meng,et al.Effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Ecotoxicity of Cd in the Sediment-Zoobenthos System[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(3):414-419.]
[19]王萌,龚双姣,刘珊珊,等.表面活性剂对沉积物中纳米Ti O2与Cd单一及复合污染生态毒理学效应的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2015,21(5):791-797.[WANG Meng,GONG Shuangjiao,LIU Shan-shan,et al.Impacts of Surfactants on Ecotoxicological Effects of Ti O2-NP and/or Cd Contamination in Sediments[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2015,21(5):791-797.]
[20]李扬,李锋民,张修稳,等.生物炭覆盖对底泥污染物释放的影响[J].环境科学,2013,34(8):3071-3078.[LI Yang,LI Fengmin,ZHANG Xiu-wen,et al.Effects of Biochar Covering on the Release of Pollutants From Sediment[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(8):3071-3078.]
[21]MACDONALD D D,INGERSOLL C G,BERGER T A.Development and Evaluation of Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for Freshwater Ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[22]朱程,马陶武,周科,等.湘西河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及其潜在生态毒性风险[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):3982-3993.[ZHU Cheng,MA Tao-wu,ZHOU Ke,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Potential Ecotoxicity Risk of Heavy Metals in Surface River Sediments of Western Hunan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(15):3982-3993.]
[23]陈社军,麦碧娴,曾永平,等.珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1265-1271.[CHEN She-jun,MAI Bi-xian,ZENG Yongping,et al.Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers(PBDEs)in Surficial Sediments of the Pearl River Delta and Adjacent South China Sea[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(9):1265-1271.]
[24]SIMPSON S L,ANGEL B M,JOLLEY D F.Metal Equilibration in Laboratory-Contaminated(Spiked)Sediments Used for the Development of Whole-Sediment Toxicity Tests[J].Chemosphere,2004,54(5):597-609.
[25]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants With Freshwater Invertebrates,2nd[R].Washington D C,USA:Office of Research and Development,Duluth,MN and Office of Science and Technology,2000.
[26]TICE R R,AGURELL E,ANDERSON D,et al.Single Cell Gel/Comet Assay:Guidelines for in Vitro and in Vivo Genetic Toxicology Testing[J].Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis,2000,35(3):206-221.
[27]龙奕,刘珊珊,王萌,等.纳米Al2O3和Cd联合暴露对铜锈环棱螺体内Cd的生物积累和抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(2):216-223.[LONG Yi,LIU Shan-shan,WANG Meng,et al.Effects of Cd and Al2O3-NPs Co-Exposure on Bioaccumulation of Cd and Antioxidase Enzyme Activities in Bellamya aeroginosa[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(2):23-30.]
[28]SHEN M,XIA X,WANG F,et al.Influences of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Plant Residue Chars on Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Chironomus plumosus Larvae in Sediment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2012,31(1):202-209.
[29]XIA X,CHEN X,ZHAO X,et al.Effects of Carbon Nanotubes,Chars,and Ash on Bioaccumulation of Perfluorochemicals by Chironomus plumosus Larvae in Sediment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(22):12467-12475.
[30]MCLEOD P B,VAN DEN HEUVEL-GREVE M J,LUOMA S N,et al.Biological Uptake of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Macoma balthica From Sediment Amended With Activated Carbon[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2007,26(5):980-987.