基于灰色关联分析法的Cd污染土壤-植物系统安全生产评价
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摘要
为探究施用石灰对土壤-植物系统的影响,实现耕地重金属污染修复和粮食安全生产,本研究以水稻-小麦轮作为研究对象,连续3年施加不同量石灰(T0、T1、T2、T3、T4:0、750、1500、2250、3000 kg·hm-2),分析不同石灰用量对中轻度Cd污染农田的改良效果,并采用灰色关联法(Grey relational analysis, GRA)评估土壤-植物系统,以筛选最佳石灰用量。结果表明:施用石灰后稻麦籽粒Cd积累量变化趋势为T0>T1>T2>T3>T4;与空白(T0)相比,施用石灰使土壤pH从5.33提高到8.36,pH越高土壤Cd可交换态向残渣态的转化越明显。T4处理下土壤pH最高,与T0相比土壤可交换态Cd减少12.45%;与试验前土相比,3年连施石灰对土壤肥力无显著影响,且处理间土壤肥力无明显差异;GRA分析可知,石灰用量为2250 kg·hm~(-2)更适合中轻度Cd污染土壤-植物系统的改良。
In order to explore the impact of lime application on soil-plant systems for the restoration of soils that were contaminated with heavy metal, and the safety of the resultant food products, a three-year field experiment was conducted in Cd-contaminated soil that was under rice-wheat rotation to observe the effect of adding different doses of lime[T0, T1, T2, T3, T4:0(control), 750, 1500, 2250, 3000 kg·hm~(-2)] on soil remediation. The grey relational analysis(GRA)was used to investigate the effects. The results showed that the order of Cd accumulation in the rice and wheat grains after lime application was T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Compared with T0, soil pH increased from 5.33 to 8.36 in the lime treatments. Higher pH values reduced the Cd exchangeable fraction but promoted the residual one. The highest pH value was determined at T4. The soil exchangeable Cd decreased by 12.45% in T4 treatment compared with T0. Compared with the soil before the experiment, the application of lime over three years had no significant effect on the soil fertility, and the soil fertility under T1, T2, T3,and T4 treatments showed no obvious change(P<0.05). According to the GRA evaluation, the application of lime at a dosage of 2250 kg·hm-2 was more suitable for improving the holistic plant-soil system with moderately mild Cd-contamination.
In order to explore the impact of lime application on soil-plant systems for the restoration of soils that were contaminated with heavy metal, and the safety of the resultant food products, a three-year field experiment was conducted in Cd-contaminated soil that was under rice-wheat rotation to observe the effect of adding different doses of lime[T0, T1, T2, T3, T4:0(control), 750, 1500, 2250, 3000 kg·hm~(-2)] on soil remediation. The grey relational analysis(GRA)was used to investigate the effects. The results showed that the order of Cd accumulation in the rice and wheat grains after lime application was T0>T1>T2>T3>T4. Compared with T0, soil pH increased from 5.33 to 8.36 in the lime treatments. Higher pH values reduced the Cd exchangeable fraction but promoted the residual one. The highest pH value was determined at T4. The soil exchangeable Cd decreased by 12.45% in T4 treatment compared with T0. Compared with the soil before the experiment, the application of lime over three years had no significant effect on the soil fertility, and the soil fertility under T1, T2, T3,and T4 treatments showed no obvious change(P<0.05). According to the GRA evaluation, the application of lime at a dosage of 2250 kg·hm-2 was more suitable for improving the holistic plant-soil system with moderately mild Cd-contamination.
引文
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[2]王京文,李丹,柳俊,等.耐镉菌株对土壤镉形态及土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(9):1693-1699.WANG Jing-wen,LI Dan,LIU Jun,et al.Effects of cadmium tolerant bacteria on soil cadmium forms and microbial community structure[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(9):1693-1699.
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[4]代允超,吕家珑,曹莹菲,等.石灰和有机质对不同性质镉污染土壤中镉有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):514-519.DAI Yun-chao,LüJia-long,CAO Ying-fei,et al.Effects of lime and organic amendments of Cd availability in Cd-contaminated soils of different properties[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(3):514-519.
[5]Caires E F,Garbuio F J,Churka S,et al.Effects of soil acidity amelioration by surface liming on no-till corn,soybean,and wheat root growth and yield[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28(1):57-64.
[6]胡敏,向永生,鲁剑巍.不同调理剂对酸性土壤降酸效果及大麦幼苗生长的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(3):118-124.HU Min,XIANG Yong-sheng,LU Jian-wei.Effects of soil conditioner on acid reduction and the seedling growth of barley[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2017(3):118-124.
[7]谢运河,纪雄辉,黄涓,等.赤泥、石灰对Cd污染稻田改制玉米吸收积累Cd的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(11):2104-2110.XIE Yun-he,JI Xiong-hui,HUANG Juan,et al.Effects of red-mud and lime on Cd uptake of corn in dryland converted form cadmium polluted paddy field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(11):2104-2110.
[8]Prietzel J,Rehfuess K E,Stetter U,et al.Changes of soil chemistry,stand nutrition,and stand growth at two Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)sites in Central Europe during 40 years after fertilization,liming,and lupine introduction[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2008,127(1):43-61.
[9]姜洋,罗远恒,顾雪元.农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复及持久性研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2017,53(2):265-274.JIANG Yang,LUO Yuan-heng,GU Xue-yuan.In situ immoblization of cadmium in soil and persistence study[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Science),2017,53(2):265-274.
[10]刘思峰,杨英杰.灰色系统研究进展(2004-2014)[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2015,47(1):1-18.LIU Si-feng,YANG Ying-jie.Advances in grey system research(2004-2014)[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics,2015,47(1):1-18.
[11]刘思峰,杨英杰,吴利丰.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].第7版.北京:科学出版社,2014:11-12.LIU Si-feng,YANG Ying-jie,WU Li-feng.Grey system theory and its application[M].7th Edition.Beijing:Science Press,2014:11-12.
[12]Ahmad N,Kamal S,Raza Z A,et al.Multi-response optimization in the development of oleo-hydrophobic cotton fabric using Taguchi based grey relational analysis[J].Applied Surface Science,2016,367(1):370-381.
[13]Rauret G,Lópezsánchez J F,Sahuquillo A,et al.Improvement of the20195Cd BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring Jem,1999,1(1):57-61.
[14]Li X,Shen Q,Zhang D,et al.Functional groups determine biochar properties(pH and EC)as studied by two-dimensional13C NMR correlation spectroscopy[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e65949.
[15]张朝阳,彭平安,宋建中,等.改进BCR法分析国家土壤标准物质中重金属化学形态[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):1881-1884.ZHANG Chao-yang,PENG Ping-an,SONG Jian-zhong,et al.Utilization of modified BCR procedure for the chemical speciation of heavy metals in Chinese soil reference material[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(11):1881-1884.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第三版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-114.BAO Shi-dan.Soil agrochemical analysis[M].3rd Edition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:25-114.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:22-28,205-226.LU Ru-kun.Soil agricultural chemical analysis method[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:22-28,205-226.
[18]Xu M,Zhu Q,Wu J,et al.Grey relational analysis for evaluating the effects of different rates of wine lees-derived biochar application on a plant-soil system with multi-metal contamination[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,25(7):1-12.
[19]Kadier A,Abdeshahian P,Simayi Y,et al.Grey relational analysis for comparative assessment of different cathode materials in microbial electrolysis cells[J].Energy,2015,90(Part 2):1556-1562.
[20]Fang F,Jiang H,Wang J,et al.Identifying the influential priority of the factors governing PHB production by activated sludge with integration of uniform design and grey relational analysis[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2014,136:111-114.
[21]邓聚龙.灰色系统与农业[J].山西农业科学,1985(5):34-37.DENG Ju-long.Grey system and agriculture[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,1985(5):34-37.
[22]罗婷.镁、锌和石灰等物质抑制土壤镉有效性及水稻吸收镉的研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2013.LUO Ting.Availability of soil cadmium and its uptake by rice as restrained by using magnesium,zinc,lime,and their combinations[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2013.
[23]高译丹,梁成华,裴中健,等.施用生物炭和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):258-261.GAO Yi-dan,LIANG Cheng-hua,PEI Zhong-jian,et al.Effects of biochar and lime on fraction transform of cadmium forms in contami--nated soils[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):258-261.
[24]O'Dell R,Silk W,Green P,et al.Compost amendment of Cu-Zn minespoil reduces toxic bioavailable heavy metal concentrations and promotes establishment and biomass production of Bromus carinatus(Hook and Arn.)[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,148(1):115-124.
[25]詹绍军,喻华,冯文强,等.有机物料与石灰对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(3):999-1003.ZHAN Shao-jun,YU Hua,FENG Wen-qiang,et al.Effects of different organic material and lime on soil pH and available cadmium[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2011,24(3):999-1003.
[26]廖敏,黄昌勇,谢正苗.pH对镉在土水系统中的迁移和形态的影响[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(1):81-86.LIAO Min,HUANG Chang-yong,XIE Zheng-miao.Effects of pH on transport and transformation of cadmium in soil-water system[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1999,19(1):81-86.
[27]Martínez C E,Motto H L.Solubility of lead,zinc and copper added to mineral soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,107(1):153-158.
[28]胡敏,向永生,鲁剑巍.石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(4):72-77.HU Min,XIANG Yong-sheng,LU Jian-wei.Effects of lime application rates on soil pH and available nutrient content in acidic soils[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2017(4):72-77.
[29]杨红,徐唱唱,曹丽花,等.米林县不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤pH和无机氮变化特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(12):2397-2404.YANG Hong,XU Chang-chang,CAO Li-hua,et al.Research on the variation characteristics of pH and mineral nitrogen concentrations in different planting time polytunnel soils of Milin county in Tibet[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(12):2397-2404.
[30]何电源.关于稻田施用石灰的研究[J].土壤学报,1992,29(1):87-93.HE Dian-yuan.Study on the application of lime in rice fields[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1992,29(1):87-93.
[31]Huber C,Baier R,G?ttlein A,et al.Changes in soil,seepage water and needle chemistry between 1984 and 2004 after liming an N-saturated Norway spruce stand at the H?glwald,Germany[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233(1):11-20.
[32]Shao X Y,Li X,Li L L.The methods of soil heavy metal pollution evaluation using GRA[J].Advanced Materials Research,2011,282-283:637-640.1059
[2]王京文,李丹,柳俊,等.耐镉菌株对土壤镉形态及土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(9):1693-1699.WANG Jing-wen,LI Dan,LIU Jun,et al.Effects of cadmium tolerant bacteria on soil cadmium forms and microbial community structure[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(9):1693-1699.
[3]李启权,张少尧,代天飞,等.成都平原农地土壤镉含量特征及来源研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):898-906.LI Qi-quan,ZHANG Shao-yao,DAI Tian-fei,et al.Contents and sources of cadmium in farmland soils of Chengdu Plain,China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(5):898-906.
[4]代允超,吕家珑,曹莹菲,等.石灰和有机质对不同性质镉污染土壤中镉有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):514-519.DAI Yun-chao,LüJia-long,CAO Ying-fei,et al.Effects of lime and organic amendments of Cd availability in Cd-contaminated soils of different properties[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(3):514-519.
[5]Caires E F,Garbuio F J,Churka S,et al.Effects of soil acidity amelioration by surface liming on no-till corn,soybean,and wheat root growth and yield[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28(1):57-64.
[6]胡敏,向永生,鲁剑巍.不同调理剂对酸性土壤降酸效果及大麦幼苗生长的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(3):118-124.HU Min,XIANG Yong-sheng,LU Jian-wei.Effects of soil conditioner on acid reduction and the seedling growth of barley[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2017(3):118-124.
[7]谢运河,纪雄辉,黄涓,等.赤泥、石灰对Cd污染稻田改制玉米吸收积累Cd的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(11):2104-2110.XIE Yun-he,JI Xiong-hui,HUANG Juan,et al.Effects of red-mud and lime on Cd uptake of corn in dryland converted form cadmium polluted paddy field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(11):2104-2110.
[8]Prietzel J,Rehfuess K E,Stetter U,et al.Changes of soil chemistry,stand nutrition,and stand growth at two Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)sites in Central Europe during 40 years after fertilization,liming,and lupine introduction[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2008,127(1):43-61.
[9]姜洋,罗远恒,顾雪元.农田土壤镉污染的原位钝化修复及持久性研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2017,53(2):265-274.JIANG Yang,LUO Yuan-heng,GU Xue-yuan.In situ immoblization of cadmium in soil and persistence study[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Science),2017,53(2):265-274.
[10]刘思峰,杨英杰.灰色系统研究进展(2004-2014)[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2015,47(1):1-18.LIU Si-feng,YANG Ying-jie.Advances in grey system research(2004-2014)[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics,2015,47(1):1-18.
[11]刘思峰,杨英杰,吴利丰.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].第7版.北京:科学出版社,2014:11-12.LIU Si-feng,YANG Ying-jie,WU Li-feng.Grey system theory and its application[M].7th Edition.Beijing:Science Press,2014:11-12.
[12]Ahmad N,Kamal S,Raza Z A,et al.Multi-response optimization in the development of oleo-hydrophobic cotton fabric using Taguchi based grey relational analysis[J].Applied Surface Science,2016,367(1):370-381.
[13]Rauret G,Lópezsánchez J F,Sahuquillo A,et al.Improvement of the20195Cd BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring Jem,1999,1(1):57-61.
[14]Li X,Shen Q,Zhang D,et al.Functional groups determine biochar properties(pH and EC)as studied by two-dimensional13C NMR correlation spectroscopy[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e65949.
[15]张朝阳,彭平安,宋建中,等.改进BCR法分析国家土壤标准物质中重金属化学形态[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):1881-1884.ZHANG Chao-yang,PENG Ping-an,SONG Jian-zhong,et al.Utilization of modified BCR procedure for the chemical speciation of heavy metals in Chinese soil reference material[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(11):1881-1884.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第三版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-114.BAO Shi-dan.Soil agrochemical analysis[M].3rd Edition.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:25-114.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:22-28,205-226.LU Ru-kun.Soil agricultural chemical analysis method[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:22-28,205-226.
[18]Xu M,Zhu Q,Wu J,et al.Grey relational analysis for evaluating the effects of different rates of wine lees-derived biochar application on a plant-soil system with multi-metal contamination[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,25(7):1-12.
[19]Kadier A,Abdeshahian P,Simayi Y,et al.Grey relational analysis for comparative assessment of different cathode materials in microbial electrolysis cells[J].Energy,2015,90(Part 2):1556-1562.
[20]Fang F,Jiang H,Wang J,et al.Identifying the influential priority of the factors governing PHB production by activated sludge with integration of uniform design and grey relational analysis[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2014,136:111-114.
[21]邓聚龙.灰色系统与农业[J].山西农业科学,1985(5):34-37.DENG Ju-long.Grey system and agriculture[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,1985(5):34-37.
[22]罗婷.镁、锌和石灰等物质抑制土壤镉有效性及水稻吸收镉的研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2013.LUO Ting.Availability of soil cadmium and its uptake by rice as restrained by using magnesium,zinc,lime,and their combinations[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2013.
[23]高译丹,梁成华,裴中健,等.施用生物炭和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):258-261.GAO Yi-dan,LIANG Cheng-hua,PEI Zhong-jian,et al.Effects of biochar and lime on fraction transform of cadmium forms in contami--nated soils[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):258-261.
[24]O'Dell R,Silk W,Green P,et al.Compost amendment of Cu-Zn minespoil reduces toxic bioavailable heavy metal concentrations and promotes establishment and biomass production of Bromus carinatus(Hook and Arn.)[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,148(1):115-124.
[25]詹绍军,喻华,冯文强,等.有机物料与石灰对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(3):999-1003.ZHAN Shao-jun,YU Hua,FENG Wen-qiang,et al.Effects of different organic material and lime on soil pH and available cadmium[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2011,24(3):999-1003.
[26]廖敏,黄昌勇,谢正苗.pH对镉在土水系统中的迁移和形态的影响[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(1):81-86.LIAO Min,HUANG Chang-yong,XIE Zheng-miao.Effects of pH on transport and transformation of cadmium in soil-water system[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1999,19(1):81-86.
[27]Martínez C E,Motto H L.Solubility of lead,zinc and copper added to mineral soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,107(1):153-158.
[28]胡敏,向永生,鲁剑巍.石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(4):72-77.HU Min,XIANG Yong-sheng,LU Jian-wei.Effects of lime application rates on soil pH and available nutrient content in acidic soils[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2017(4):72-77.
[29]杨红,徐唱唱,曹丽花,等.米林县不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤pH和无机氮变化特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(12):2397-2404.YANG Hong,XU Chang-chang,CAO Li-hua,et al.Research on the variation characteristics of pH and mineral nitrogen concentrations in different planting time polytunnel soils of Milin county in Tibet[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(12):2397-2404.
[30]何电源.关于稻田施用石灰的研究[J].土壤学报,1992,29(1):87-93.HE Dian-yuan.Study on the application of lime in rice fields[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1992,29(1):87-93.
[31]Huber C,Baier R,G?ttlein A,et al.Changes in soil,seepage water and needle chemistry between 1984 and 2004 after liming an N-saturated Norway spruce stand at the H?glwald,Germany[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233(1):11-20.
[32]Shao X Y,Li X,Li L L.The methods of soil heavy metal pollution evaluation using GRA[J].Advanced Materials Research,2011,282-283:637-640.1059