石灰性物质连续培养及添加镁对土壤pH及镉有效性的影响
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摘要
石灰是常用的酸性土改良剂,也是钝化土壤镉有效性和抑制植物吸收镉的有效措施之一。通过培养试验,第1年研究了3种石灰性物质[Ca(OH)_2,Mg(OH)_2和CaCO_3]不同用量对土壤pH及镉有效性的影响,第2年在评估第1年试验结果的基础上研究了连续施用不同用量Ca(OH)_2或与硫酸镁配施对土壤pH及镉有效性的影响。第1年的培养试验结果表明,3种石灰性物质对调节土壤pH的碱性强度顺序是Ca(OH)_2>Mg(OH)_2>CaCO_3。氢氧化镁对降低土壤有效Cd的效果最好,其次是石灰,石灰石粉几乎没有效果。在第2年为期60 d的淹水培养试验过程中,连续施用石灰处理的土壤pH随石灰用量的增加而增加,土壤有效Cd含量变化则呈相反趋势。从连续施用石灰对降低土壤Cd有效性的效果来看,连续施用低量石灰既经济,对土壤Cd有效性的抑制效果又较好,可以在生产中采用。在施用石灰的基础上添加硫酸镁对土壤pH和有效Cd浓度有微小降低作用。而连续施用石灰和连续施用石灰+镁处理的土壤pH变化趋势基本一致,对应的土壤有效Cd浓度变化趋势也一致。因此,石灰是提高土壤pH和降低土壤有效Cd的有效物质,以连续施用低量石灰的效果更佳,增加硫酸镁可以稍微降低土壤有效Cd的浓度,对消除Cd的毒性起到增效作用。
Lime is a commonly used conditioner for acid soil improvement and an effective immobilizer to reduce soil cadmium( Cd) availability and its uptake by crops in Cd contaminated acid soils. Incubation experiments with three liming materials [Ca( OH)2,Mg( OH)2and Ca CO3] of different rates in year one and with continued addition of different rates of Ca( OH)2alone or in combination with magnesium sulfate( Mg) based on the carry-on Ca( OH)2treatments in year two were conducted to examine the treatment effects on soil p H and Cd availability. The first year results showed that the acidity neutralizing power of the three liming materials was in an order of Ca( OH)2> Mg( OH)2> Ca CO3.Mg( OH)2performed better than Ca( OH)2in reducing soil available Cd,but Ca CO3 had little effect. During the 60 d waterlogged incubation period in year two,the soil p H increased with an increase in lime rates while available soil Cd showed a reverse trend.It revealed that continued application of lower rate of lime could achieve ideal effect on soil Cd immobilization with low cost,which can be used to guide liming program in practice. Adding Mg on the carry-on lime treatments slightly reduced soil p H and available Cd content.Whether lime was consecutively added alone or in combination with Mg,the trend in soil p H and Cd availability changes resembled. It is thus substantiated that lime is an very effective material to raise soil p H and reduce Cd availability with best performance with consecutive applications of lower rates. Addition of Mg on the basis of lime could further reduce Cd availability,playing a synergistic effect on soil Cd immobilization.
Lime is a commonly used conditioner for acid soil improvement and an effective immobilizer to reduce soil cadmium( Cd) availability and its uptake by crops in Cd contaminated acid soils. Incubation experiments with three liming materials [Ca( OH)2,Mg( OH)2and Ca CO3] of different rates in year one and with continued addition of different rates of Ca( OH)2alone or in combination with magnesium sulfate( Mg) based on the carry-on Ca( OH)2treatments in year two were conducted to examine the treatment effects on soil p H and Cd availability. The first year results showed that the acidity neutralizing power of the three liming materials was in an order of Ca( OH)2> Mg( OH)2> Ca CO3.Mg( OH)2performed better than Ca( OH)2in reducing soil available Cd,but Ca CO3 had little effect. During the 60 d waterlogged incubation period in year two,the soil p H increased with an increase in lime rates while available soil Cd showed a reverse trend.It revealed that continued application of lower rate of lime could achieve ideal effect on soil Cd immobilization with low cost,which can be used to guide liming program in practice. Adding Mg on the carry-on lime treatments slightly reduced soil p H and available Cd content.Whether lime was consecutively added alone or in combination with Mg,the trend in soil p H and Cd availability changes resembled. It is thus substantiated that lime is an very effective material to raise soil p H and reduce Cd availability with best performance with consecutive applications of lower rates. Addition of Mg on the basis of lime could further reduce Cd availability,playing a synergistic effect on soil Cd immobilization.
引文
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[6]周启星,高拯民.作物籽实中Cd与Zn的交互作用及其机理的研究[J].农业环境保护,1994,13(4):148-151.
[7]Mc Gowen S L,Basta N T,Brown G O.Use of diammomium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):493-500.
[8]胡坤,喻华,冯文强,等.不同水分管理方式下3种中微量元素肥料对水稻生长和吸收镉的影响[J].西南农业学报,2010,23(3):772-776.
[9]林匡飞,张大明,李秋洪,等.苎麻吸镉特性及镉土地改良试验[J].农业环境保护,1996,15:32-36.
[10]成杰民,俞协治,黄铭洪.蚯蚓-菌根在植物修复镉污染土壤中的作用[J].生态学报,2005,25(6):1256-1263.
[11]Naidu R,Kookana R S,Sumner M E.Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils[J].Environ.Qual.,1997,26:602-617.
[12]李瑞美,王果,方玲.石灰与有机物料配施对作物镉铅吸收的控制效果研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):293-296.
[13]朱奇宏,黄道友,刘国胜.石灰和海泡石对镉污染土壤的修复效应与机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):111-116.
[14]Gray C W,Dunham S J,Dennis P G.Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red-mud[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,142(3):530-539.
[15]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16]Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M.Sequential extraction Procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-851.
[17]Havlin J L,Beaton J D,Tisdale S L,et al.Soil fertility and fertilizers:An introduction to nutrient management[M].7thed.New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall,2005.
[18]Chaney W R,Strickland R C,Lamoreaux R J.Phytotoxicity of cadmium inhibited by lime[J].Plant and Soil,1977,47(1):275-278.
[19]蓝兰,喻华,冯文强,等.不同中微量及有益元素对小麦吸收镉的影响[J].水土保持学报报,2010,24(5):54-58.
[20]Ponnamperuma F N.The chemistry of submerged soils[J].Advan.Agron.,1972,24:29–96.
[21]甲卡拉铁,喻华,冯文强,等.淹水条件下不同氮磷钾肥对土壤p H和镉有效性的影响研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3414-3421.
[2]Moreno C J,Moral R,Perrez E A,et al.Cadmium accumulation and distribution in cucumber plant[J].Plant Nutrition,2000,23(2):243-250.
[3]李惠英,田魁祥,赵欣胜,等.不同小麦品系耐隔能力对比研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2001,17(4):279-282.
[4]鲁如坤,熊礼明,时正元.关于土壤-作物生态系统中镉的研究[J].土壤,1992,24(3):129-132.
[5]王琴儿,曾英,李丽美.镉毒害对水稻生理生态效应的研究进展[J].北方水稻,2007(4):12-16.
[6]周启星,高拯民.作物籽实中Cd与Zn的交互作用及其机理的研究[J].农业环境保护,1994,13(4):148-151.
[7]Mc Gowen S L,Basta N T,Brown G O.Use of diammomium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):493-500.
[8]胡坤,喻华,冯文强,等.不同水分管理方式下3种中微量元素肥料对水稻生长和吸收镉的影响[J].西南农业学报,2010,23(3):772-776.
[9]林匡飞,张大明,李秋洪,等.苎麻吸镉特性及镉土地改良试验[J].农业环境保护,1996,15:32-36.
[10]成杰民,俞协治,黄铭洪.蚯蚓-菌根在植物修复镉污染土壤中的作用[J].生态学报,2005,25(6):1256-1263.
[11]Naidu R,Kookana R S,Sumner M E.Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils[J].Environ.Qual.,1997,26:602-617.
[12]李瑞美,王果,方玲.石灰与有机物料配施对作物镉铅吸收的控制效果研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):293-296.
[13]朱奇宏,黄道友,刘国胜.石灰和海泡石对镉污染土壤的修复效应与机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):111-116.
[14]Gray C W,Dunham S J,Dennis P G.Field evaluation of in situ remediation of a heavy metal contaminated soil using lime and red-mud[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,142(3):530-539.
[15]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[16]Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M.Sequential extraction Procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-851.
[17]Havlin J L,Beaton J D,Tisdale S L,et al.Soil fertility and fertilizers:An introduction to nutrient management[M].7thed.New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall,2005.
[18]Chaney W R,Strickland R C,Lamoreaux R J.Phytotoxicity of cadmium inhibited by lime[J].Plant and Soil,1977,47(1):275-278.
[19]蓝兰,喻华,冯文强,等.不同中微量及有益元素对小麦吸收镉的影响[J].水土保持学报报,2010,24(5):54-58.
[20]Ponnamperuma F N.The chemistry of submerged soils[J].Advan.Agron.,1972,24:29–96.
[21]甲卡拉铁,喻华,冯文强,等.淹水条件下不同氮磷钾肥对土壤p H和镉有效性的影响研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3414-3421.