膨润土对不同类型农田土壤重金属形态及生物有效性的影响
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摘要
通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土对3种类型农田土壤中土壤理化性质、Cd、As、V和Cr的形态、小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生长、重金属吸收及根际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,添加膨润土降低了3种土壤中可交换态Cd比例,降幅依次为黄壤(Gy,19. 44%)>黄褐土(Sy,13. 85%)>潮土(Bf,5. 03%),小白菜地上部Cd对应降幅为Gy(34. 81%)> Bf(23. 91%)> Sy(11. 11%);与各自对照相比,Bf和Sy中可交换态As比例降低,降幅分别为4. 53%和25. 16%,Gy中可交换态As比例升高了0. 57%;可交换态Cr比例均升高,增幅依次为Sy(31. 30%)> Gy(2. 91%)> Bf(0. 58%); As、V和Cr残渣态均升高(Sy中Cr除外),小白菜对其吸收也不同程度地降低.膨润土有助于3种土壤中小白菜的生长,Bf中小白菜生物量、根表面积、根尖数分别增大了147. 55%、80. 71%和124. 31%.此外,膨润土降低了3种类型土壤中速效氮、速效磷和有机质的含量,增大了速效钾含量和根际微生物群落多样性.因此,认为膨润土均适用于这3种土壤的修复改良.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bentonite on the physicochemical properties of soil; chemical forms of Cd,As,V,and Cr; pakchoi( Brassica chinensis L.) growth; metal uptake; and rhizosphere microbial community in three different types of farmland soils. The results showed that bentonite decreased the exchangeable Cd in the sequence of Yellow earths( Gy,19. 44%) > Yellow-cinnamon soils( Sy,13. 85%) > Fluvo-aquic soils( Bf,5. 03%),and the content of Cd in shoots of pakchoi declined in the sequence of Gy( 34. 81%) > Bf( 23. 91%) > Sy( 11. 11%),compared with the controls. Compared with the controls,the exchangeable As in Bf and Sy decreased by 4. 53% and 25. 16%,respectively,while the exchangeable As in Gy increased by 0. 57%. The exchangeable Cr was increased in the sequence of Sy( 31. 30%) > Gy( 2. 91%) > Bf( 0. 58%). The residual As,V,and Cr increased( except for Cr in Sy),and their uptake was also reduced in different degrees. The addition of bentonite significantly promoted the growth of pakchoi in the three soil types,especially in Bf. pakchoi biomass,root surface area,and number of root tips increased by 147. 55%,80. 71%,and 124. 31%,respectively,in Bf,compared with the control. In addition,bentonite reduced the content of available nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic matter; increased the content of available potassium; and increased the diversity of rhizosphere microbial community in all three soils. Therefore,bentonite could be highly recommended as a safe stabilizer in these three types of soil.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bentonite on the physicochemical properties of soil; chemical forms of Cd,As,V,and Cr; pakchoi( Brassica chinensis L.) growth; metal uptake; and rhizosphere microbial community in three different types of farmland soils. The results showed that bentonite decreased the exchangeable Cd in the sequence of Yellow earths( Gy,19. 44%) > Yellow-cinnamon soils( Sy,13. 85%) > Fluvo-aquic soils( Bf,5. 03%),and the content of Cd in shoots of pakchoi declined in the sequence of Gy( 34. 81%) > Bf( 23. 91%) > Sy( 11. 11%),compared with the controls. Compared with the controls,the exchangeable As in Bf and Sy decreased by 4. 53% and 25. 16%,respectively,while the exchangeable As in Gy increased by 0. 57%. The exchangeable Cr was increased in the sequence of Sy( 31. 30%) > Gy( 2. 91%) > Bf( 0. 58%). The residual As,V,and Cr increased( except for Cr in Sy),and their uptake was also reduced in different degrees. The addition of bentonite significantly promoted the growth of pakchoi in the three soil types,especially in Bf. pakchoi biomass,root surface area,and number of root tips increased by 147. 55%,80. 71%,and 124. 31%,respectively,in Bf,compared with the control. In addition,bentonite reduced the content of available nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic matter; increased the content of available potassium; and increased the diversity of rhizosphere microbial community in all three soils. Therefore,bentonite could be highly recommended as a safe stabilizer in these three types of soil.
引文
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[24]曹小闯,钟楚,马庆旭,等.不同典型地带性土壤氮素分布特征及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):688-696.Cao X C,Zhong C,Ma Q X,et al. Distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen and its influence factors in different typical zonal soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(3):688-696.
[25] Zhao J,Dong Y,Xie X B,et al. Effect of annual variation in soil pH on available soil nutrients in pear orchards[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(4):212-216.
[26]韩君,梁学峰,徐应明,等.黏土矿物原位修复镉污染稻田及其对土壤氮磷和酶活性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(11):2853-2860.Han J,Liang X F,Xu Y M,et al. In-situ remediation of Cdpolluted paddy soil by clay minerals and their effects on nitrogen,phosphorus and enzymatic activities[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(11):2853-2860.
[27] Mia S,Van Groenigen J W,Van De Voorde T F J,et al.Biochar application rate affects biological nitrogen fixation in red clover conditional on potassium availability[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:83-91.
[28] Guo H H,Nasir M,Lv J L,et al. Understanding the variation of microbial community in heavy metals contaminated soil using high throughput sequencing[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,144:300-306.
[29]陈永勤,江玲,徐卫红,等.黑麦草、丛枝菌根对番茄Cd吸收、土壤Cd形态的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4642-4650.Chen Y Q,Jiang L,Xu W H,et al. Effect of ryegrass and arbuscular mycorrhizal on Cd absorption by varieties of tomatoes and cadmium forms in soil[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4642-4650.
[30]崔红标,范玉超,周静,等.改良剂对土壤铜镉有效性和微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):197-205.Cui H B,Fan Y C,Zhou J,et al. Availability of soil Cu and Cd and microbial community structure as affected by applications of amendments[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(1):197-205.
[2]环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[R].北京:环境保护部,国土资源部,2014.
[3]杨辰.我国农田土壤重金属污染修复及安全利用综述[J].现代农业科技,2017,(3):164-167.Yang C. Review on remediation and safety utilization of heavy metal pollution of farmland soil in China[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2017,(3):164-167.
[4]宁东峰.土壤重金属原位钝化修复技术研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(23):72-80.Ning D F. A review of in situ passivation repairing technology of heavy metals in soil[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(23):72-80.
[5]刘云,董元华,杭小帅,等.环境矿物材料在土壤环境修复中的应用研究进展[J].土壤学报,2011,48(3):629-638.Liu Y,Dong Y H,Hang X S,et al. Advances in application of environmental mineral materials in soil environment remediation[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):629-638.
[6] Xu Y,Liang X F,Xu Y M,et al. Remediation of heavy metalpolluted agricultural soils using clay minerals:a review[J].Pedosphere,2017,27(2):193-204.
[7]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[8] Ahmadipour F,Bahramifar N,Mahmood G S. Fractionation and mobility of cadmium and lead in soils of Amol area in Iran,using the modified BCR sequential extraction method[J]. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability,2014,26(1):31-36.
[9] Zhu L X,Xiao Q,Shen Y F,et al. Microbial functional diversity responses to 2 years since biochar application in siltloam soils on the Loess Plateau[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,144:578-584.
[10]王秀丽,梁成华,马子惠,等.施用磷酸盐和沸石对土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1437-1444.Wang X L,Liang C H,Ma Z H,et al. Effects of phosphate and zeolite on the transformation of Cd speciation in soil[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1437-1444.
[11]王英杰,邹佳玲,杨文弢,等.组配改良剂对稻田系统Pb、Cd和As生物有效性的协同调控[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):4004-4010.Wang Y J,Zou J L,Yang W T,et al. Synergetic control of bioavailability of Pb,Cd and As in the rice paddy system by combined amendments[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(10):4004-4010.
[12]杨秀敏,任广萌,李立新,等.土壤pH值对重金属形态的影响及其相关性研究[J].中国矿业,2017,26(6):79-83.Yang X M,Ren G M,Li L X,et al. Effect of pH value on heavy metals form of soil and their relationship[J]. China Mining Magazine,2017,26(6):79-83.
[13]高瑞丽,唐茂,付庆灵,等.生物炭、蒙脱石及其混合添加对复合污染土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):361-367.Gao R L,Tang T,Fu Q L,et al. Fractions transformation of heavy metals in compound contaminated soil treated with biochar,montmorillonite and mixed addition[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(1):361-367.
[14]陈建清,郭栋,陈德,等.生物质炭、有机肥和钙镁磷肥对三七(Panax notoginseng)Cd含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):1909-1916.Chen J Q,Guo D,Chen D,et al. Influences of biochar,calcium magnesium phosphate and manure on Cd accumulation in Panax notoginseng[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(10):1909-1916.
[15]李涛,李光照,梅馨月,等.镉-钙交互作用对植物的生态学效应[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(32):77-80.Li T,Li G Z,Mei X Y,et al. The interaction of cadmium and calcium and its ecological effects on plants[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(32):77-80.
[16]代允超,吕家珑,刁展,等.改良剂对不同性质镉污染土壤中有效镉和小白菜镉吸收的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(1):80-86.Dai Y C,Lu J L,Diao Z,et al. Effects of soil amendments on Cd bioavailability to and uptake by Brassia chinensis in different Cd-contaminated soils[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(1):80-86.
[17]刘雪,王兴润,张增强. pH和有机质对铬渣污染土壤中Cr赋存形态的影响[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(6):1436-1440.Liu X,Wang X Y,Zhang Z Q. Potential influences of pH and organic matter on the occurrence forms of chromium in chromiumcontaminated soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(6):1436-1440.
[18]钟松雄,尹光彩,陈志良,等. Eh、pH和铁对水稻土砷释放的影响机制[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2530-2537.Zhong S X,Yin G C,Chen Z L,et al. Influencing mechanism of Eh,p H and iron on the release of arsenic in paddy soil[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2530-2537.
[19] Xiao X Y,Yang M,Guo Z H,et al. Soil vanadium pollution and microbial response characteristics from stone coal smelting district[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25(4):1271-1278.
[20]曹心德,魏晓欣,代革联,等.土壤重金属复合污染及其化学钝化修复技术研究进展[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(7):1441-1453.Cao X D,Wei X X,Dai G L,et al. Combined pollution of multiple heavy metals and their chemical immobilization in contaminated soils:a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(7):1441-1453.
[21]陈小凤,周新涛,罗中秋,等.化学沉淀法固化/稳定化除砷研究进展[J].硅酸盐通报,2015,34(12):3510-3516.Chen X F,Zhou X T,Luo Z Q,et al. Progress on arsenic immobilization/stabilization with chemical precipitation method[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2015,34(12):3510-3516.
[22]王坤,王小敏,赵勇,等.土壤质地和碳氮比对龙葵富集重金属Cd的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):199-203,220.Wang K,Wang X M,Zhao Y,et al. Influence of soil textures and carbon nitrogen ratio on enrichment heavy metal Cd of Solanum nigrum L.[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):199-203,220.
[23]李婧,陈森,周艳文,等.凹凸棒石施用对镉污染土壤理化性质及小白菜生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(29):101-103,173.Li J,Chen S,Zhou Y W,et al. Effects of attapulgite application on Cd contaminated soil's physical and chemical properties and Chinese cabbage's growth[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(29):101-103,173.
[24]曹小闯,钟楚,马庆旭,等.不同典型地带性土壤氮素分布特征及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):688-696.Cao X C,Zhong C,Ma Q X,et al. Distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen and its influence factors in different typical zonal soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(3):688-696.
[25] Zhao J,Dong Y,Xie X B,et al. Effect of annual variation in soil pH on available soil nutrients in pear orchards[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(4):212-216.
[26]韩君,梁学峰,徐应明,等.黏土矿物原位修复镉污染稻田及其对土壤氮磷和酶活性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(11):2853-2860.Han J,Liang X F,Xu Y M,et al. In-situ remediation of Cdpolluted paddy soil by clay minerals and their effects on nitrogen,phosphorus and enzymatic activities[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(11):2853-2860.
[27] Mia S,Van Groenigen J W,Van De Voorde T F J,et al.Biochar application rate affects biological nitrogen fixation in red clover conditional on potassium availability[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:83-91.
[28] Guo H H,Nasir M,Lv J L,et al. Understanding the variation of microbial community in heavy metals contaminated soil using high throughput sequencing[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,144:300-306.
[29]陈永勤,江玲,徐卫红,等.黑麦草、丛枝菌根对番茄Cd吸收、土壤Cd形态的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4642-4650.Chen Y Q,Jiang L,Xu W H,et al. Effect of ryegrass and arbuscular mycorrhizal on Cd absorption by varieties of tomatoes and cadmium forms in soil[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4642-4650.
[30]崔红标,范玉超,周静,等.改良剂对土壤铜镉有效性和微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):197-205.Cui H B,Fan Y C,Zhou J,et al. Availability of soil Cu and Cd and microbial community structure as affected by applications of amendments[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(1):197-205.