黄土区大型露天煤矿企业土地复垦质量控制研究
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摘要
根据《中华人民共和国土地管理法》《土地复垦条例》《土地复垦质量控制标准》的要求,采用遥感影像解译、实地监测与室内分析相结合的方法,以及中国地质大学(北京)土地复垦团队1986—2016年在平朔矿区长期试验示范、跟踪监测评价的成果,旨在建立符合地域特色、具有可操作性的煤矿企业土地复垦质量控制标准。分析矿区1986、1996、2000、2004、2009、2013年的土地利用变化,以及18个典型耕地、林地、草地土壤剖面的土壤环境质量和土壤肥力指标。结果表明,地貌重塑是复垦土地质量的基础,土壤重构是复垦土地质量的核心,植被重建是复垦土地质量的保障。土地复垦质量控制的基本要求是:地貌稳定系数≥1.3,土壤侵蚀模数≤1000 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),控制在黄土区允许的土壤侵蚀量范围内,耕地面积比例占60%左右、林草用地面积占30%左右,海拔高程不超过1500 m;土壤污染物含量达到《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》(p H>7.5),耕地和林草地的有效土层厚度不小于120 cm和60 cm,容重1.2~1.4 g·cm~(-3),pH值7.0~8.5,有机质含量不低于10.0 g·kg~(-1);选择先锋植物与适生植物,进行草、灌、乔不同复垦模式的合理配置,形成有效控制地表径流的乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层。
On the basis of the requirements of the Land Administration Law of the People′s Republic of China, the Land Reclamation Regulations and the Completion Standards on Land Reclamation Quality, the objective of this study was to establish completion standards for the land reclamation quality of coal mine enterprises with the features of regional characteristics and operability. The methods of remote sensing image interpretation and a combination of field monitoring and indoor analysis were used in this study, and we adopted the accumulated experimental, demonstration, monitoring, and evaluation results for the period 1986 to 2016 in the Pingshuo mining area, obtained by the land reclamation team of the China University of Geosciences(Beijing). Land-use changes in the mining area for the years 1986, 1996, 2000,2004, 2009, and 2013 were analyzed, as were soil environmental quality and fertility indices derived from 18 soil profiles, including those from arable land, forest land, and grassland. Landform reshaping is the basis of reclaimed land quality,whereas soil reconstruction is the core, and vegetation restoration is the guarantee. The basic requirements of land reclamation quality completion are as follows:the geomorphic stability coefficient should not be less than 1.3; the soil erosion modulus should not be greater than 1000 t·km-2·a-1, which is within the permitted range of soil erosion amount in loess areas; the proportion of cultivated land area should be approximately 60%, and forest and grassland should comprise approximately 30%; the elevation should be less than 1500 m; soil contaminant contents should comply with the Green Food Origin Environmental Quality Standards(p H>7.5), namely, an effective soil thickness of arable and grasslands greater than 120 cm and 60 cm, respectively, a bulk density between 1.2 and 1.4 g·cm~(-3), a pH value between 7.0 and 8.5, and an organic matter content greater than 10.0 g·kg~(-1); pioneer and adaptable vegetation should be selected to configure different reclamation modes of grass, shrub, and tree; moreover, the tree, shrub, herbaceous, litter, and soil layers should be established to effectively control surface runoff.
On the basis of the requirements of the Land Administration Law of the People′s Republic of China, the Land Reclamation Regulations and the Completion Standards on Land Reclamation Quality, the objective of this study was to establish completion standards for the land reclamation quality of coal mine enterprises with the features of regional characteristics and operability. The methods of remote sensing image interpretation and a combination of field monitoring and indoor analysis were used in this study, and we adopted the accumulated experimental, demonstration, monitoring, and evaluation results for the period 1986 to 2016 in the Pingshuo mining area, obtained by the land reclamation team of the China University of Geosciences(Beijing). Land-use changes in the mining area for the years 1986, 1996, 2000,2004, 2009, and 2013 were analyzed, as were soil environmental quality and fertility indices derived from 18 soil profiles, including those from arable land, forest land, and grassland. Landform reshaping is the basis of reclaimed land quality,whereas soil reconstruction is the core, and vegetation restoration is the guarantee. The basic requirements of land reclamation quality completion are as follows:the geomorphic stability coefficient should not be less than 1.3; the soil erosion modulus should not be greater than 1000 t·km-2·a-1, which is within the permitted range of soil erosion amount in loess areas; the proportion of cultivated land area should be approximately 60%, and forest and grassland should comprise approximately 30%; the elevation should be less than 1500 m; soil contaminant contents should comply with the Green Food Origin Environmental Quality Standards(p H>7.5), namely, an effective soil thickness of arable and grasslands greater than 120 cm and 60 cm, respectively, a bulk density between 1.2 and 1.4 g·cm~(-3), a pH value between 7.0 and 8.5, and an organic matter content greater than 10.0 g·kg~(-1); pioneer and adaptable vegetation should be selected to configure different reclamation modes of grass, shrub, and tree; moreover, the tree, shrub, herbaceous, litter, and soil layers should be established to effectively control surface runoff.
引文
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[10]白中科,李晋川,王文英,等.中国山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿退化土地生态重建研究[J].中国土地科学,2000,14(4):1-4.BAI Zhong-ke,LI Jin-chuan,WANG Wen-ying,et al.Ecological restoration of degraded land in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine in Shanxi,China[J].China Land Science,2000,14(4):1-4.
[11]曹银贵,白中科.典型矿农城复合区土地利用格局演化与管理对策[M].北京:地质出版社,2015:25-27.CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke.Pattern evolution and management countermeasures on land use in typical compound area of mine agriculture urban[M].Beijing:China Land Press,2015:25-27.
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[13]朔州煤炭工业网.金山银山画卷美:中煤平朔集团公司生态文明建设纪事之三[EB/OL].[2016-03-20].http://www.szmtgy.gov.cn/Wygkcn_Show Article.asp?Wygkcn_Article ID=5753.Shuozhou Coal Industry Net.Beauty picture of gold and silver picture:The third chronicle of ecological civilization construction of China Coal Pingshuo Group Co.Ltd.[EB/OL].[2016-03-20].http://www.szmtgy.gov.cn/Wygkcn_Show Article.asp?Wygkcn_Article ID=5753.
[14]曹银贵,白中科,张耿杰,等.山西平朔露天矿区复垦农用地表层土壤质量差异对比[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(12):2422-2428.CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke,ZHANG Geng-jie,et al.Comparison of soil quality of reclaimed agricultural land in Pingshuo opencast mine of Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(12):2422-2428.
[15]胡振琪,魏忠义.煤矿区采动与复垦土壤存在的问题与对策[J].能源环境保护,2003,17(3):3-7,10.HU Zhen-qi,WEI Zhong-yi.Problems and countermeasures of mining and reclamation soil in coal mining area[J].Energy Environmental Protection,2003,17(3):3-7,10.
[16]樊文华,白中科,李慧峰,等.复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):348-354.FAN Wen-hua,BAI Zhong-ke,LI Hui-feng,et al.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(1):348-354.
[17]白中科,付梅臣,赵中秋.论矿区土壤环境问题[J].生态环境,2006,15(5):1122-1125.BAI Zhong-ke,FU Mei-chen,ZHAO Zhong-qiu.Discussion on soil environmental problems in mining area[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(5):1122-1125.
[18]张耿杰.矿区复垦土地质量监测与评价研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013:42-58.ZHANG Geng-jie.Study on monitoring and evaluation of the quality of reclaimed land in mining area[D].Beijing:China University of Geoscienses(Beijing),2013:42-58.
[19]白中科,赵景逵,段永红,等.工矿区土地复垦与生态重建[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:1-275.BAI Zhong-ke,ZHAO Jing-kui,DUAN Yong-hong,et al.Land reclamation and ecological reconstruction in mining area[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:1-275.
[20]白中科,赵景逵,王治国,等.黄土高原大型露天采煤废弃地复垦与生态重建:以平朔露天矿区为例(1986—2001)[J].能源环境保护,2003,17(1):13-16.BAI Zhong-ke,ZHAO Jing-kui,WANG Zhi-guo,et al.Reclamation and ecological reconstruction of large opencast coal mining wasteland in the loess plateau:Taking Pingshuo opencast mining area as an example(1986—2001)[J].Energy Environmental Protection,2003,17(1):13-16.
[21]张耿杰,白中科,王金满.矿区土地质量概念探讨[J].中国矿业,2014,23(2):59-62.ZHANG Geng-jie,BAI Zhong-ke,WANG Jin-man.Discussion on the concept of land quality in mining area[J].China Mining Magazine,2014,23(2):59-62.
[22]王金满,白中科,罗明,等.基于专业序列的中国多层次土地复垦标准体系[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):312-315.WANG Jin-man,BAI Zhong-ke,LUO Ming,et al.Chinese multi-level land reclamation standard system based on professional sequence[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):312-315.
[23]周伟,曹银贵,白中科,等.煤炭矿区土地复垦监测指标探讨[J].中国土地科学,2012,26(11):68-73.ZHOU Wei,CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Discussion on monitoring indexes of land reclamation in coal mining area[J].China Land Sciences,2012,26(11):68-73.
[24]李晋川,白中科,张立城,等.露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建:平朔露天矿的研究与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:28-98.LI Jin-chuan,BAI Zhong-ke,ZHANG Li-cheng,et al.Land reclamation and ecology reconstruction in opencast coal mine:Study and practice on Pingshuo opencast[M].Beijing:Sciense Press,2000:28-98.
[25]原野,赵中秋,白中科,等.安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦模式下草本植物优势种生态位[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(12):3215-3222.YUAN Ye,ZHAO Zhong-qiu,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Niche characteristics of dominant herbaceous species under different land reclamation patterns in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(12):3215-3222.
[2]周妍,张继栋,白中科,等.土地复垦管理方法与途径[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2016:15-30.ZHOU Yan,ZHANG Ji-dong,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Methods and ways of land reclamation management[M].Beijing:China Land Press,2016:15-30.
[3]中华人民共和国国土资源部.土地复垦条例[EB/OL].[2016-03-20].http://www.mlr.gov.cn/zwgk/flfg/tdglflfg/201112/t20111208_1042843.htm.Ministry of Land and Resources of PRC.Land reclamation regulations[EB/OL].[2016-03-20].http://www.mlr.gov.cn/zwgk/flfg/tdglflfg/201112/t20111208_1042843.htm.
[4]中华人民共和国国土资源部.TD/T 1031.1—2011土地复垦方案编制规程第一部分:通则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.Ministry of Land and Resources of PRC.TD/T 1031.1—2011 Regulation on compiling land reclamation plan Part 1:General rules[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2011.
[5]中华人民共和国国土资源部.TD/T 1036—2013土地复垦质量控制标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2013.Ministry of Land and Resources of PRC.TD/T 1036—2013 Completion standards on land reclamation quality[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2013.
[6]中华人民共和国国土资源部.TD/T 1044—2014生产项目土地复垦验收规程[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2014.Ministry of Land and Resources of PRC.TD/T 1044—2014 Acceptance specification for land reclamation of production project[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2014.
[7]白中科,郧文聚.矿区土地复垦与复垦土地的再利用:以平朔矿区为例[J].资源与产业,2008,10(5):32-37.BAI Zhong-ke,YUN Wen-ju.Reuse of land reclamation and reclamation land in mining area:Taking Pingshuo mining area as an example[J].Resources&Industries,2008,10(5):32-37.
[8]白中科,王文英,李晋川,等.矿区生态重建基础理论与方法研究[J].煤矿环境保护,1999,13(1):49-52.BAI Zhong-ke,WANG Wen-ying,LI Jin-chuan,et al.Study on basic theory and method of ecological reconstruction in mining area[J].Coal Mine Environmental Protection,1999,13(1):49-52.
[9]曹银贵,白中科.安太堡露天矿区土地利用变化及驱动力分析[J].资源与产业,2006,8(4):102-106.CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke.Analysis of land use change and driving force in Antaibao opencast mine[J].Resources&Industries,2006,8(4):102-106.
[10]白中科,李晋川,王文英,等.中国山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿退化土地生态重建研究[J].中国土地科学,2000,14(4):1-4.BAI Zhong-ke,LI Jin-chuan,WANG Wen-ying,et al.Ecological restoration of degraded land in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine in Shanxi,China[J].China Land Science,2000,14(4):1-4.
[11]曹银贵,白中科.典型矿农城复合区土地利用格局演化与管理对策[M].北京:地质出版社,2015:25-27.CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke.Pattern evolution and management countermeasures on land use in typical compound area of mine agriculture urban[M].Beijing:China Land Press,2015:25-27.
[12]贺振伟.矿区复垦土地可持续利用与产业转型机制研究:以平朔矿区为例[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012:43-48.HE Zhen-wei.Mechanism of reclaimed land sustainable use and industrical reformation:A case study of Pingshuo mining area[D].Beijing:China University of Geoscienses(Beijing),2012:43-48.
[13]朔州煤炭工业网.金山银山画卷美:中煤平朔集团公司生态文明建设纪事之三[EB/OL].[2016-03-20].http://www.szmtgy.gov.cn/Wygkcn_Show Article.asp?Wygkcn_Article ID=5753.Shuozhou Coal Industry Net.Beauty picture of gold and silver picture:The third chronicle of ecological civilization construction of China Coal Pingshuo Group Co.Ltd.[EB/OL].[2016-03-20].http://www.szmtgy.gov.cn/Wygkcn_Show Article.asp?Wygkcn_Article ID=5753.
[14]曹银贵,白中科,张耿杰,等.山西平朔露天矿区复垦农用地表层土壤质量差异对比[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(12):2422-2428.CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke,ZHANG Geng-jie,et al.Comparison of soil quality of reclaimed agricultural land in Pingshuo opencast mine of Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(12):2422-2428.
[15]胡振琪,魏忠义.煤矿区采动与复垦土壤存在的问题与对策[J].能源环境保护,2003,17(3):3-7,10.HU Zhen-qi,WEI Zhong-yi.Problems and countermeasures of mining and reclamation soil in coal mining area[J].Energy Environmental Protection,2003,17(3):3-7,10.
[16]樊文华,白中科,李慧峰,等.复垦土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):348-354.FAN Wen-hua,BAI Zhong-ke,LI Hui-feng,et al.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(1):348-354.
[17]白中科,付梅臣,赵中秋.论矿区土壤环境问题[J].生态环境,2006,15(5):1122-1125.BAI Zhong-ke,FU Mei-chen,ZHAO Zhong-qiu.Discussion on soil environmental problems in mining area[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(5):1122-1125.
[18]张耿杰.矿区复垦土地质量监测与评价研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013:42-58.ZHANG Geng-jie.Study on monitoring and evaluation of the quality of reclaimed land in mining area[D].Beijing:China University of Geoscienses(Beijing),2013:42-58.
[19]白中科,赵景逵,段永红,等.工矿区土地复垦与生态重建[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:1-275.BAI Zhong-ke,ZHAO Jing-kui,DUAN Yong-hong,et al.Land reclamation and ecological reconstruction in mining area[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:1-275.
[20]白中科,赵景逵,王治国,等.黄土高原大型露天采煤废弃地复垦与生态重建:以平朔露天矿区为例(1986—2001)[J].能源环境保护,2003,17(1):13-16.BAI Zhong-ke,ZHAO Jing-kui,WANG Zhi-guo,et al.Reclamation and ecological reconstruction of large opencast coal mining wasteland in the loess plateau:Taking Pingshuo opencast mining area as an example(1986—2001)[J].Energy Environmental Protection,2003,17(1):13-16.
[21]张耿杰,白中科,王金满.矿区土地质量概念探讨[J].中国矿业,2014,23(2):59-62.ZHANG Geng-jie,BAI Zhong-ke,WANG Jin-man.Discussion on the concept of land quality in mining area[J].China Mining Magazine,2014,23(2):59-62.
[22]王金满,白中科,罗明,等.基于专业序列的中国多层次土地复垦标准体系[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):312-315.WANG Jin-man,BAI Zhong-ke,LUO Ming,et al.Chinese multi-level land reclamation standard system based on professional sequence[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):312-315.
[23]周伟,曹银贵,白中科,等.煤炭矿区土地复垦监测指标探讨[J].中国土地科学,2012,26(11):68-73.ZHOU Wei,CAO Yin-gui,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Discussion on monitoring indexes of land reclamation in coal mining area[J].China Land Sciences,2012,26(11):68-73.
[24]李晋川,白中科,张立城,等.露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建:平朔露天矿的研究与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:28-98.LI Jin-chuan,BAI Zhong-ke,ZHANG Li-cheng,et al.Land reclamation and ecology reconstruction in opencast coal mine:Study and practice on Pingshuo opencast[M].Beijing:Sciense Press,2000:28-98.
[25]原野,赵中秋,白中科,等.安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦模式下草本植物优势种生态位[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(12):3215-3222.YUAN Ye,ZHAO Zhong-qiu,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Niche characteristics of dominant herbaceous species under different land reclamation patterns in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(12):3215-3222.