中国七大流域全氟烷基酸污染水平与饮水暴露风险
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摘要
为探究中国七大流域全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)的污染现状与居民饮水暴露风险,基于美国国家环保署推荐的风险评估方法,应用场景风险评估模式,分析了各流域PFAAs的污染水平及特征,并对中国成人、青少年、儿童的PFAAs日均饮水暴露量(average daily dose,ADD)及其健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,中等暴露水平下,中国七大流域ΣPFAAs中位浓度为14 ng·L-1,全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)、全氟丁酸和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)为主要污染物,松辽、太湖流域ΣPFAAs高于整体水平.高等暴露水平下,碳链≤6的全氟羧酸类化合物占ΣPFAAs的比例高于中等暴露水平.黄河、长江部分河段污染水平高.风险评估结果显示,饮水暴露PFOA、PFOS对中国各年龄段居民尚无健康风险,且青少年日均饮水摄入量偏少.
To study the perfluoroalkyl acid( PFAAs) contamination in seven major drainage basins of China and the exposure risk to resident populations via drinking water sourced from these basins,a risk assessment model of the US EPA and a scenario-based risk assessment method were applied to analyze the PFAA pollution characteristics and to evaluate the average daily dose and health risk to adults,adolescents,and children. In the intermediate-exposure scenario,results showed that the Σ PFAAs median for the seven major drainage basins was 14 ng·L-1,with perfluorooctanoic acid( PFOA),perfluorobutanoic acid( PFBA),and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid( PFOS) the main contaminants,and that the contamination levels were the highest in the Songliao River and Taihu Lake basins. In the high-exposure scenario,the discharge proportion of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with ≤6 carbon chains among theΣ PFAAs was higher than that in the intermediate-exposure scenario. In addition,certain sections tended to be more polluted than others in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. Risk assessment showed that PFOA and PFOS exposure via drinking water posed no health risk to Chinese residents,and that the average daily ingestion of drinking water of Chinese adolescents was below the suggested amount.
To study the perfluoroalkyl acid( PFAAs) contamination in seven major drainage basins of China and the exposure risk to resident populations via drinking water sourced from these basins,a risk assessment model of the US EPA and a scenario-based risk assessment method were applied to analyze the PFAA pollution characteristics and to evaluate the average daily dose and health risk to adults,adolescents,and children. In the intermediate-exposure scenario,results showed that the Σ PFAAs median for the seven major drainage basins was 14 ng·L-1,with perfluorooctanoic acid( PFOA),perfluorobutanoic acid( PFBA),and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid( PFOS) the main contaminants,and that the contamination levels were the highest in the Songliao River and Taihu Lake basins. In the high-exposure scenario,the discharge proportion of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with ≤6 carbon chains among theΣ PFAAs was higher than that in the intermediate-exposure scenario. In addition,certain sections tended to be more polluted than others in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. Risk assessment showed that PFOA and PFOS exposure via drinking water posed no health risk to Chinese residents,and that the average daily ingestion of drinking water of Chinese adolescents was below the suggested amount.
引文
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[26]Lu G H,Yang Y L,Taniyasu S,et al.Potential exposure of perfluorinated compounds to Chinese in Shenyang and Yangtze River Delta areas[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,8(4):407-418.
[27]Pan G,You C.Sediment-water distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)in Yangtze River Estuary[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(5):1363-1367.
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[35]Jin Y H,Liu W,Sato I,et al.PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China[J].Chemosphere,2009,77(5):605-611.
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