三峡库区湖北段非点源污染氮磷排放时空分布特征
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摘要
[目的]了解三峡库区湖北段非点源污染情况,找到主要污染源和重点控制区,为该区生态环境的建设和治理提供科学支持。[方法]运用输出系数模型结合降雨侵蚀力影响系数和入河系数模拟计算研究区1990,2000,2005和2010年的非点源污染氮磷排放总量、各污染源氮磷污染排放量及贡献率以及各地区氮磷排放的时空分布特征。[结果]三峡库区湖北段1990,2000,2005和2010年的TN排放量在2 500t以上、TP排放量在250t以上,2000年达到最高,TN,TP年均排放量分别为3 612.78和393.75t/a,年均排放强度为3.10和0.34kg/(hm~2·a),研究区非点源污染以氮污染为主。水田和旱地是造成氮污染的主要原因,其次是农村人口;水田和旱地也是磷污染排放的主要贡献源,其次是猪的养殖。[结论]研究区非点源污染总体呈现两侧高中间低的区域性分布。巴东县为氮磷排放的重点控制区域。
[Objective]In order to understand the non-point source pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir area of Hubei Province to find the main pollution sources and the key control area.[Methods]The non-point source pollutions of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in 1990,2000,2005 and 2010 were calculated with the rainfall erosivity coefficient and simulated by river export coefficient model,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions of various pollution sources and their contribution rates were analyzed.[Results]TN emissions was more than 2 500 tand TP emissions was more than 250 t,and they both got the highest in 2000.The average annual TN emissions were 3 612.78 t/a and TP was 393.75 t/a,the annual TN and TP emission intensity were 3.10,0.34 kg/(hm~2·a).Therefore the study area was mainly nitrogen polluted.Paddy field and dry land were the main causes of nitrogen pollution source,the followed source was rural population.Paddy field and dry land were the main contributions of phosphorus pollution,pig breeding was the next one.[Conclusion]The non-point source pollution in the study area hadits spatial distribution characterized by its low pollution in both sides and high in the middle part.Badong district was recognized as the key control area of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.
[Objective]In order to understand the non-point source pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir area of Hubei Province to find the main pollution sources and the key control area.[Methods]The non-point source pollutions of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in 1990,2000,2005 and 2010 were calculated with the rainfall erosivity coefficient and simulated by river export coefficient model,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions of various pollution sources and their contribution rates were analyzed.[Results]TN emissions was more than 2 500 tand TP emissions was more than 250 t,and they both got the highest in 2000.The average annual TN emissions were 3 612.78 t/a and TP was 393.75 t/a,the annual TN and TP emission intensity were 3.10,0.34 kg/(hm~2·a).Therefore the study area was mainly nitrogen polluted.Paddy field and dry land were the main causes of nitrogen pollution source,the followed source was rural population.Paddy field and dry land were the main contributions of phosphorus pollution,pig breeding was the next one.[Conclusion]The non-point source pollution in the study area hadits spatial distribution characterized by its low pollution in both sides and high in the middle part.Badong district was recognized as the key control area of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.
引文
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[20]俞跃,宋玉梅,唐文浩.模拟降雨条件下万泉河流域农田养分流失特征及面源污染源强研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(17):9158-9160.
[21]蒋金,安娜,张义,等.水文过程中降雨径流对非点源污染的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(6):3529-3531.
[22]杜双.三峡库区湖北段农业非点源氮磷污染负荷研究[D].湖北武汉:武汉理工大学,2011.
[23]王明晓.三峡库区降雨侵蚀力研究[D].湖北武汉:华中农业大学,2011.
[24]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.兴山县香溪河流域农业源氮磷排放估算及时空特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):937-946.
[25]梁常德,龙天渝,李继承,等.三峡库区非点源氮磷负荷研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(1):26-30.
[26]杨彦兰,申丽娟,谢德体,等.基于输出系数模型的三峡库区(重庆段)农业面源污染负荷估算[J].西南大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(3):112-119.
[27]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.香溪河流域土地利用变化过程对非点源氮磷输出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(1):129-138.
[28]Ma Xiao,Li Ye,Zhang Meng,et al.Assessment and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,412(413):154-161.
[29]常丽娟.基于改进的输出系数模型对三峡库区非点源氮磷污染负荷的模拟研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015.
[30]刘瑞民,沈珍瑶,丁晓雯,等.应用输出系数模型估算长江上游非点源污染负荷[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):677-682.
[31]张广纳,邵景安,王金亮,等.三峡库区重庆段农村面源污染时空格局演变特征[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(7):1197-1209.
[32]吴一鸣,李伟,李若冰,等.浙江省安吉县西曹溪流域非点源污染负荷研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(10):1976-1985.
[2]马啸.三峡库区湖北段污染负荷分析及时空分布研究[D].湖北武汉:武汉理工大学,2012.
[3]马骏,李昌晓,魏虹,等.三峡库区生态脆弱性评价[J].生态学报,2015,35(21):7117-7129.
[4]程辉,吴胜军,王小晓,等.三峡库区生态环境效应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(2):127-140.
[5]中华人民共和国环境保护部.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报[R].北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部,2011.
[6]陈勇,冯永忠,杨改河.农业非点源污染研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(8):173-181.
[7]刘庄,晁建颖,张丽,等.中国非点源污染负荷计算研究现状与存在问题[J].水科学进展,2015,26(3):432-440.
[8]郑一,王学军.非点源污染研究的进展与展望[J].水科学进展,2002,13(1):105-110.
[9]Shen Zhenyao,Liao Qian,Hong Qian,et al.An overview of research on agricultural non-point source pollution modelling in China[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2012,84(2):104-111.
[10]Omemik J M.The Influence of Land Use on Stream Nutrient Levels[M].US:Environmental Protection Agency,1976.
[11]Johnes P J,Heathwaite A L.Modelling the impact of land use change on water quality in agricultural catchments[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,11(3):269-286.
[12]蔡明,李怀恩,庄咏涛,等.改进的输出系数法在流域非点源污染负荷估算中的应用[J].水利学报,2004,35(7):40-45.
[13]程红光,郝芳华,任希岩,等.不同降雨条件下非点源污染氮负荷入河系数研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(3):392-397.
[14]龙天渝,梁常德,李继承,等.基于SLURP模型和输出系数法的三峡库区非点源氮磷负荷预测[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(3):574-581.
[15]丁晓雯,刘瑞民,沈珍瑶.基于水文水质资料的非点源输出系数模型参数确定方法及其应用[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,42(5):534-538.
[16]李兆富,杨桂山,李恒鹏.基于改进输出系数模型的流域营养盐输出估算[J].环境科学,2009,30(3):668-672.
[17]张敏,刘庆生,刘高焕.浙江省安吉县西部小流域非点源污染估算[J].资源科学,2011,33(2):242-248.
[18]徐立红,邢波,叶潞洁,等.基于流域降雨强度的氮磷输出系数模型改进及应用[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):159-166.
[19]龙天渝,刘敏,刘佳.三峡库区非点源污染负荷时空分布模型的构建及应用[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(8):217-223.
[20]俞跃,宋玉梅,唐文浩.模拟降雨条件下万泉河流域农田养分流失特征及面源污染源强研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(17):9158-9160.
[21]蒋金,安娜,张义,等.水文过程中降雨径流对非点源污染的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(6):3529-3531.
[22]杜双.三峡库区湖北段农业非点源氮磷污染负荷研究[D].湖北武汉:武汉理工大学,2011.
[23]王明晓.三峡库区降雨侵蚀力研究[D].湖北武汉:华中农业大学,2011.
[24]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.兴山县香溪河流域农业源氮磷排放估算及时空特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):937-946.
[25]梁常德,龙天渝,李继承,等.三峡库区非点源氮磷负荷研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(1):26-30.
[26]杨彦兰,申丽娟,谢德体,等.基于输出系数模型的三峡库区(重庆段)农业面源污染负荷估算[J].西南大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(3):112-119.
[27]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.香溪河流域土地利用变化过程对非点源氮磷输出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(1):129-138.
[28]Ma Xiao,Li Ye,Zhang Meng,et al.Assessment and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,412(413):154-161.
[29]常丽娟.基于改进的输出系数模型对三峡库区非点源氮磷污染负荷的模拟研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015.
[30]刘瑞民,沈珍瑶,丁晓雯,等.应用输出系数模型估算长江上游非点源污染负荷[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):677-682.
[31]张广纳,邵景安,王金亮,等.三峡库区重庆段农村面源污染时空格局演变特征[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(7):1197-1209.
[32]吴一鸣,李伟,李若冰,等.浙江省安吉县西曹溪流域非点源污染负荷研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(10):1976-1985.