乌鲁木齐主城区不透水层(玻璃表面)有机膜中PAEs的污染特征
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摘要
采集乌鲁木齐主城区不透水层(玻璃表面)有机膜样品,使用气相色谱法测对样品中PAEs(DMP、DEP、DBP和DEHP)进行分析,探讨不透水层膜中PAEs累积水平、组分特征与空间分布等污染特征。结果表明:乌鲁木齐不透水层(玻璃表面)有机膜中的PAEs以DEP为主,其次是DBP,其他PAEs相对较少;在空间分布上,DMP、DEP、DBP在沙依巴克区含量最高,其次是新市区,水磨沟区含量最低,DEHP与其他PAEs的空间分布略有差异,表现为在新市区含量最高;在功能区分布上,DMP、DEP、DBP均表现为商业区>工业区>交通密集区>居民文教区>公园广场区,DEHP与其他PAEs功能区分布略有差异,表现为交通密集区>居民文教区>商业区>工业区>公园广场区,PAEs来源的不同是造成其功能区分布差异的主要因素;乌鲁木齐ΣPAEs及不同类型的PAEs含量都高于其卫星城昌吉市3～4个数量级,这从一定程度上揭示出大城市不透水层PAEs的含量可能远大于中小城市。本项研究将有利于深入认识干旱区城市典型介质不透水层中的PAEs富集及其机制,为准确预测PAEs污染趋势及制定相关环境保护政策提供科学依据。
We collected organic film samples from impermeable surfaces( window glass) of the downtown Urumqi,and analyzed their contents of Phthalate acid esters( PAEs),including dimethyl phthalate( DMP),diethyl phthalate( DEP),dibutyl phthalate( DBP),and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate( DEHP),by a gas chromatography. The pollution characteristics,accumulation,component and spatial distribution,of PAEs in the impermeable layer membrane were investigated. The results showed that PAEs in the impervious surfaces of downtown Urumqi were mainly DEP,followed by DBP,and other PAEs were relatively insignificant. In terms of the spatial distribution,contents of DMP,DEP and DBP were the highest in the Shayibake area,followed by in the new city,and were the lowest in the Shuimogou area; compared to other PAEs,the spatial distribution of DEHP was slightly different,the highest content was found in the new city. In terms of the functional areas,contents of DMP,DEP and DBP showed a trend of all commercial areas > industrial areas >traffic intensive areas > residential culture and education areas > park square areas. The distribution trend of DEHP in functional areas,that is traffic intensive areas > commercial areas > industrial areas > park square areas,was slightly different from those of other PAEs.The contents of ΣPAEs and individual PAEs in the downtown Urumqi were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than in satellite cities,e.g.the Changji city,suggesting that contents of PAEs in impervious surfaces of large cities may be much higher than those of small and medium-sized cities. This study will contribute to understanding of the enrichment of PAEs and its mechanism in typical media of impermeable surfaces in the arid region. It provides scientific supports for the accurate assessment of PAEs pollution and the formulation of relevant environmental protection policies.
We collected organic film samples from impermeable surfaces( window glass) of the downtown Urumqi,and analyzed their contents of Phthalate acid esters( PAEs),including dimethyl phthalate( DMP),diethyl phthalate( DEP),dibutyl phthalate( DBP),and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate( DEHP),by a gas chromatography. The pollution characteristics,accumulation,component and spatial distribution,of PAEs in the impermeable layer membrane were investigated. The results showed that PAEs in the impervious surfaces of downtown Urumqi were mainly DEP,followed by DBP,and other PAEs were relatively insignificant. In terms of the spatial distribution,contents of DMP,DEP and DBP were the highest in the Shayibake area,followed by in the new city,and were the lowest in the Shuimogou area; compared to other PAEs,the spatial distribution of DEHP was slightly different,the highest content was found in the new city. In terms of the functional areas,contents of DMP,DEP and DBP showed a trend of all commercial areas > industrial areas >traffic intensive areas > residential culture and education areas > park square areas. The distribution trend of DEHP in functional areas,that is traffic intensive areas > commercial areas > industrial areas > park square areas,was slightly different from those of other PAEs.The contents of ΣPAEs and individual PAEs in the downtown Urumqi were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than in satellite cities,e.g.the Changji city,suggesting that contents of PAEs in impervious surfaces of large cities may be much higher than those of small and medium-sized cities. This study will contribute to understanding of the enrichment of PAEs and its mechanism in typical media of impermeable surfaces in the arid region. It provides scientific supports for the accurate assessment of PAEs pollution and the formulation of relevant environmental protection policies.
引文
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[16] Tang X Y,Wang S Y,Yang Y,et al. Removal of six phthalic acid esters(PAEs)from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,275:198-205.
[17] Wang W X,Fan C Q. Gas/solid particulate phthalic esters(PAEs)in Masson pine(Pinus massoniana L.)needles and rhizosphere surface soils[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,276(9):149-156.
[18]吴明红,王扶琳,杨雪霞,等.上海地区水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物的浓度水平及分布特征[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,22(2):105-113.
[19]张文娟,王利军,王丽,等.西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布、来源及人群暴露[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3758-3765.
[20]朱媛媛,田靖,景立新,等.不同城市功能区土壤中酞酸酯污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(5):42-46.
[21]刘玉燕,顾宏新,刘浩峰,等.乌-昌城市群景观水域沉积物中PAEs的分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(4):772-776.
[22]王晓南,张瑜,王婉华,等.邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)污染及其毒性研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):135-150.
[2]于英鹏,杨毅,刘敏,等.上海工业区玻璃表面多环芳烃分布特征与溯源[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):219-224.
[3] Law N L,Diamond M L. The role of organic films and the effect on hydrophobic organic compounds in urban areas:An hypothesis[J]. Chemosphere,1998,36(12):2607-2620.
[4] Cetin B,Odabasi M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir,Turkey[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,185(2):784-791.
[5] Wang S C,Flagan R C. Seinfeld J H. Aerosol formation and growth in atmospheric organic/NOx system-п. Aerosol dynamic[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1991,26(3):421-434.
[6] Csiszar S A,Diamond M L,Thibodeaux L J. Modeling urban films using a dynamic multimedia fugacity model[J]. Chemosphere,2012,87(9):1024-1031.
[7] Cetin B,Odabasi M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir,Turkey[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,185(2):784-791.
[8] Yu Y P,Yang Y,Liu M,et al. PAHs in organic film on glass window surfaces from central Shanghai,China:distribution,sources and risk assessment[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2014,36(4):665-675.
[9] Kong L X,Kadokami K,Wang S P,et al. Monitoring of 1300 organic micro-pollutants in surface waters from Tianjin,North China[J]. Chemosphere,2015,122:125-130.
[10] Tang X Y,Wang S Y,Yang Y,et al. Removal of six phthalic acid esters(PAEs)from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,275:198-205.
[11] Liu Y Y,Yu Y X,Tian F F,et al. The effects of arid climate on PAE accumulation in organic films on an impervious surface[J]. Environ Earth Sci,2017,76(12):419-427.
[12] Net S,Sempere R,Delmont A,et al. Occurrence,fate,behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(7):4019-4035.
[13] Ugolini F,Tognetti R,Raschi A,et al. Quercus ilex L. as bioaccumulator for heavy metals in urban areas:Effectiveness of leaf washing with distilled water and considerations on the trees distance from traffic[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2013,12(4):576-584.
[14] Liu Y Y,Tian F F,Liu C,et al. Platinum group elements in the precipitation of the dry region of Xinjiang and factors affecting their deposition to land:the case of Changii City,China[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2015,6(2):178-183.
[15]韩光武.乌鲁木齐市社区治理模式丰富了城市治理现代化的内涵[J].大陆桥视野,2016(13):68-74.
[16] Tang X Y,Wang S Y,Yang Y,et al. Removal of six phthalic acid esters(PAEs)from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,275:198-205.
[17] Wang W X,Fan C Q. Gas/solid particulate phthalic esters(PAEs)in Masson pine(Pinus massoniana L.)needles and rhizosphere surface soils[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,276(9):149-156.
[18]吴明红,王扶琳,杨雪霞,等.上海地区水环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物的浓度水平及分布特征[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,22(2):105-113.
[19]张文娟,王利军,王丽,等.西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布、来源及人群暴露[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3758-3765.
[20]朱媛媛,田靖,景立新,等.不同城市功能区土壤中酞酸酯污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(5):42-46.
[21]刘玉燕,顾宏新,刘浩峰,等.乌-昌城市群景观水域沉积物中PAEs的分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(4):772-776.
[22]王晓南,张瑜,王婉华,等.邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)污染及其毒性研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):135-150.