露天铁矿潜水型空区探测技术研究
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摘要
针对金属矿山中深凹露天铁矿采坑内潜水型空区的探测技术难题,以潜水型采空区的赋存地质-地球物理特征为基础,同时以高密度电阻率法(HDRM)和瞬变电磁法(TEM)地球物理探测理论为依据,选择鞍本地区典型BIF型铁矿中的深凹露天铁矿为应用研究对象,采用高密度电阻率法的温纳装置和瞬变电磁法的多匝重叠小回线装置对深凹露天铁矿采坑内的潜水型空区进行了探测应用评价研究。与此同时,根据探测应用研究成果圈定了潜水型空区物探异常,并利用潜孔钻进行了物探异常工程验证。探测成果和验证结果表明,瞬变电磁法和高密度电阻率法的优化组合可以克服两者探测中存在浅部和边部数据盲区的问题,无缝对接实现安全可控深度内的潜水型空区安全预警评价,同时可对失稳空区畸变应力场诱发的顶板冒落和裂隙带的发育状况进行准确评估,非常适合富水型露天铁矿采场下方安全隐患灾害体的排查和预警。
To solve the technical hardnuts in identifying and determining the unknown submersible goafs in the deep pits of the metal mine,this paper has chosen the deep open pit of the typical BIF iron ore in Anshan-Benxi region to explore and evaluate the submersible goafs.The given research has been done based on the geological and geophysical specialties of the submerged goafs and the theory of the high density resistivity method(HDRM) in addition to the transient electromagnetic method(TEM) via the Wenner device and the multi-stack smallest loop one.To our knowledge,the previous underground scattering mining methods used to result in the nowadays existing dissatisfied goafs underneath the open-pit mine.With the continued open-pit mining activities,the so-called "deep-pit mining " has resulted in the"submersible goafs,"that is,some goafs tend to become over the natural diving surface,though they may turn to stay under the mining pumping control diving surfaces.On the other hand,there have occurred geophysically delineated anomalies of the submersible goafs as a result of exploration,which can be verified through the submerged drilling.In other words,the detection and verification results indicate that the combination of the transient electromagnetic method and the high-density resistivity method can overcome the shallow data blind area in the transient electromagnetic detection and the edge data blind area in the high-density resistivity detection,so as to realize the seamless docking in the precautionary safety evaluation of the submersible airspace at a safe and controllable depth.The detection and verification results also help to accurately assess the evolution and development of the roof rockfalls and cracked belts induced by the distortional stress field of the instability space.Furthermore,the on-site application of the deep open-pit method in the iron ores helps to disclose that the deviation between the geophysical survey results and the actual drilling verification should be less than 2 meters,which can fully satisfy the mining safety demands.Thus,as compared with the drilling method,the method we have proposed and adopted can reflect the spatial distribution pattern of the goafs more accurately,whose safety evaluation effect tends to be more intuitive and suitable for the investigation and early warning of the hidden safety hazards below the stope of the water-abundant open-pit iron mine.
To solve the technical hardnuts in identifying and determining the unknown submersible goafs in the deep pits of the metal mine,this paper has chosen the deep open pit of the typical BIF iron ore in Anshan-Benxi region to explore and evaluate the submersible goafs.The given research has been done based on the geological and geophysical specialties of the submerged goafs and the theory of the high density resistivity method(HDRM) in addition to the transient electromagnetic method(TEM) via the Wenner device and the multi-stack smallest loop one.To our knowledge,the previous underground scattering mining methods used to result in the nowadays existing dissatisfied goafs underneath the open-pit mine.With the continued open-pit mining activities,the so-called "deep-pit mining " has resulted in the"submersible goafs,"that is,some goafs tend to become over the natural diving surface,though they may turn to stay under the mining pumping control diving surfaces.On the other hand,there have occurred geophysically delineated anomalies of the submersible goafs as a result of exploration,which can be verified through the submerged drilling.In other words,the detection and verification results indicate that the combination of the transient electromagnetic method and the high-density resistivity method can overcome the shallow data blind area in the transient electromagnetic detection and the edge data blind area in the high-density resistivity detection,so as to realize the seamless docking in the precautionary safety evaluation of the submersible airspace at a safe and controllable depth.The detection and verification results also help to accurately assess the evolution and development of the roof rockfalls and cracked belts induced by the distortional stress field of the instability space.Furthermore,the on-site application of the deep open-pit method in the iron ores helps to disclose that the deviation between the geophysical survey results and the actual drilling verification should be less than 2 meters,which can fully satisfy the mining safety demands.Thus,as compared with the drilling method,the method we have proposed and adopted can reflect the spatial distribution pattern of the goafs more accurately,whose safety evaluation effect tends to be more intuitive and suitable for the investigation and early warning of the hidden safety hazards below the stope of the water-abundant open-pit iron mine.
引文
[1]GAO Yongtao(高永涛),WU Shunchuan(吴顺川).Open-pit mining engineering(露天采矿学)[M].Changsha:Central South University Press,2010.
[2]CUI Xiaorong(崔晓荣),LIN Moujin(林谋金),ZHANG Weimin(张卫民),et al.Comprehensive survey and analysis of underground goafs in open-pit polymetallic mine[J].Metal Mine(金属矿山),2015,44(1):128-132.
[3]TAN Zhuoying(谭卓英),ZHONG Wen(钟文),HU Tianshou(胡天寿),et al.A case of complex goaf detection during transition from underground to open-pit mining[J].Metal Mine(金属矿山),2014,43(2):1-5.
[4]WANG Haijun(王海君),LI Kemin(李克民),CHEN Shuzhao(陈树召),et al.Discussion on goaf danger and detection technology forming converted from underground to surface[J].Coal Engineering(煤炭工程),2010(10):69-71.
[5]MEN Yekai(门业凯),FAN Guanghai(范广海),SHAO Anlin(邵安林),et al.The study of integrated detection method to the mined-out areas in open-pit irons mine and its application[J].Metal Mine(金属矿山),2010,39(5):124-127.
[6]LI Faben(李发本),ZHOU Zilong(周子龙),LI Xibing(李夕兵),et al.Detection and FEM simulation of mined zones in Sandaozhuang open pit[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering(地下空间与工程学报),2005,1(6):895-898.
[7]YU Lewen(余乐文),ZHANG Da(张达),ZHANG Yuansheng(张元生).Study on detecting technology of the underground cavity[J].China Mining Magazine(中国矿业),2015,24(S1):336-338.
[8]YU Jingcun(于景邨).Study on theory and application technology of mine transient electromagnetic method(矿井瞬变电磁法理论与应用技术研究)[D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,1999.
[9]KAUFMANN G,NIELBOCK R,ROMANOV D.The Unicorn Cave,Southern Harz Mountains,Germany:from known passages to unknown extensions with the help of geophysical surveys[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2015,123:123-140.
[10]MARTEL R,CASTELLAZZI P,GLOAGUEN E,et al.ERT,GPR,In SAR,and tracer tests to characterize karst aquifer systems under urban areas:the case of Quebec City[J].Geomorphology,2018,310:45-56.
[11]WANG Dongwei(王东伟),LIU Yawen(刘亚文),LI Yuhui(李玉辉),et al.Research and application of high-density resistivity method in gob detection in coal mine[J].China Coal(中国煤炭),2014,40(6):38-40.
[12]CHEN Zailin(陈载林).Physical simulation experiments on several regular shapes of electromagnetic method[J].Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration(物探与化探),2013,37(6):1092-1095.
[13]LEE T.Estimation of depth to conductors by the use of electromagnetic transients[J].Geophysics,1977,65:61-75.
[14]RAICHE A P,GALLAGHER R G.Apparent resistivity and diffusion velocity[J].Geophysics,1985,50(10):1628-1633.
[15]NIU Zhilian(牛之链).The principle of time domain electromagnetic method(时间域电磁法原理)[M].Changsha:Central South University Press,2007.
[16]LIU Wensheng(刘文生),WU Zuoqi(吴作启),LI Fanyue(李凡月),et al.On the fracturing mechanism of the igneous rock overlying the goaf[J].Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(1):54-58.
[2]CUI Xiaorong(崔晓荣),LIN Moujin(林谋金),ZHANG Weimin(张卫民),et al.Comprehensive survey and analysis of underground goafs in open-pit polymetallic mine[J].Metal Mine(金属矿山),2015,44(1):128-132.
[3]TAN Zhuoying(谭卓英),ZHONG Wen(钟文),HU Tianshou(胡天寿),et al.A case of complex goaf detection during transition from underground to open-pit mining[J].Metal Mine(金属矿山),2014,43(2):1-5.
[4]WANG Haijun(王海君),LI Kemin(李克民),CHEN Shuzhao(陈树召),et al.Discussion on goaf danger and detection technology forming converted from underground to surface[J].Coal Engineering(煤炭工程),2010(10):69-71.
[5]MEN Yekai(门业凯),FAN Guanghai(范广海),SHAO Anlin(邵安林),et al.The study of integrated detection method to the mined-out areas in open-pit irons mine and its application[J].Metal Mine(金属矿山),2010,39(5):124-127.
[6]LI Faben(李发本),ZHOU Zilong(周子龙),LI Xibing(李夕兵),et al.Detection and FEM simulation of mined zones in Sandaozhuang open pit[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering(地下空间与工程学报),2005,1(6):895-898.
[7]YU Lewen(余乐文),ZHANG Da(张达),ZHANG Yuansheng(张元生).Study on detecting technology of the underground cavity[J].China Mining Magazine(中国矿业),2015,24(S1):336-338.
[8]YU Jingcun(于景邨).Study on theory and application technology of mine transient electromagnetic method(矿井瞬变电磁法理论与应用技术研究)[D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,1999.
[9]KAUFMANN G,NIELBOCK R,ROMANOV D.The Unicorn Cave,Southern Harz Mountains,Germany:from known passages to unknown extensions with the help of geophysical surveys[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2015,123:123-140.
[10]MARTEL R,CASTELLAZZI P,GLOAGUEN E,et al.ERT,GPR,In SAR,and tracer tests to characterize karst aquifer systems under urban areas:the case of Quebec City[J].Geomorphology,2018,310:45-56.
[11]WANG Dongwei(王东伟),LIU Yawen(刘亚文),LI Yuhui(李玉辉),et al.Research and application of high-density resistivity method in gob detection in coal mine[J].China Coal(中国煤炭),2014,40(6):38-40.
[12]CHEN Zailin(陈载林).Physical simulation experiments on several regular shapes of electromagnetic method[J].Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration(物探与化探),2013,37(6):1092-1095.
[13]LEE T.Estimation of depth to conductors by the use of electromagnetic transients[J].Geophysics,1977,65:61-75.
[14]RAICHE A P,GALLAGHER R G.Apparent resistivity and diffusion velocity[J].Geophysics,1985,50(10):1628-1633.
[15]NIU Zhilian(牛之链).The principle of time domain electromagnetic method(时间域电磁法原理)[M].Changsha:Central South University Press,2007.
[16]LIU Wensheng(刘文生),WU Zuoqi(吴作启),LI Fanyue(李凡月),et al.On the fracturing mechanism of the igneous rock overlying the goaf[J].Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(1):54-58.