中国城市创新能力的时空演化及溢出效应
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摘要
基于我国275个地级及以上城市2008—2016年的空间面板数据,采用发明专利授权量测度城市创新能力,分析我国城市创新的时空演变特征,并以研发投入、人力资本、外商投资、对外贸易作为知识溢出的代理变量,建立空间杜宾模型,探究知识溢出对城市创新能力的影响。研究发现:城市创新能力与经济发展水平紧密相关,东部强于中西部、沿海强于内陆;城市创新能力的提升速度区域差异较大,长江中游、西南地区增速最快;知识溢出是城市创新增长的重要推动力,城市创新的全局空间自相关性不断增强,但创新溢出效应的区域差距依然明显;研发投入对本市和周边城市的创新产出都起到至关重要的促进作用;人力资本对本市有较大贡献,但对周边表现为显著负向溢出;外商投资和对外贸易对城市创新影响较小。
This paper examines characteristics of the spatial-temporal evolution of urban innovation in China from 2008 to 2016, based on the space panel data of 275 prefecture cities. Urban innovation capacity is measured by the number of invention patents certified. Using R&D investment, human capital, foreign direct investment and foreign trade as proxy variable of knowledge spillovers, this paper establishes Spatial Durbin Model to analyze the influence of knowledge spillovers on urban innovation ability in China. As the result shows,urban innovation capacity is highly correlated with economic development level. The eastern region is stronger than the central and western and the coastal area is stronger than the inland. There are large regional differences in the growth rate of urban innovation, the fastest growth rate is distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest. Knowledge spillovers are important driving forces for urban innovation. The global spatial autocorrelation of urban innovation has been significantly enhanced from2008 to 2016, while the regional gap is still evident in knowledge spillovers. R&D investment is found to be the most crucial factor to promote the innovation output of local and neighboring cities; human capital contributes a lot to local innovation, but it is significantly negative to the surrounding areas; foreign direct investment and foreign trade has little effect on urban innovation.
This paper examines characteristics of the spatial-temporal evolution of urban innovation in China from 2008 to 2016, based on the space panel data of 275 prefecture cities. Urban innovation capacity is measured by the number of invention patents certified. Using R&D investment, human capital, foreign direct investment and foreign trade as proxy variable of knowledge spillovers, this paper establishes Spatial Durbin Model to analyze the influence of knowledge spillovers on urban innovation ability in China. As the result shows,urban innovation capacity is highly correlated with economic development level. The eastern region is stronger than the central and western and the coastal area is stronger than the inland. There are large regional differences in the growth rate of urban innovation, the fastest growth rate is distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest. Knowledge spillovers are important driving forces for urban innovation. The global spatial autocorrelation of urban innovation has been significantly enhanced from2008 to 2016, while the regional gap is still evident in knowledge spillovers. R&D investment is found to be the most crucial factor to promote the innovation output of local and neighboring cities; human capital contributes a lot to local innovation, but it is significantly negative to the surrounding areas; foreign direct investment and foreign trade has little effect on urban innovation.
引文
[1]白俊红,蒋伏心.协同创新、空间关联与区域创新绩效[J].经济研究,2015(7):174-187.
[2]王锐淇,张宗益.区域创新能力影响因素的空间面板数据分析[J].科研管理,2010,31(3):17-26.
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[5]张惠璇,刘青,李贵才.广东省城市创新联系的空间格局演变及优化策略[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(8):952-962.
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[7]蒋振威,王平.海南区域技术创新能力评价与空间差异性分析--基于2009-2014年海南18个市县面板数据[J].经济地理,2016,36(11):24-30.
[8]何舜辉,杜德斌,焦美琪,等.中国地级以上城市创新能力的时空格局演变及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1 014-1 022.
[9]马静,邓宏兵,张红.空间知识溢出视角下中国城市创新产出空间格局[J].经济地理,2018,38(9):96-104.
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[13]Acs Z J,Audretsch D B,Feldman M P.R&D spillovers and recipient firm size[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1994,76(2):336-340.
[14]Bottazzi L,Peri G.Innovation and spillovers in regions:Evidence from European patent data[J].European Economic Re‐view,2003,47(4):687-710.
[15]Peri G.Determinants of knowledge flows and their effect on innovation[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2005,87(2):308-322.
[16]Cabrer-Borrás B,Serrano-Domingo G.Innovation and R&Dspillover effects in Spanish regions:A spatial approach[J].Re‐search Policy,2007,36(9):1 357-1 371.
[17]李婧,何宜丽.基于空间相关视角的知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响研究--以省际数据为样本[J].研究与发展管理,2017,29(1):42-54.
[18]吴玉鸣.空间计量经济模型在省域研发与创新中的应用研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006(5):74-85.
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[21]Almeida P,Kogut B.Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks[J].Management Sci‐ence,1999,45(7):905-917.
[22]Ding Sai,Knight John.Can the augmented Solow model explain China's remarkable economic growth?A cross-country panel data analysis[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2009,37(3):432-452.
[23]Shang Qing-yan,Poon J P H,Yue Qing-tang.The role of regional knowledge spillovers on China’s innovation[J].China Economic Review,2012,23(4):1 164-1 175.
[24]Beise M,Stahl H.Public research and industrial innovations in Germany[J].Research Policy,1999,28(4):397-422.
[25]赵勇,白永秀.知识溢出:一个文献综述[J].经济研究,2009(1):144-156.
[26]Cheung Kui-yin,Lin Ping.Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China:Evidence from the provincial data[J].China Economic Review,2004,15(1):25-44.
[27]Jaffe A B.Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D:evidence from firms’patents,profits and market value[J].American Economic Review,1986,76(5):984-999.
[28]Anselin L,Florax R.New Directions in Spatial Economics[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag Press,1995:21-74.
[29]Lee Lung-fei,Yu Ji-hai.Estimation of spatial autoregressive panel data models with fixed effects[J].Journal of Economet‐rics,2010,154(2):165-185.
[30]Gilboy G J.The myth behind China's miracle[J].Foreign Affairs,2004,83(4):33-45.
[31]Hu A G,Jefferson G H.A great wall of patents:What is behind China's recent patent explosion?[J].Journal of Development Economics,2009,90(1):57-68.
[2]王锐淇,张宗益.区域创新能力影响因素的空间面板数据分析[J].科研管理,2010,31(3):17-26.
[3]焦敬娟,王姣娥,程珂.中国区域创新能力空间演化及其空间溢出效应[J].经济地理,2017,37(9):11-18.
[4]徐维祥,杨蕾,刘程军,等.长江经济带创新产出的时空演化特征及其成因[J].地理科学,2017,37(4):502-511.
[5]张惠璇,刘青,李贵才.广东省城市创新联系的空间格局演变及优化策略[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(8):952-962.
[6]丛海彬,蒋天颖,邹德玲.浙江省区域创新中心空间格局及其驱动机制研究[J].人文地理,2015(4):95-101.
[7]蒋振威,王平.海南区域技术创新能力评价与空间差异性分析--基于2009-2014年海南18个市县面板数据[J].经济地理,2016,36(11):24-30.
[8]何舜辉,杜德斌,焦美琪,等.中国地级以上城市创新能力的时空格局演变及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1 014-1 022.
[9]马静,邓宏兵,张红.空间知识溢出视角下中国城市创新产出空间格局[J].经济地理,2018,38(9):96-104.
[10]王俊松,颜燕,胡曙虹.中国城市技术创新能力的空间特征及影响因素--基于空间面板数据模型的研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):11-18.
[11]Griliches Z.Issues in assessing the contribution of R&D to productivity growth[J].Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10(1):92-116.
[12]Jaffe A B.Real effects of academic research[J].American Economic Review.1989,79(5):957-970.
[13]Acs Z J,Audretsch D B,Feldman M P.R&D spillovers and recipient firm size[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1994,76(2):336-340.
[14]Bottazzi L,Peri G.Innovation and spillovers in regions:Evidence from European patent data[J].European Economic Re‐view,2003,47(4):687-710.
[15]Peri G.Determinants of knowledge flows and their effect on innovation[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2005,87(2):308-322.
[16]Cabrer-Borrás B,Serrano-Domingo G.Innovation and R&Dspillover effects in Spanish regions:A spatial approach[J].Re‐search Policy,2007,36(9):1 357-1 371.
[17]李婧,何宜丽.基于空间相关视角的知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响研究--以省际数据为样本[J].研究与发展管理,2017,29(1):42-54.
[18]吴玉鸣.空间计量经济模型在省域研发与创新中的应用研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006(5):74-85.
[19]LeSage J,Pace R K.Introduction to Spatial Econometrics[M].Florida:CRC Press,2009.
[20]Jaffe A B,Trajtenberg M.Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories:Modeling the flow of patent cita‐tions over time and across institutional and geographic bound‐aries[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1996,93(23):12 671-12 677.
[21]Almeida P,Kogut B.Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks[J].Management Sci‐ence,1999,45(7):905-917.
[22]Ding Sai,Knight John.Can the augmented Solow model explain China's remarkable economic growth?A cross-country panel data analysis[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2009,37(3):432-452.
[23]Shang Qing-yan,Poon J P H,Yue Qing-tang.The role of regional knowledge spillovers on China’s innovation[J].China Economic Review,2012,23(4):1 164-1 175.
[24]Beise M,Stahl H.Public research and industrial innovations in Germany[J].Research Policy,1999,28(4):397-422.
[25]赵勇,白永秀.知识溢出:一个文献综述[J].经济研究,2009(1):144-156.
[26]Cheung Kui-yin,Lin Ping.Spillover effects of FDI on innovation in China:Evidence from the provincial data[J].China Economic Review,2004,15(1):25-44.
[27]Jaffe A B.Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D:evidence from firms’patents,profits and market value[J].American Economic Review,1986,76(5):984-999.
[28]Anselin L,Florax R.New Directions in Spatial Economics[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag Press,1995:21-74.
[29]Lee Lung-fei,Yu Ji-hai.Estimation of spatial autoregressive panel data models with fixed effects[J].Journal of Economet‐rics,2010,154(2):165-185.
[30]Gilboy G J.The myth behind China's miracle[J].Foreign Affairs,2004,83(4):33-45.
[31]Hu A G,Jefferson G H.A great wall of patents:What is behind China's recent patent explosion?[J].Journal of Development Economics,2009,90(1):57-68.