一种基于“能量”成本的储能技术评价新方法
|
摘要
近年来,中国和世界一直致力于发展储能技术,为电网运行提供调峰、调频、黑启动、需求响应支持,并帮助解决可再生能源间歇性、不稳定性、不可调节性等问题。本文回顾总结了国内目前评价储能技术常用的技术指标和经济效益指标。并站在能源可持续发展的角度介绍了基于"能量"成本评价储能技术的新理念及方法,阐述了基于‘能量’成本评价不同技术节能潜力的必要性,引入了全生命周期能源投入存储回报(energy storedon Investment,ESOI)这一新指标。ESOI比值越高说明该技术"净能量"越高,生产对能源依赖度越低。本文研究对比了不同储能技术的ESOI,结果表明以压缩空气储能(CAES)和抽水储能(PHS)为代表的物理储能技术的ESOI远远大于电化学储能,其中,过去常用的铅酸电池(PbA)的ESOI最小,只有2。
In recent decades, China and the World have been devoting a significant effort to the development of energy storage technologies. Energy storage can support electrical grids in terms of peak-shaving, frequency regulation, black start, demand side response, and help resolving challenges associated with intermittency and fluctuation of renewables. This article reviews technical and economical evaluation indicators of a variety of energy storage technologies and introduces an evaluation method by Charles J. Barnhart and Sally M. Benson with a focus on energetic costs of storage. This leads to a new metric based on the energetic cost: energy stored on Investment(ESOI). A higher ESOI indicates that more "net energy" is returned. Through studying ESOI for different energy storage technologies, we found that the ESOI of mechanical based energy storage technologies is far higher than the chemical based energy storage technologies. The commonly used lead-acid(PbA)batteries only have an ESOI of 2.
In recent decades, China and the World have been devoting a significant effort to the development of energy storage technologies. Energy storage can support electrical grids in terms of peak-shaving, frequency regulation, black start, demand side response, and help resolving challenges associated with intermittency and fluctuation of renewables. This article reviews technical and economical evaluation indicators of a variety of energy storage technologies and introduces an evaluation method by Charles J. Barnhart and Sally M. Benson with a focus on energetic costs of storage. This leads to a new metric based on the energetic cost: energy stored on Investment(ESOI). A higher ESOI indicates that more "net energy" is returned. Through studying ESOI for different energy storage technologies, we found that the ESOI of mechanical based energy storage technologies is far higher than the chemical based energy storage technologies. The commonly used lead-acid(PbA)batteries only have an ESOI of 2.
引文
[1]巩俊强,邓浩,谢莹华.储能技术分类及国内大容量蓄电池储能技术比较[J].中国科技信息,2012(9):139-140.GONG Junqiang,DENG Hao,XIE Yinghua.Classification of energy storage technologies and comparison of domestic large capacity battery storage technologies[J].China Science and Technology Information,2012(9):139-140.
[2]王朔,周格,禹习谦,等.储能技术领域发表文章和专利概览综述[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(4):810-838.WANG Shuo,ZHOU Ge,YU Xiqian,et al.Overview of research papers and patents on energy storage technologies[J].Energy Storage Science and Technology,2017,6(4):810-838.
[3]CHEN H,CONG T N,YANG W,et al.Progress in electrical energy storage system:A critical review[J].Progress in Natural Science,National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences,2009,19(3):291-312.
[4]FOSSATI J P,GALARZA A,MARTIN-VILLATE A,et al.Amethod for optimal sizing energy storage systems for microgrids[J].Renewable Energy,2015,77:539-549.
[5]TAN X,LI Q,WANG H.Advances and trends of energy storage technology in microgrid[J].International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2013,44(1):179-191.
[6]CNESA Research Department.CNESA global energy storage market analysis[R].Beijing:China Energy Storage Alliance,2018.
[7]Investment and Research.The global compressed air energy storage market report 2018:4454541[R].Dublin:Investment and Research,2018.
[8]俞恩科,陈梁金.大规模电力储能技术的特性与比较[J].浙江电力,2011,30(12):4-8.YU Enke,CHEN Liangjin.Characteristics and comparison of large-scale power energy storage technologies[J].Zhejiang Electric Power,2011,30(12):4-8.
[9]方彤,王乾坤,周原冰.电池储能技术在电力系统中的应用评价及发展建议[J].能源技术经济,2011,23(11):32-36.FANG Tong,WANG Qiankun,ZHOU Yuanbing.Evaluation of the application of battery energy storage technologies in power system and development suggestions[J].Energy Technology Economy,2011,23(11):32-36.
[10]REDDY T B,LINDEN D.Linden’s handbook of batteries[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,2011.
[11]Elsevier Science(FIRM).Energy conversion and management[M].Oxford:Pergamon,2005.
[12]王承民,孙伟卿,衣涛,等.智能电网中储能技术应用规划及其效益评估方法综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(7):33-41.WANG Chengmin,SUN Weiqing,YI Tao,et al.Review on energy storage application planning and benefit evaluation methods in smart grid[J].China Journal of Electrical Engineering.2013,33(7):33-41.
[13]WALAWALKAR R,APT J,MANCINI R.Economics of electric energy storage for energy arbitrage and regulation in New York[J].Energy Policy,2007,35(4):2558-2568.
[14]STEWARD D,SAUR G,PENEV M,et al.Lifecycle cost analysis of hydrogen versus other technologies for electrical energy storage:H278.3400[R].Washington DC:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2009.
[15]MALYSZ P,SIROUSPOUR S,EMADI A.An optimal energy storage control strategy for grid-connected microgrids[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(4):1785-1796.
[16]KRAJACIC G,DUCI N,ZMIJAREVIC Z,et al.Planning for a100%independent energy system based on smart energy storage for integration of renewables and CO2emissions reduction[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2011,31(13):2073-2083.
[17]ZAKERI B,SYRI S.Electrical energy storage systems:Acomparative life cycle cost analysis[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,42:569-596.
[18]SCHOENUNG S M,HASSENZAHL W V.Long-vs.short-term energy storage technologies analysis a life-cycle cost study:A study for the DOE energy storage systems program:2003-2783[R].New Mexico:Sandia National Laboratories,2003.
[19]POONPUN P,JEWELL W T.Analysis of the cost per Kilowatt Hour to store electricity[J].IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion,2008,23(2):529-534.
[20]BREALEY R A,MYERS S C,ALLEN F.Principles of corporate finance[M].New York:Mc Graw-Hill,2012.
[21]DENHOLM P,KULCINSKI G L.Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems[J].Energy Conversion and Management,Pergamon,2004,45(13/14):2153-2172.
[22]RYDH C J.Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead-acid batteries for stationary energy storage[J].Power Sources,1998,80(1/2):21-29.
[23]王萌.压缩空气储能系统建模与全生命周期3E分析与比较研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2013.WANG Meng.Compressed air energy storage system modeling and research on life cycle 3E analysis and comparison[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2013.
[24]杜晨,陶维青,孙雯.微网中储能技术比较及应用[J].电源技术,2013,37(4):703-706.DU Chen,TAO Weiqing,SUN Wen.Discussion on energy storage technologies in microgrids and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Power Source,2013,37(4):703-706.
[25]BARNHART C J,BENSON S M.On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2013,6(4):doi:10.1039/c3ee24040a.
[26]刘芳.中国能源隐含流的国际流向和规模分析[J].现代管理科学,2018(4):54-57.
[27]LEONTIEF W.Input-output economics[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1966:134.
[28]HANNON B.The structure of ecosystems[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1973,41(3):535-546.
[29]SULLIVAN J L,GAINES L.A review of battery life-cycle analysis:state of knowledge and critical needs ANL/ESD/10-7[R].Argonne national laboratory technical report,2010.
[30]RYDH C,SAND′EN B.Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems.Part II:Energy return factors and overall battery efficiencies[J].Energy Convers.Manage.,2005,46:1957-1979.
[31]DENHOLM P,KULCINSKI.Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems[J].Energy Convers.Manage.,2004,45:2153-2172.
[32]REDDAYAY A.Energy flows:How green is my solar?[J].Renew Magzine,2016(135):34-38.
[33]SULLIVAN J L,Gaines L.A review of battery life-cycle analysis:State of knowledge and critical needs energy systems division:ANL/ESD/10-7[R].Argonne:Argonne National Laboratory,2010.
[34]GUENA T,LEBLANC P.How depth of discharge affects the cycle life of lithium-metal-polymer batteries[C]//Intelec 06-Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference.New York:IEEE,2006:1-8.
[35]CHALK S G,MILLER J F.Key challenges and recent progress in batteries,fuel cells,and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,159(1):73-80.
[36]吴贤章,尚晓丽.可再生能源发电及智能电网储能技术比较[J].储能科学与技术,2013,2(3):316-320.WU Xianzhang,SHANG Xiaoli.A review of electrical energy storage technologies for revewable power generation and smart grids[J].Energy storage science and technology.2013,2(3):316-320.
[37]中国电力智库.2017年全国电力版图[EB/OL].[2018-1-30].http://www.chinaden.cn/news_nr.asp?id=16054&Small_Class=3.
[38]智研咨询.2017-2022年中国储能行业市场深度调研及投资前景分析报告:R471773[R].北京:智研咨询集团,2016.Intellectual Research.In-depth market research and investment analysis report of China's energy storage industry from 2017 to 2022:R471773[R].Bejing:Intellectual Research Group,2016.
[39]徐博,冯连勇,胡燕,等.能源投入回报(EROI)研究进展探析[J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):42-52.XU Bo,FENG Lianyong,HU Yan,et al.Analysis of the developpment of energy investment return(EROI)research[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(2):42-57.
[40]HALL C A S,LAMBERT J G,BALOGH S B.Erol of different fuels and the implications for society[J].Energy Policy,2014,64:141-152.
[41]刘世念,苏伟,魏增福.化学储能技术在电力系统中的应用效果评价分析[J].可再生能源,2013,31(1):105-108.LIU Shinian,SU Wei,WEI Zengfu.Application effect evaluation of the chemical energy storage battery in electric power system[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2013,3(1):11-14.
[2]王朔,周格,禹习谦,等.储能技术领域发表文章和专利概览综述[J].储能科学与技术,2017,6(4):810-838.WANG Shuo,ZHOU Ge,YU Xiqian,et al.Overview of research papers and patents on energy storage technologies[J].Energy Storage Science and Technology,2017,6(4):810-838.
[3]CHEN H,CONG T N,YANG W,et al.Progress in electrical energy storage system:A critical review[J].Progress in Natural Science,National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences,2009,19(3):291-312.
[4]FOSSATI J P,GALARZA A,MARTIN-VILLATE A,et al.Amethod for optimal sizing energy storage systems for microgrids[J].Renewable Energy,2015,77:539-549.
[5]TAN X,LI Q,WANG H.Advances and trends of energy storage technology in microgrid[J].International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2013,44(1):179-191.
[6]CNESA Research Department.CNESA global energy storage market analysis[R].Beijing:China Energy Storage Alliance,2018.
[7]Investment and Research.The global compressed air energy storage market report 2018:4454541[R].Dublin:Investment and Research,2018.
[8]俞恩科,陈梁金.大规模电力储能技术的特性与比较[J].浙江电力,2011,30(12):4-8.YU Enke,CHEN Liangjin.Characteristics and comparison of large-scale power energy storage technologies[J].Zhejiang Electric Power,2011,30(12):4-8.
[9]方彤,王乾坤,周原冰.电池储能技术在电力系统中的应用评价及发展建议[J].能源技术经济,2011,23(11):32-36.FANG Tong,WANG Qiankun,ZHOU Yuanbing.Evaluation of the application of battery energy storage technologies in power system and development suggestions[J].Energy Technology Economy,2011,23(11):32-36.
[10]REDDY T B,LINDEN D.Linden’s handbook of batteries[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,2011.
[11]Elsevier Science(FIRM).Energy conversion and management[M].Oxford:Pergamon,2005.
[12]王承民,孙伟卿,衣涛,等.智能电网中储能技术应用规划及其效益评估方法综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(7):33-41.WANG Chengmin,SUN Weiqing,YI Tao,et al.Review on energy storage application planning and benefit evaluation methods in smart grid[J].China Journal of Electrical Engineering.2013,33(7):33-41.
[13]WALAWALKAR R,APT J,MANCINI R.Economics of electric energy storage for energy arbitrage and regulation in New York[J].Energy Policy,2007,35(4):2558-2568.
[14]STEWARD D,SAUR G,PENEV M,et al.Lifecycle cost analysis of hydrogen versus other technologies for electrical energy storage:H278.3400[R].Washington DC:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2009.
[15]MALYSZ P,SIROUSPOUR S,EMADI A.An optimal energy storage control strategy for grid-connected microgrids[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(4):1785-1796.
[16]KRAJACIC G,DUCI N,ZMIJAREVIC Z,et al.Planning for a100%independent energy system based on smart energy storage for integration of renewables and CO2emissions reduction[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2011,31(13):2073-2083.
[17]ZAKERI B,SYRI S.Electrical energy storage systems:Acomparative life cycle cost analysis[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,42:569-596.
[18]SCHOENUNG S M,HASSENZAHL W V.Long-vs.short-term energy storage technologies analysis a life-cycle cost study:A study for the DOE energy storage systems program:2003-2783[R].New Mexico:Sandia National Laboratories,2003.
[19]POONPUN P,JEWELL W T.Analysis of the cost per Kilowatt Hour to store electricity[J].IEEE Transactions On Energy Conversion,2008,23(2):529-534.
[20]BREALEY R A,MYERS S C,ALLEN F.Principles of corporate finance[M].New York:Mc Graw-Hill,2012.
[21]DENHOLM P,KULCINSKI G L.Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems[J].Energy Conversion and Management,Pergamon,2004,45(13/14):2153-2172.
[22]RYDH C J.Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead-acid batteries for stationary energy storage[J].Power Sources,1998,80(1/2):21-29.
[23]王萌.压缩空气储能系统建模与全生命周期3E分析与比较研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2013.WANG Meng.Compressed air energy storage system modeling and research on life cycle 3E analysis and comparison[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2013.
[24]杜晨,陶维青,孙雯.微网中储能技术比较及应用[J].电源技术,2013,37(4):703-706.DU Chen,TAO Weiqing,SUN Wen.Discussion on energy storage technologies in microgrids and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Power Source,2013,37(4):703-706.
[25]BARNHART C J,BENSON S M.On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2013,6(4):doi:10.1039/c3ee24040a.
[26]刘芳.中国能源隐含流的国际流向和规模分析[J].现代管理科学,2018(4):54-57.
[27]LEONTIEF W.Input-output economics[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1966:134.
[28]HANNON B.The structure of ecosystems[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1973,41(3):535-546.
[29]SULLIVAN J L,GAINES L.A review of battery life-cycle analysis:state of knowledge and critical needs ANL/ESD/10-7[R].Argonne national laboratory technical report,2010.
[30]RYDH C,SAND′EN B.Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems.Part II:Energy return factors and overall battery efficiencies[J].Energy Convers.Manage.,2005,46:1957-1979.
[31]DENHOLM P,KULCINSKI.Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems[J].Energy Convers.Manage.,2004,45:2153-2172.
[32]REDDAYAY A.Energy flows:How green is my solar?[J].Renew Magzine,2016(135):34-38.
[33]SULLIVAN J L,Gaines L.A review of battery life-cycle analysis:State of knowledge and critical needs energy systems division:ANL/ESD/10-7[R].Argonne:Argonne National Laboratory,2010.
[34]GUENA T,LEBLANC P.How depth of discharge affects the cycle life of lithium-metal-polymer batteries[C]//Intelec 06-Twenty-Eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference.New York:IEEE,2006:1-8.
[35]CHALK S G,MILLER J F.Key challenges and recent progress in batteries,fuel cells,and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems[J].Journal of Power Sources,2006,159(1):73-80.
[36]吴贤章,尚晓丽.可再生能源发电及智能电网储能技术比较[J].储能科学与技术,2013,2(3):316-320.WU Xianzhang,SHANG Xiaoli.A review of electrical energy storage technologies for revewable power generation and smart grids[J].Energy storage science and technology.2013,2(3):316-320.
[37]中国电力智库.2017年全国电力版图[EB/OL].[2018-1-30].http://www.chinaden.cn/news_nr.asp?id=16054&Small_Class=3.
[38]智研咨询.2017-2022年中国储能行业市场深度调研及投资前景分析报告:R471773[R].北京:智研咨询集团,2016.Intellectual Research.In-depth market research and investment analysis report of China's energy storage industry from 2017 to 2022:R471773[R].Bejing:Intellectual Research Group,2016.
[39]徐博,冯连勇,胡燕,等.能源投入回报(EROI)研究进展探析[J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):42-52.XU Bo,FENG Lianyong,HU Yan,et al.Analysis of the developpment of energy investment return(EROI)research[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(2):42-57.
[40]HALL C A S,LAMBERT J G,BALOGH S B.Erol of different fuels and the implications for society[J].Energy Policy,2014,64:141-152.
[41]刘世念,苏伟,魏增福.化学储能技术在电力系统中的应用效果评价分析[J].可再生能源,2013,31(1):105-108.LIU Shinian,SU Wei,WEI Zengfu.Application effect evaluation of the chemical energy storage battery in electric power system[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2013,3(1):11-14.