水-盐作用下红层砂岩声波特性劣化试验
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摘要
水-岩作用是岩石表面风化、结构破坏以及强度降低的重要原因之一,也是岩土力学研究领域的经典问题。基于此,以甘肃兰州地区红层砂岩作为研究对象,进行了10次不同(盐)溶液下的干湿循环试验,研究了红层砂岩的声波劣化特征以及劣化机制。结果表明:(1)随着干湿循环次数的增加,试样的质量逐渐减少,纵、横波速逐渐降低,这种变化在高浓度Na2SO4溶液中更为明显,且垂直层理试样比平行层理试样更容易劣化;(2)通过对岩石纵波的频谱特征分析,发现Na2SO4溶液条件下,岩石的能量损失较NaCl溶液更为显著。同种溶液,浓度越高,岩石的能量消散越大;(3)在劣化过程中,出现了2种形式破坏:端面剥蚀和沿层理的横向断裂和纵向劈裂;(4)微观结构分析表明,水-盐作用下岩石矿物颗粒的胶结变差,导致孔隙变大是影响红层砂岩声波劣化的主要原因。研究成果对于红层砂岩边坡长期稳定性评价具有较大的参考价值,同时,也为砂岩质文化遗产风化病害的评价、保护提供科学依据。
Water-rock interaction is one of the most important causes of surface weathering, structure damage and strength reduction of rock. Water-rock interaction is also a classical problem of research field of rock and soil mechanics. In order to investigate the deterioration characteristics and mechanism of acoustic wave properties of red-bed sandstone in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, a series of dry-wet cycle tests with different salt solutions is conducted. The research results show that the mass, P-wave and S-wave of red-bed sandstone specimens gradually decrease with the increasing of the number of dry-wet cycles with salt solution, especially with sulphate solution. Furthermore, it is easier for the samples perpendicular to the direction of bedding plane than the samples parallel to the direction of bedding plane to get deteriorated. Based on the P-wave spectrum analysis, the sulphate solution causes more energy loss than the sodium chloride solution. For the same salt solution, there is a highly positive correlation between the energy loss and the salt solution concentration. During the deterioration process, there are two types of deterioration, the end-face pulverization and rupture along the bedding plane. The microstructure analysis indicates that the cementation weakening of mineral particles and void increasing of rock due to the dry-wet cycles with salt solution are the main reasons of degradation of red-bed sandstone acoustic wave properties. Research results have important implications for the long-term slope stability evaluation of red-bed sandstone, and the evaluation and control of weathering disease of stone cultural heritage.
Water-rock interaction is one of the most important causes of surface weathering, structure damage and strength reduction of rock. Water-rock interaction is also a classical problem of research field of rock and soil mechanics. In order to investigate the deterioration characteristics and mechanism of acoustic wave properties of red-bed sandstone in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, a series of dry-wet cycle tests with different salt solutions is conducted. The research results show that the mass, P-wave and S-wave of red-bed sandstone specimens gradually decrease with the increasing of the number of dry-wet cycles with salt solution, especially with sulphate solution. Furthermore, it is easier for the samples perpendicular to the direction of bedding plane than the samples parallel to the direction of bedding plane to get deteriorated. Based on the P-wave spectrum analysis, the sulphate solution causes more energy loss than the sodium chloride solution. For the same salt solution, there is a highly positive correlation between the energy loss and the salt solution concentration. During the deterioration process, there are two types of deterioration, the end-face pulverization and rupture along the bedding plane. The microstructure analysis indicates that the cementation weakening of mineral particles and void increasing of rock due to the dry-wet cycles with salt solution are the main reasons of degradation of red-bed sandstone acoustic wave properties. Research results have important implications for the long-term slope stability evaluation of red-bed sandstone, and the evaluation and control of weathering disease of stone cultural heritage.
引文
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[18]王宝军,施斌,蔡奕,等.基于GIS的黏性土SEM图像三维可视化与孔隙度计算[J].岩土力学,2008,29(1):251-255.WANG Bao-jun,SHI Bin,CAI Yi,et al.3D visualization and porosity computation of clay soil SEM image by GIS[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(1):251-255.
[19]周翠英,谭祥韶,邓毅梅,等.特殊软岩软化的微观机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3):394-400.ZHOU Cui-ying,TAN Xiang-shao,DENG Yi-mei,et al.Research on softening micro-mechanism of special soft rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(3):394-400.
[2]邓华锋,胡安龙,李建林,等.水岩作用下砂岩劣化损伤统计本构模型[J].岩土力学,2017,38(3):631-639.DENG Hua-feng,HU An-long,LI Jian-lin,et al.Statistical damage constitutive model of sandstone under water-rock interaction[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(3):631-639.
[3]刘新荣,李栋梁,张梁,等.干湿循环对泥质砂岩力学特性及其微细观结构影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(7):1291-1300.LIU Xin-rong,LI Dong-liang,ZHANG Liang,et al.Influence of wetting-drying cycles on mechanical properties and microstructure of shaly sandstone[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(7):1291-1300.
[4]傅晏.干湿循环水岩相互作用下岩石劣化机理研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2010:15-41.FU Yan.Study on water-rock interaction with the cyclic drying-wetting effect on rock[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2010:15-41.
[5]PAUL A HALE.A laboratory investigation of the effects of cyclic heating and cooling,wetting and drying,and freezing and thawing on the compressive strength of selected sandstones[J].The Geological Society of Amercia,2003,IX(2):117-130.
[6]徐叔鹰.论盐风化过程及其地貌意义[J].铁道师院学报(自然科学版),1993,9(3):24-30.XU Shu-ying.A study on the salt weathering process and its geomorphological significance[J].Journal of Suzhou Railway Teachers College,1993,9(3):24-30.
[7]汤连生,王思敬.水-岩化学作用对岩体变形破坏力学效应研究进展[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(5):433-438.TANG Lian-sheng,WANG Si-jing.Progress in the study on mechanical effect of the chemical action of water-rock on deformation and failure of rocks[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,1999,14(5):433-438.
[8]谭松娥.可溶盐对大足石刻砂岩劣化作用实验研究[D]武汉:中国地质大学,2013:1-56.TAN Song-e.Deterioration test of soluble salt on sandstone of Dazu rock carvings[D].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2013:1-56.
[9]曾庆森.水化学环境对砂岩断裂韧度影响的试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015:29-39.ZENG Qing-sen.Experimental study in water chemical envieonment effect on the fracture toughness of sandstone[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2015:29-39.
[10]NADINE LINDSTR?M,NICOLE HEITMANN,KIRSTEN LINNOW,et al.Crystallization behavior of Na NO3-Na2SO4 salt mixtures in sandstone and comparison to single salt behavior[J].Applied Geochemistry,2015,63:116-132.
[11]ALI BAHADIR YAVUZ,TAMER TOPAL.Effects of different drying temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of some marbles(Mugla,Turkey)during salt crystallization tests[J].Environment Earth Science,2016,75:982.
[12]GHOBADI M H,BABAZADEH R.Experimental studies on the effects of cyclic freezing-thawing,salt crystallization,and thermal shock on the physical and mechanical characteristics of selected sandstones[J].Rock Mechanics Rock Engineering,2015,48:1001-1016.
[13]王鹏,许金余,方新宇,等.红砂岩吸水软化及冻融循环力学特性劣化[J].岩土力学,2018,39(6):2065-2072.WANG Peng,XU Jin-yu,FANG Xin-yu,et al.Water softening and freeze-thaw cycling induced decay of red-sandstone[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(6):2065-2072.
[14]沈云霞.西北干旱地区遗址土盐风化机理研究--以Na2SO4-NaCl混合盐为例[D].兰州:兰州大学,2017.SHEN Yun-xia.Salt weathering mechanism of ancient earthen material in arid area of Northwest China:a case study of Na2SO4-NaCl salt mixtures[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2017.
[15]闫长斌,王贵军,石守亮,等.岩体爆破损伤声波测试信号频谱特征的小波(包)分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(7):1496-1502.YAN Chang-bin,WANG Gui-jun,SHI Shou-liang,et al.Analysis of acoustic wave frequency spectrum characters of rock mass under blasting damage based on wavelet(packet)transformation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(7):1496-1502.
[16]华朝,李明远,林梅钦,等.利用表面电势表征砂岩储层岩石表面润湿性[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(2):142-149.HUA Zhao,LI Ming-yuan,LIN Mei-qin,et al.Characterization of sandstone surface wettability by surface potential[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2015,39(2):142-149.
[17]饶伟,李定国.双电层吸附离子的动力学研究[J].海军工程大学学报,2009,21(4):108-112.RAO Wei,LI Ding-guo.Dynamics research on ion adsorption of electric double layer[J].Journal of Naval University of Engineering,2009,21(4):108-112.
[18]王宝军,施斌,蔡奕,等.基于GIS的黏性土SEM图像三维可视化与孔隙度计算[J].岩土力学,2008,29(1):251-255.WANG Bao-jun,SHI Bin,CAI Yi,et al.3D visualization and porosity computation of clay soil SEM image by GIS[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(1):251-255.
[19]周翠英,谭祥韶,邓毅梅,等.特殊软岩软化的微观机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3):394-400.ZHOU Cui-ying,TAN Xiang-shao,DENG Yi-mei,et al.Research on softening micro-mechanism of special soft rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(3):394-400.