装备无故障发现与间歇故障诊断技术
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摘要
无故障发现是装备单元在某维修级别被认为故障而拆卸,却在下一维修级别测试没有发现故障的现象,日益成为装备测试与保障领域的突出问题。间歇故障是无故障发现的主要原因,也是故障检测诊断领域面临的棘手问题。介绍了无故障发现和间歇故障的基本概念,总结分析了无故障发现和间歇故障的产生诱因、分类及对装备的影响,概述了无故障发现、间歇故障检测与诊断技术的国内外研究现状,指出了间歇故障确定性检测的发展趋势,深入分析了间歇故障诊断领域的关键技术与发展方向。
No fault found(NFF) is the result of testing when a unit removed as faulty at one level of maintenance is found to be fault free that at the next lower of maintenance. It poses a significant challenge in the field of equipment testing and maintenance. Intermittent fault is the main cause of NFF and the thorny problem in fault detection and diagnosis. The fundamental concepts of NFF and intermittent fault are introduced. Their causes, classifications and influences on equipments are analyzed. The research situations of NFF and intermittent fault diagnosis technology are summarized. The certainty detection trend of intermittent fault is proposed.Finally, the key technologies and development direction in intermittent fault diagnosis field are analyzed.
No fault found(NFF) is the result of testing when a unit removed as faulty at one level of maintenance is found to be fault free that at the next lower of maintenance. It poses a significant challenge in the field of equipment testing and maintenance. Intermittent fault is the main cause of NFF and the thorny problem in fault detection and diagnosis. The fundamental concepts of NFF and intermittent fault are introduced. Their causes, classifications and influences on equipments are analyzed. The research situations of NFF and intermittent fault diagnosis technology are summarized. The certainty detection trend of intermittent fault is proposed.Finally, the key technologies and development direction in intermittent fault diagnosis field are analyzed.
引文
[1] Khan S,Phillips P,Jennions I,et al. No Fault Found events in maintenance engineering Part 1:Current trends, implications and organizational practices[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety,2014,123:183-195.
[2] Hockley W C C J. Identifying the true cost of no fault found(NFF)within the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence(MOD)[C]//MFPT 2014 Conference:Technology Solutions for Affordable Sustainment. 2014.
[3] Hockley C J,Phillips P. Current research activity on the impact of no fault found(NFF)on maintenance effectiveness through life[C]//Technical Program for MFPT 2012, The Prognostics and Health Management Solutions ConferencePHM:Driving Efficient Operations and Maintenance. 2012.
[4] Soderholm P. A system view of the no fault found(NFF)phenomenon[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety2007,92(1):1-14.
[5] Ungar L Y, Kirkland L V. Unraveling the cannot duplicate and retest OK problems by utilizing physics in testing and diagnoses[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 2008:490-495.
[6]邱静,刘冠军,吕克洪,等.机电系统机内测试降虚警技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009.
[7] Williams R,Banner J,Knowles I,et al. Investigation of'cannot duplicate'failures[J]. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 1998,14(5):331-337.
[8] Sedighi T,Foote P D,Khan S. Intermittent fault detection on an experimental aircraft fuel rig:reduce the No Fault Found rate[C]//4th International Conference on Systems and Control. 2015:110-115.
[9] Hockley C, Phillips P. The impact of no fault found on through-life engineering services[J]. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering,2012,18(2):141-153.
[10]可靠性维修性保障性术语:GJB451A-2005[S].北京:总装备部,2005.
[11] The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms:IEEE Std 100-2000[S].2000.
[12] Ahmad S W,Jennions I,Perinpanayagam S,et al. A carrier signal approach for intermittent fault detection and health monitoring for electronics interconnections system[J]. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2015,6(12):144-150.
[13] Khan S,Phillips P,Hockley C,et al. No Fault Found events in maintenance engineering Part 2:Root causes, technical developments and future research[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety,2014,123:196-208.
[14] Qi H,Ganesan S,Pecht M. No-fault-found and intermittent failures in electronic products[J]. Microelectronics Reliability,2008,48(5):663-674.
[15] Sorensen B A,Kelly G,Sajecki A,et al. An analyzer for detecting intermittent faults in electronic devices[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 1994:417-421.
[16] Jones J, Hayes J. Investigation of the occurrence of:Nofaults-found in electronic equipment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability,2001,50(3):289-292.
[17] Hawkins W C F. Apache seems to indicate a 55:45 electrical/mechanical NFF split[C]//No Fault Found Symposi-um. 2013.
[18] Electronic test equipment intermittent fault detection&isolation:MIL-PRF-32516[S]. DoD, 2015.
[19] Syed W A,Perinpanayagam S,Samie M,et al. A novel intermittent fault detection algorithm and health monitoring for electronic interconnections[J]. IEEE Transactions on Components Packaging And Manufacturing Technology,2016,6(3):400-406.
[20] Ahmad W S,Perinpanayagam S,Jennions I,et al. Study on intermittent faults and electrical continuity[C]//3rd International Conference In Through-Life Engineering Services.2014:71-75.
[21] Steadman B,Berghout F,Olsen N. Intermittent fault detection and isolation system[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 2008:37-40.
[22] Sievert S S. Attacking “bad actor” and “no fault found” electronic boxes[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 2005:821-824.
[23] Syed W A,Khan S,Phillips P,et al. Intermittent fault finding strategies[C]//2nd International Through-life Engineering Services Conference. 2013:74-79.
[24] Anderson K. Ncompass-Voyager~(TM), intermittent fault detector[C]//DoD Maintenance Symposium.2014.
[25] Murray A. No Fault Found, a platform integrator's view of the problem[C]//No Fault Found Symposium. 2013.
[26] Hockley C,Jennions I, Phillips P,et al. Reduction of NoFault(NFF)Through System Design[R]//Annual Report of EPSRC,2013-2014.
[27] Guidelines for the reduction of no fault found(NFF):ARINC-672[S]. ARINC, 2008.
[28]王刚.复杂电磁环境中BIT诊断能力增强技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2017.
[29] Liu G J,Xu Z,Qiu J,et al. Intelligent method of reducing false alarm in built-in test based on time stress measurement device-support vector machine-hidden markov model[J]. Journal of National University of Defense Technology,2007,29(4):100-104.
[30]刘语乔,贾雨,聂睿.机组告警信息地面实时监控系统设计[J].测控技术,2018,37(4):156-158.
[31] Pickthall N. The contribution of maintenance human factors to no fault founds on aircraft systems engineering[C]//3rd International Conference In Through-Life Engineering Services. 2014:59-64.
[32] Khan S. Maintenance requirements in aerospace systems[C]//4th International Conference on Through-life Engineering Services. 2015:100-105.
[33] Zaidi S S H,Zanardelli W G,Aviyente S,et al. Comparative study of time-frequency methods for the detection and categorization of intermittent faults in electrical drives[C]//International Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power Electronics and Drives. 2007:39-45.
[34]Zanardelli W G, Strangas E G, Aviyente S. Identification of intermittent electrical and mechanical faults in permanent-magnet AC drives based on time-frequency analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2007,43(4):971-980.
[35] Singh S, Kodali A, Pattipati K. A factorial hidden markov model(FHMM)-based reasoner for diagnosing multiple intermittent faults[C]//International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering. 2009:146-151.
[36] Singh S,Subramania H S,Holland S W,et al. Decision forest for root cause analysis of intermittent faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics,Part C:Applications and Reviews,2012,42(6):1818-1827.
[37] de Kleer J,Price B,Kuhn L,et al. A framework for continuously estimating persistent and intermittent failure probabilities[C]//19th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis. 2008:63-70.
[38] Sugasawa Y,Seya K. Fault and robust detection of error of a system with intermittent fault[J]. Electronics and Communications in Japan(Part I:Communications),1988,71(8):46-51.
[39] Krasnobaev V. Application of Petri Nets for the modeling,detection and location of intermittent faults in computers[J]. Automation and Remote Control, 1989,49:1198-1204.
[40] Nakagawa T,Yasui K. Optimal testing-policies for intermittent faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 1989,38(5):577-580.
[41] Breuer M A. Testing for intermittent faults in digital circuits[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1973,22(3):713-719.
[42] Prasad V B. Markovian model for the evaluation of reliability of computer networks with intermittent faults[J]. IEEE Circuits and Systems,1991,4(6):2084-2087.
[43] Ismaeel A A, Bhatnagar R. Test for detection and location of intermittent faults in combinational circuits[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 1997,46(2):269-274.
[44] Ricks B W, Mengshoel O J. Diagnosing intermittent and persistent faults using static Bayesian networks[C]//21st International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis. 2010:1-8.
[45] Fu B, Beigel R. Diagnosis in the presence of intermittent faults[C]//Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences. 2004:427-441.
[46] Dahbura A T,Masson G M. Greedy diagnosis as the basis of an intermittent-fault/transient-upset tolerant system design[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1983,32(10):953-957.
[47] Blom M, Lippolt B. Diagnosing intermittent faults in telecommunication networks[J]. Global Telecommunications Conference, 1992:544-548.
[48] Contant 0,Lafortune S,Teneketzis D. Failure diagnosis of discrete event systems:the case of intermittent faults[C]//Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. 2002:4006-4011.
[49] Contant 0,Lafortune S,Teneketzis D. Diagnosis of intermittent faults[J]. Discrete Event Dynamic Systems:Theory and Applications,2004,14(2):171-202.
[50] Correcher A,Garcia E,Morant F,et al. Diagnosis of intermittent fault dynamics[C]//International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. 2008:559-566.
[51] Carvalho L K,Basilio J C,Moreira M V,et al. Diagnosability of intermittent sensor faults in discrete event systems[C]//2013 American Control Conference. 2013:929-934.
[52] Yaramasu A,Cao Y,Liu G,et al. Intermittent wiring fault detection and diagnosis for SSPC based aircraft power distribution system[C]//The 2012 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. 2012:1117-1122.
[53] Sedighi T, Phillips P, Foote P D. Model-based intermittent fault detection[J]. Procedia CIRP,2013,11:68-73.
[54] Savir J. Testing for single intermittent failures in combinational circuits by maximizing the probability of fault detection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1980,29(5):410-416.
[55] Kranitis N,Merentitis A,Laoutaris N,et al. Optimal periodic testing of intermittent faults in embedded pipelined processor applications[C]//Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe. 2006:65-70.
[56] Anderson K. Focused technology transition:intermittent fault detection&isolation system~(TM)(IFDIS~(TM))[C]//DoD Maintenance Symposium. 2014.
[57]鄢镕易,何潇,周东华.线性离散系统间歇故障的鲁棒检测方法[J].上海交通大学学报,2015,49(6):812-818.
[58]周东华,史建涛,何潇.动态系统间歇故障诊断技术综述[J].自动化学报,2014,40(2):161-171.
[59] Cui T,Dong X Z,Bo Z Q,et al. Hilbert transform based transient intermittent earth fault detection in noneffectively grounded distribution systems[J]. IEEE Transations on Power Delivery,2011,26(1):143-151.
[60] Zhao J Z,Lei Y. Modeling for early fault detection of intermittent connections on controller area networks[C]//The2012 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. 2012:1135-1140.
[61]柳新民.机电系统BIT间歇故障虚警抑制技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2005.
[62]吕克洪.基于时间应力分析的BIT降虚警与故障预测技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2008.
[63]邓冠前.极端温度环境下间歇故障诊断关键技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2013.
[64]沈亲沐.振动环境中电连接器间歇故障机理与在线诊断技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2016.
[65]周在中.温度应力下电连接器间歇故障机理研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2017.
[2] Hockley W C C J. Identifying the true cost of no fault found(NFF)within the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence(MOD)[C]//MFPT 2014 Conference:Technology Solutions for Affordable Sustainment. 2014.
[3] Hockley C J,Phillips P. Current research activity on the impact of no fault found(NFF)on maintenance effectiveness through life[C]//Technical Program for MFPT 2012, The Prognostics and Health Management Solutions ConferencePHM:Driving Efficient Operations and Maintenance. 2012.
[4] Soderholm P. A system view of the no fault found(NFF)phenomenon[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety2007,92(1):1-14.
[5] Ungar L Y, Kirkland L V. Unraveling the cannot duplicate and retest OK problems by utilizing physics in testing and diagnoses[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 2008:490-495.
[6]邱静,刘冠军,吕克洪,等.机电系统机内测试降虚警技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009.
[7] Williams R,Banner J,Knowles I,et al. Investigation of'cannot duplicate'failures[J]. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 1998,14(5):331-337.
[8] Sedighi T,Foote P D,Khan S. Intermittent fault detection on an experimental aircraft fuel rig:reduce the No Fault Found rate[C]//4th International Conference on Systems and Control. 2015:110-115.
[9] Hockley C, Phillips P. The impact of no fault found on through-life engineering services[J]. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering,2012,18(2):141-153.
[10]可靠性维修性保障性术语:GJB451A-2005[S].北京:总装备部,2005.
[11] The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms:IEEE Std 100-2000[S].2000.
[12] Ahmad S W,Jennions I,Perinpanayagam S,et al. A carrier signal approach for intermittent fault detection and health monitoring for electronics interconnections system[J]. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2015,6(12):144-150.
[13] Khan S,Phillips P,Hockley C,et al. No Fault Found events in maintenance engineering Part 2:Root causes, technical developments and future research[J]. Reliability Engineering&System Safety,2014,123:196-208.
[14] Qi H,Ganesan S,Pecht M. No-fault-found and intermittent failures in electronic products[J]. Microelectronics Reliability,2008,48(5):663-674.
[15] Sorensen B A,Kelly G,Sajecki A,et al. An analyzer for detecting intermittent faults in electronic devices[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 1994:417-421.
[16] Jones J, Hayes J. Investigation of the occurrence of:Nofaults-found in electronic equipment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability,2001,50(3):289-292.
[17] Hawkins W C F. Apache seems to indicate a 55:45 electrical/mechanical NFF split[C]//No Fault Found Symposi-um. 2013.
[18] Electronic test equipment intermittent fault detection&isolation:MIL-PRF-32516[S]. DoD, 2015.
[19] Syed W A,Perinpanayagam S,Samie M,et al. A novel intermittent fault detection algorithm and health monitoring for electronic interconnections[J]. IEEE Transactions on Components Packaging And Manufacturing Technology,2016,6(3):400-406.
[20] Ahmad W S,Perinpanayagam S,Jennions I,et al. Study on intermittent faults and electrical continuity[C]//3rd International Conference In Through-Life Engineering Services.2014:71-75.
[21] Steadman B,Berghout F,Olsen N. Intermittent fault detection and isolation system[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 2008:37-40.
[22] Sievert S S. Attacking “bad actor” and “no fault found” electronic boxes[C]//IEEE Autotestcon. 2005:821-824.
[23] Syed W A,Khan S,Phillips P,et al. Intermittent fault finding strategies[C]//2nd International Through-life Engineering Services Conference. 2013:74-79.
[24] Anderson K. Ncompass-Voyager~(TM), intermittent fault detector[C]//DoD Maintenance Symposium.2014.
[25] Murray A. No Fault Found, a platform integrator's view of the problem[C]//No Fault Found Symposium. 2013.
[26] Hockley C,Jennions I, Phillips P,et al. Reduction of NoFault(NFF)Through System Design[R]//Annual Report of EPSRC,2013-2014.
[27] Guidelines for the reduction of no fault found(NFF):ARINC-672[S]. ARINC, 2008.
[28]王刚.复杂电磁环境中BIT诊断能力增强技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2017.
[29] Liu G J,Xu Z,Qiu J,et al. Intelligent method of reducing false alarm in built-in test based on time stress measurement device-support vector machine-hidden markov model[J]. Journal of National University of Defense Technology,2007,29(4):100-104.
[30]刘语乔,贾雨,聂睿.机组告警信息地面实时监控系统设计[J].测控技术,2018,37(4):156-158.
[31] Pickthall N. The contribution of maintenance human factors to no fault founds on aircraft systems engineering[C]//3rd International Conference In Through-Life Engineering Services. 2014:59-64.
[32] Khan S. Maintenance requirements in aerospace systems[C]//4th International Conference on Through-life Engineering Services. 2015:100-105.
[33] Zaidi S S H,Zanardelli W G,Aviyente S,et al. Comparative study of time-frequency methods for the detection and categorization of intermittent faults in electrical drives[C]//International Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power Electronics and Drives. 2007:39-45.
[34]Zanardelli W G, Strangas E G, Aviyente S. Identification of intermittent electrical and mechanical faults in permanent-magnet AC drives based on time-frequency analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2007,43(4):971-980.
[35] Singh S, Kodali A, Pattipati K. A factorial hidden markov model(FHMM)-based reasoner for diagnosing multiple intermittent faults[C]//International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering. 2009:146-151.
[36] Singh S,Subramania H S,Holland S W,et al. Decision forest for root cause analysis of intermittent faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics,Part C:Applications and Reviews,2012,42(6):1818-1827.
[37] de Kleer J,Price B,Kuhn L,et al. A framework for continuously estimating persistent and intermittent failure probabilities[C]//19th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis. 2008:63-70.
[38] Sugasawa Y,Seya K. Fault and robust detection of error of a system with intermittent fault[J]. Electronics and Communications in Japan(Part I:Communications),1988,71(8):46-51.
[39] Krasnobaev V. Application of Petri Nets for the modeling,detection and location of intermittent faults in computers[J]. Automation and Remote Control, 1989,49:1198-1204.
[40] Nakagawa T,Yasui K. Optimal testing-policies for intermittent faults[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 1989,38(5):577-580.
[41] Breuer M A. Testing for intermittent faults in digital circuits[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1973,22(3):713-719.
[42] Prasad V B. Markovian model for the evaluation of reliability of computer networks with intermittent faults[J]. IEEE Circuits and Systems,1991,4(6):2084-2087.
[43] Ismaeel A A, Bhatnagar R. Test for detection and location of intermittent faults in combinational circuits[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 1997,46(2):269-274.
[44] Ricks B W, Mengshoel O J. Diagnosing intermittent and persistent faults using static Bayesian networks[C]//21st International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis. 2010:1-8.
[45] Fu B, Beigel R. Diagnosis in the presence of intermittent faults[C]//Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences. 2004:427-441.
[46] Dahbura A T,Masson G M. Greedy diagnosis as the basis of an intermittent-fault/transient-upset tolerant system design[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1983,32(10):953-957.
[47] Blom M, Lippolt B. Diagnosing intermittent faults in telecommunication networks[J]. Global Telecommunications Conference, 1992:544-548.
[48] Contant 0,Lafortune S,Teneketzis D. Failure diagnosis of discrete event systems:the case of intermittent faults[C]//Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. 2002:4006-4011.
[49] Contant 0,Lafortune S,Teneketzis D. Diagnosis of intermittent faults[J]. Discrete Event Dynamic Systems:Theory and Applications,2004,14(2):171-202.
[50] Correcher A,Garcia E,Morant F,et al. Diagnosis of intermittent fault dynamics[C]//International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. 2008:559-566.
[51] Carvalho L K,Basilio J C,Moreira M V,et al. Diagnosability of intermittent sensor faults in discrete event systems[C]//2013 American Control Conference. 2013:929-934.
[52] Yaramasu A,Cao Y,Liu G,et al. Intermittent wiring fault detection and diagnosis for SSPC based aircraft power distribution system[C]//The 2012 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. 2012:1117-1122.
[53] Sedighi T, Phillips P, Foote P D. Model-based intermittent fault detection[J]. Procedia CIRP,2013,11:68-73.
[54] Savir J. Testing for single intermittent failures in combinational circuits by maximizing the probability of fault detection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 1980,29(5):410-416.
[55] Kranitis N,Merentitis A,Laoutaris N,et al. Optimal periodic testing of intermittent faults in embedded pipelined processor applications[C]//Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe. 2006:65-70.
[56] Anderson K. Focused technology transition:intermittent fault detection&isolation system~(TM)(IFDIS~(TM))[C]//DoD Maintenance Symposium. 2014.
[57]鄢镕易,何潇,周东华.线性离散系统间歇故障的鲁棒检测方法[J].上海交通大学学报,2015,49(6):812-818.
[58]周东华,史建涛,何潇.动态系统间歇故障诊断技术综述[J].自动化学报,2014,40(2):161-171.
[59] Cui T,Dong X Z,Bo Z Q,et al. Hilbert transform based transient intermittent earth fault detection in noneffectively grounded distribution systems[J]. IEEE Transations on Power Delivery,2011,26(1):143-151.
[60] Zhao J Z,Lei Y. Modeling for early fault detection of intermittent connections on controller area networks[C]//The2012 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. 2012:1135-1140.
[61]柳新民.机电系统BIT间歇故障虚警抑制技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2005.
[62]吕克洪.基于时间应力分析的BIT降虚警与故障预测技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2008.
[63]邓冠前.极端温度环境下间歇故障诊断关键技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2013.
[64]沈亲沐.振动环境中电连接器间歇故障机理与在线诊断技术研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2016.
[65]周在中.温度应力下电连接器间歇故障机理研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2017.