珊瑚礁地质稳定性研究现状
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摘要
为探究珊瑚礁稳定性的研究现状,对影响礁体稳定性的诸多因素如礁体结构、地形地貌、波浪、潮汐、潮流、风诸如热带气旋和风暴、海流等进行总结,结果表明以上诸多因素可在不同程度上决定或影响礁体稳定性。同时指出现阶段礁体稳定性研究所需注意的问题,其一是涉及珊瑚礁地质稳定性的礁体结构、地貌形态的研究尚少,需合理利用多波束测深仪、高分辨率多道地震探测系统、钻探及AUV、三维实时声学成像声呐技术获取礁体地形、地层及剖面形态,并借助GIS技术对滑坡等失稳地带进行圈定,其二是潟湖区、礁体边坡等区域的稳定性研究缺乏,需引入极限平衡法评估礁体边坡、泻湖等区域的稳定性,且需考虑波浪、潮汐引入的孔隙水压力、渗流力的影响。通过综述礁体稳定性研究现状及未来礁体稳定性研究的方向的展望,以期为珊瑚礁体上的工程建设及未来的珊瑚礁地质稳定性研究提供些许启示。
To understand the research situation of the coral reefal geological stability, we briefly describe the sub-bottom structure of coral reefs and the factors that can influence sediment transport, topography, and landforms in the coral reef, such as reefal structure, topographic and geomorphic features, wave, tide, tidal current, wind(including tropical cyclone and storm), and ocean currents, which consequently affect the reefal geological stability. This article also presents the problems of reefal geology stability. Considering the studies on the profile structure, topography, and landforms of the coral reef, which are closely relate to the reefal geology stability, we present suitable methods for detecting the solid shape and stratum structure of the reef: multi-beam echo sounder, highresolution multichannel seismic exploration system, drilling, autonomous underwater data acquisition technology, and high-resolution real-time 3 D sonar. With the data on the solid shape and stratum structure, we define the range of unstable zone with the advanced geographic information system(GIS). Furthermore, few studies were carried out on the stability of reef slope, inner reef flat, and slope of lagoon, which can be evaluated by the limit equilibrium method. In this evaluation, the pore water pressure and seepage force of the reefal seabed, which are caused by waves and tides, must be considered. The aim of the article is to provide references to coral reef researchers.
To understand the research situation of the coral reefal geological stability, we briefly describe the sub-bottom structure of coral reefs and the factors that can influence sediment transport, topography, and landforms in the coral reef, such as reefal structure, topographic and geomorphic features, wave, tide, tidal current, wind(including tropical cyclone and storm), and ocean currents, which consequently affect the reefal geological stability. This article also presents the problems of reefal geology stability. Considering the studies on the profile structure, topography, and landforms of the coral reef, which are closely relate to the reefal geology stability, we present suitable methods for detecting the solid shape and stratum structure of the reef: multi-beam echo sounder, highresolution multichannel seismic exploration system, drilling, autonomous underwater data acquisition technology, and high-resolution real-time 3 D sonar. With the data on the solid shape and stratum structure, we define the range of unstable zone with the advanced geographic information system(GIS). Furthermore, few studies were carried out on the stability of reef slope, inner reef flat, and slope of lagoon, which can be evaluated by the limit equilibrium method. In this evaluation, the pore water pressure and seepage force of the reefal seabed, which are caused by waves and tides, must be considered. The aim of the article is to provide references to coral reef researchers.
引文
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[2]傅秀梅,邵长伦,王长云,等.中国珊瑚礁资源状况及其药用研究调查Ⅱ.资源衰退状况,保护与管理[J].中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版,2009,39(4):685-690.Fu Xiumei,Shao Changlun,Wang Changyun,et al.Investigation on the status of coral reef resources and medicinal research in ChinaⅡ.Resource decline status,protection and management[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2009,39(4):685-690.
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[9]单华刚,王稔.珊瑚礁工程地质中的几个重要问题研究[C]//中国地质学会.第六届全国工程地质大会论文集.南宁:中国地质学会,2000:361-365.Shan Huagang,Wang Nian.Study on some important problem in coral reef engineering geology[C]//Geological Society of China.Collected Papers of the 6th Chinese Engineering Geology.Nanning:Geological Society of China,2000:361-365.
[10]詹文欢,詹美珍,孙宗勋,等.雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁礁体结构与场地稳定性分析[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(3):151-154.Zhan Wenhuan,Zhan Meizhen,Sun Zongxun,et al.Rock mass structure and ground stability of coral reefs in the southwestern Leizhou Peninsula[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2010,29(3):151-154.
[11]Barrett S J,Webster J M.Holocene evolution of the Great Barrier Reef:Insights from 3D numerical modelling[J].Sedimentary Geology,2012,265:56-71.
[12]严与平,柯有青.浅谈珊瑚礁工程地质特性及地基处理[J].资源环境与工程,2008,22(U12):47-49.Yan Yuping,Ke Youqing.Discussion on the feathers of Coral Reefs’Engineering geology and their foundation treatment[J].Resources Environment&Engineering,2008,22(U12):47-49.
[13]Gischler E,Hudson J H.Holocene development of the Belize Barrier Reef[J].Sedimentary Geology,2004,164(3):223-236.
[14]单华刚,汪稔.南沙群岛永暑礁工程地质特性[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(3):31-36.Shan Huagang,Wang Nian.Youshu Reef engineering geology of Nansha Islands[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2000,20(3):31-36.
[15]Shinn E A,Hudson J H,Halley R B,et al.Geology and sediment accumulation rates at Carrie Bow Cay,Belize[J].The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay,Belize,1982,1:63-75.
[16]Woodroffe C D,Webster J M.Coral reefs and sea-level change[J].Marine Geology,2014,352:248-267.
[17]赵焕庭,宋朝景,卢博,等.珊瑚礁工程地质研究的内容和方法[J].工程地质学报,1997,5(1):21-27.Zhao Huanting,Song Chaojing,Lu Bo,et al.The contents and methods of the research of coral reef engineering geology[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1997,5(1):21-27.
[18]Camoin G F,Montaggioni L F,Braithwaite C.Late glacial to post glacial sea levels in the Western Indian Ocean[J].Marine Geology,2004,206(1):119-146.
[19]Rosleff-Soerensen B,Reuning L,Back S,et al.Seismic geomorphology and growth architecture of a Miocene Barrier Reef,Browse Basin,NW-Australia[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2012,29(1):233-254.
[20]孙宗勋,詹文欢,朱俊江.南沙群岛永暑礁岩体稳定性评价[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(4):9-14.Sun Zongxun,Zhan Wenhuan,Zhu Junjiang.Rockmass stability of Yongshu Reef,Nansha Islands[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2003,23(4):9-14.
[21]Guo L,Zhan W,Xiong L,et al.Impacts of earthquake on atoll in Nansha Islands,South China Sea[C/OL]//Crockett R G M.EGU General Assembly Conference.[2016-12-21].http://egu2016.eu/home.html.
[22]Kennedy D M,Woodroffe C D.Fringing reef growth and morphology:a review[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2002,57(3):255-277.
[23]Solihuddin T,Collins L B,Blakeway D,et al.Holocene coral reef growth and sea level in a macrotidal,high turbidity setting:Cockatoo Island,Kimberley Bioregion,northwest Australia[J].Marine Geology,2015,359:60.
[24]Hopley D,Davies P J,Harvey N,et al.The geomorphology of Redbill Reef,central great barrier reef[C]//Gomez E D.The 4th International Coral Reef Symposium.Manila:Marine Science Center,University of the Philippines,1981:542-547.
[25]姚宇,袁万成,杜睿超,等.岸礁礁冠对波浪传播变形及增水影响的实验研究[J].热带海洋学报,2015,34(6):19-25.Yao Yu,Yuan Wancheng,Du Ruichao,et al.Experimental study of reef crest’s effects on wave transformation and wave-induced setup over fringing reefs[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2015,34(6):19-25.
[26]Harris D L,Vila-Concejo A,Webster J M,et al.Spatial variations in wave transformation and sediment entrainment on a coral reef sand apron[J].Marine Geology,2015,363:220-229.
[27]Brander R W,Kench P S,Hart D.Spatial and temporal variations in wave characteristics across a reef platform,Warraber Island,Torres Strait,Australia[J].Marine Geology,2004,207(1):169-184.
[28]Mandlier P G,Kench P S.Analytical modelling of wave refraction and convergence on coral reef platforms:Implications for island formation and stability[J].Geomorphology,2012,159:84-92.
[29]孙宗勋,赵焕庭.南沙群岛珊瑚礁动力地貌特征[J].热带海洋,1996,15(2):53-60.Sun Zongxun,Zhao Huanting.Features of Dynamic Geomorphology of Coral Reefs in Nansha Islands[J].Tropic Oceanology,1996,15(2):53-60.
[30]Yao Y,Huang Z,Monismith S G,et al.Characteristics of monochromatic waves breaking over fringing reefs[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2012,29(1):94-104.
[31]Roy P,Connell J.Climatic change and the future of atoll states[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1991:1057-1075.
[32]孙宗勋,赵焕庭.珊瑚礁工程地质学——新学科的提出[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,25(1):1-4.Sun Zongxun,Zhao Huanting.Coral reef engineering geology——The promotion of new subject[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1998,25(1):1-4.
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