论国内竞争法的域外适用
摘要
传统上,竞争法是一国的国内制度,仅规范国内的反竞争行为。然而,随着贸易自由化的推进和国际投资的不断发展,许多竞争问题已经不再局限于一国国内,而是涉及多个国家、地区。在没有一部统一国际竞争法的情况下,如果国内竞争法仅在境内具有法律效力,那么某些反竞争行为便有可能逃避其应受的规制和处罚,造成国际贸易和投资的扭曲。在处理跨国竞争案件时,某些国家、地区超越了竞争法的严格属地性而对其进行域外适用。这主要以美国和欧盟为代表。我国《反垄断法》在域外适用方面学习了国外立法经验,在司法实践方面也有了初步尝试。对美国、欧盟和中国竞争法的域外适用分别进行分析,可以探寻国内竞争法的域外适用在规制跨国反竞争行为方面所具有的效果以及存在的突出问题。
引文
[1]彭兴华.贸易自由化背景下的国际竞争法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2008.114.
[2]United States of America v.Aluminum Company of America,44 F.Supp.97;1941 U.S.Dist.
[3][4]王晓晔.竞争法研究[M].北京:中国法制出版社,1999.443.
[5]于馨淼.欧盟反垄断法域外适用研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2015.46.
[6][7][8]Timberlane Lumber Co.et al.v.Bank of America Corp.et al.,549 F.2d 597,1976.
[9]刘郡萌.反垄断法域外适用问题研究——兼论我国《反垄断法(草案)》域外适用制度的构建[D].北京:外交学院2006年硕士论文,21.
[10]Council Regulations(EEC)No.4064/89 of 21Dec.1989 on the control of concentration between undertakings,OJ 1989 L 395/1.
[11]Council Regulation(EC)No.139/2004 of 20Jan.2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings,OJ EU 2004 L24/1.
[12]European Commission,First Report on Competition Policy,Brussels,April 1972.12.
[13]Case 48,49 and 50-57/69,Opinion of Mr.Advocate-General Mayras,1972 ECR 695.
[14]Case 52/69,Geigy v.Commission 1972 ECR835;Case 48/69,ICI v.Commission 1972ECR 662.
[15]Judgement of the European Court of Justice,Case 6/72,Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc v.Commission,1973 ECR 219.
[16]佚名.欧盟历史上金额最大的罚单有哪些[EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/usstock/c/2017-06-27/doc-ifyhmtcf2972954.shtml.
[17]张世明.欧洲竞争法域外效力中的经济统一体原则新论[J].政法论坛,2015,(3):26.
[18]Judgement of the European Court of Justice,Joined Cases 89,104,114,116,117 and 125 to129/85.A.Ahlstrom Osakeyhtio and others v.Commission 1988 ECR 5193.
[19]邵景春.欧洲联盟的法律与制度[M].北京:人民法院出版社,1999.411.
[20]黄勇.国际竞争法研究——竞争法实施中的国际冲突与国际协调[D].北京:对外经济贸易大学2002年博士论文,15.
[21]Gerber.Global Competition:Law,Markets,and Globalization[M].Oxford University Press,2010.68.
[22]A.O Sykes.Externalities in the Open Economy Antitrust and Their Implications for International Competition Policy[J].Harvard Journal of Law&Public Policy,1999,(1):89,92.
[23]Dean Brockbank.The 1995 International Antitrust Guidelines:The Reach of U.S.Antitrust Laws Continues to Expand[J].Journal of International Legal Studies,1996,(2):34.
[2]United States of America v.Aluminum Company of America,44 F.Supp.97;1941 U.S.Dist.
[3][4]王晓晔.竞争法研究[M].北京:中国法制出版社,1999.443.
[5]于馨淼.欧盟反垄断法域外适用研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2015.46.
[6][7][8]Timberlane Lumber Co.et al.v.Bank of America Corp.et al.,549 F.2d 597,1976.
[9]刘郡萌.反垄断法域外适用问题研究——兼论我国《反垄断法(草案)》域外适用制度的构建[D].北京:外交学院2006年硕士论文,21.
[10]Council Regulations(EEC)No.4064/89 of 21Dec.1989 on the control of concentration between undertakings,OJ 1989 L 395/1.
[11]Council Regulation(EC)No.139/2004 of 20Jan.2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings,OJ EU 2004 L24/1.
[12]European Commission,First Report on Competition Policy,Brussels,April 1972.12.
[13]Case 48,49 and 50-57/69,Opinion of Mr.Advocate-General Mayras,1972 ECR 695.
[14]Case 52/69,Geigy v.Commission 1972 ECR835;Case 48/69,ICI v.Commission 1972ECR 662.
[15]Judgement of the European Court of Justice,Case 6/72,Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc v.Commission,1973 ECR 219.
[16]佚名.欧盟历史上金额最大的罚单有哪些[EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/usstock/c/2017-06-27/doc-ifyhmtcf2972954.shtml.
[17]张世明.欧洲竞争法域外效力中的经济统一体原则新论[J].政法论坛,2015,(3):26.
[18]Judgement of the European Court of Justice,Joined Cases 89,104,114,116,117 and 125 to129/85.A.Ahlstrom Osakeyhtio and others v.Commission 1988 ECR 5193.
[19]邵景春.欧洲联盟的法律与制度[M].北京:人民法院出版社,1999.411.
[20]黄勇.国际竞争法研究——竞争法实施中的国际冲突与国际协调[D].北京:对外经济贸易大学2002年博士论文,15.
[21]Gerber.Global Competition:Law,Markets,and Globalization[M].Oxford University Press,2010.68.
[22]A.O Sykes.Externalities in the Open Economy Antitrust and Their Implications for International Competition Policy[J].Harvard Journal of Law&Public Policy,1999,(1):89,92.
[23]Dean Brockbank.The 1995 International Antitrust Guidelines:The Reach of U.S.Antitrust Laws Continues to Expand[J].Journal of International Legal Studies,1996,(2):34.