地膜覆盖对菜地生态系统N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地N_2O的排放通量、土壤剖面N_2O浓度以及土壤温度和湿度的影响,选取西南地区常见菜地(辣椒-萝卜轮作)为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行了为期1 a的野外观测实验.结果表明,在辣椒季,常规处理(不覆膜)N_2O的平均排放通量为1000.0μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),覆膜处理为400.6μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),覆膜显著低于常规处理(P<0.05);而在萝卜季,N_2O的平均排放通量则表现为覆膜处理[128.1μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)]高于常规处理[107.8μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)],但两者差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05).覆膜和常规菜地土壤中N_2O含量均基本随土层深度的增加而增加,表现为:30 cm>20cm>10 cm,相同处理各层次土壤N_2O含量间均呈显著相关,不同处理相同深度处的土壤N_2O含量间也存在显著的正相关关系.对不同土层中的N_2O含量与地表N_2O排放通量的相关性分析可得出,常规处理各土层处的N_2O含量与地表N_2O排放通量呈显著正相关关系.覆膜处理的N_2O排放通量仅与30 cm深土壤中的N_2O含量存在显著正相关关系.通过对土壤湿度和温度的观测可以得出,地膜覆盖对土壤的增温效应在夏季更加明显,对土壤的保水作用在秋冬季更加突出.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,土壤中氮素形态是决定农田N_2O排放最重要的因素,其中常规菜地N_2O排放主要受土壤中总氮含量的影响,而覆膜菜地N_2O的排放对土壤中无机态氮含量的变化更加敏感.
Considering the common cropping system( chili-radish rotation) in Southwest China,the objective of this study is to explore the effect of plastic film mulching on N_2O flux,N_2O concentrations in the soil profile,soil temperature,and humidity from a vegetable field. The method of the static opaque chamber was used and the experimental period lasted for one year. The results showed that the average flux of N_2O was 1000. 0 μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)in the conventional treatment and 400. 6 μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)in the film mulching treatment during the chili growing period. The N_2O flux of the film mulching treatment was significantly lower than that of conventional treatment( P < 0. 05). However,in the radish growing season,the N_2O flux of the film mulching treatment was higher than that of conventional treatment,but the difference between the two treatments was not significant( P > 0. 05). N_2O concentrations in the soil profile of the two treatments both increased with the increase in soil depth. The N_2O concentrations showed significant correlations among the different soil profiles of each treatment; meanwhile,there was also a significant correlation between soil N_2O concentrations at the same soil depth in different treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between the N_2O concentration in different profiles and N_2O fluxes in surface soils in the conventional treatment,but the N_2O flux under the plastic mulching film treatment was only positively correlated with the N_2O concentrations of 30 cm deep soil. The soil moisture and temperature observations showed that the effect of plastic film mulching on soil temperature was more significant in summer and the soil moisture was more prominent in autumn and winter. However,the results of the correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that N_2O emissions were mainly determined by the distribution of nitrogen in the soil and were affected by the change in soil total nitrogen content in the conventional treatment but N_2O emissions were more sensitive to the variation in soil inorganic nitrogen in the film mulching treatment.
Considering the common cropping system( chili-radish rotation) in Southwest China,the objective of this study is to explore the effect of plastic film mulching on N_2O flux,N_2O concentrations in the soil profile,soil temperature,and humidity from a vegetable field. The method of the static opaque chamber was used and the experimental period lasted for one year. The results showed that the average flux of N_2O was 1000. 0 μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)in the conventional treatment and 400. 6 μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)in the film mulching treatment during the chili growing period. The N_2O flux of the film mulching treatment was significantly lower than that of conventional treatment( P < 0. 05). However,in the radish growing season,the N_2O flux of the film mulching treatment was higher than that of conventional treatment,but the difference between the two treatments was not significant( P > 0. 05). N_2O concentrations in the soil profile of the two treatments both increased with the increase in soil depth. The N_2O concentrations showed significant correlations among the different soil profiles of each treatment; meanwhile,there was also a significant correlation between soil N_2O concentrations at the same soil depth in different treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between the N_2O concentration in different profiles and N_2O fluxes in surface soils in the conventional treatment,but the N_2O flux under the plastic mulching film treatment was only positively correlated with the N_2O concentrations of 30 cm deep soil. The soil moisture and temperature observations showed that the effect of plastic film mulching on soil temperature was more significant in summer and the soil moisture was more prominent in autumn and winter. However,the results of the correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that N_2O emissions were mainly determined by the distribution of nitrogen in the soil and were affected by the change in soil total nitrogen content in the conventional treatment but N_2O emissions were more sensitive to the variation in soil inorganic nitrogen in the film mulching treatment.
引文
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[29]Arora S,Bhatt R.Impact of improved soil and in-situ water conservation practices on productivity in rainfed foothill region of North-west India[A].In:15th International Congress of ISCO[C].Budapest:ISCO,2008.355-374.
[30]高翔,龚道枝,顾峰雪,等.覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):62-70.Gao X,Gong D Z,Gu F X,et al.Inhibiting soil respiration and improving yield of spring maize in fields with plastic film mulching[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):62-70.
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[2]Ramakrishna A,Tam H M,Wang S P,et al.Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture,weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam[J].Field Crops Research,2006,95(2-3):115-125.
[3]Ngouajio M,Wang G Y,Goldy R.Withholding of drip irrigation between transplanting and flowering increases the yield of fieldgrown tomato under plastic mulch[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,87(3):285-291.
[4]Bilck A P,Grossmann M V E,Yamashita F.Biodegradable mulch films for strawberry production[J].Polymer Testing,2010,29(4):471-476.
[5]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2013[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.
[6]Myhre G,Shindell D,Bréon F M,et al.Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing[A].In:Stocker T F,Qin D,Plattner G K,et al.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.
[7]李虎,邱建军,王立刚,等.中国农田主要温室气体排放特征与控制技术[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(1):159-165.Li H,Qiu J J,Wang L G,et al.The characterization of greenhouse gases fluxes from croplands of China and mitigation technologies[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(1):159-165.
[8]Gregorich E G,Rochette P,Vanden Bygaart A J,et al.Greenhouse gas contributions of agricultural soils and potential mitigation practices in eastern Canada[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2005,83(1):53-72.
[9]杨俊,韩圣慧,李富春,等.川渝地区农业生态系统氧化亚氮排放[J].环境科学,2009,30(9):2684-2693.Yang J,Han S H,Li F C,et al.N2O Emissions from agricultural ecosystem in Sichuan-Chongqing region[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(9):2684-2693.
[10]Nishimura S,Komada M,Takebe M,et al.Nitrous oxide evolved from soil covered with plastic mulch film in horticultural field[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48(7):787-795.
[11]Berger S,Kim Y,Kettering J,et al.Plastic mulching in agriculture-friend or foe of N2O emissions?[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2013,167:43-51.
[12]朱咏莉,吴金水,韩建刚.地膜覆盖对土壤中N2O释放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):222-225.Zhu Y L,Wu J S,Han J G.Effects of clear plastic film mulching on soil N2O discharge flux[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(3):222-225.
[13]阎佩云,刘建亮,沈玉芳,等.黄土旱塬旱作覆膜春玉米农田N2O排放通量及影响因素研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(11):2278-2285.Yan P Y,Liu J L,Shen Y F,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions and its influencing factors in spring corn fields mulched with plastic film on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(11):2278-2285.
[14]Jiang C S,Wang Y S,Hao Q J,et al.Effect of land-use change on CH4and N2O emissions from freshwater marsh in northeast China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(21):3305-3309.
[15]Wang Y S,Wang Y H.Quick measurement of CO2,CH4and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844.
[16]Huang Y,Jiang J Y,Zong L G,et al.Comparison of field measurements of CH4emission from rice cultivation in Nanjing,China and in Texas,USA[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2001,18(6):1121-1130.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[18]Chen H X,Liu J J,Zhang A F,et al.Effects of straw and plastic film mulching on greenhouse gas emissions in Loess Plateau,China:a field study of 2 consecutive wheat-maize rotation cycles[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:814-824.
[19]陈书涛,黄耀,郑循华,等.种植不同作物对农田N2O和CH4排放的影响及其驱动因子[J].气候与环境研究,2007,12(2):147-155.Chen S T,Huang Y,Zheng X H,et al.Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from croplands with different crops and driving factors[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2007,12(2):147-155.
[20]熊正琴,邢光熹,鹤田治雄,等.种植夏季豆科作物对旱地氧化亚氮排放贡献的研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(9):1104-1108.Xiong Z Q,Xing G X,Tsuruta H,et al.The effects of summer legume crop cultivation on nitrous oxide emissions from upland farmland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(9):1104-1108.
[21]Knops J M H,Bradley K L,Wedin D A.Mechanisms of plant species impacts on ecosystem nitrogen cycling[J].Ecology Letters,2002,5(3):454-466.
[22]Guo G X,Deng H,Qiao M,et al.Effect of long-term wastewater irrigation on potential denitrification and denitrifying communities in soils at the watershed scale[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(7):3105-3113.
[23]Lin S,Lqbal J,Hu R G,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions from yellow brown soil as affected by incorporation of crop residues with different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios:A case study in central China[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2013,65(2):183-192.
[24]于亚军,高美荣,朱波.小麦-玉米轮作田与菜地N2O排放的对比研究[J].土壤学报,2012,49(1):96-103.Yu Y J,Gao M R,Zhu B.Comparison study on N2O emissions from field under wheat-maize rotation system and field under vegetable cultivation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(1):96-103.
[25]贾俊香,熊正琴.典型菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2分布特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(12):1536-1543.Jia J X,Xiong Z Q.Distribution characteristics of nitrous oxide,methane and carbon dioxide along soil profile in typical vegetable fields[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(12):1536-1543.
[26]Kusa K,Sawamoto T,Hu R G,et al.Comparison of N2O and CO2concentrations and fluxes in the soil profile between a Gray Lowland soil and an Andosol[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2010,56(1):186-199.
[27]梁东丽,吴庆强,李生秀,等.黄土性土壤剖面不同层次N2O浓度的原位监测[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1421-1427.Liang D L,Wu Q Q,Li S X,et al.In-situ measurement of N2O concentration from profile of loess soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1421-1427.
[28]Nishimura S,Komada M,Takebe M,et al.Contribution of nitrous oxide emission from soil covered with plastic mulch film in vegetable field[J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,2014,70(2):117-125.
[29]Arora S,Bhatt R.Impact of improved soil and in-situ water conservation practices on productivity in rainfed foothill region of North-west India[A].In:15th International Congress of ISCO[C].Budapest:ISCO,2008.355-374.
[30]高翔,龚道枝,顾峰雪,等.覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):62-70.Gao X,Gong D Z,Gu F X,et al.Inhibiting soil respiration and improving yield of spring maize in fields with plastic film mulching[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):62-70.
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