镍矿湿法冶金技术应用进展及研究展望
|
摘要
介绍了世界上镍资源的分布、开发利用现状,提出高镁是镍资源综合利用的一个瓶颈问题,阐述了还原焙烧-氨浸、高压酸浸、常压酸浸、堆浸等氧化镍矿湿法冶金处理工艺的基本流程、优缺点与应用前景,总结了氧化镍矿、硫化镍矿生物冶金技术的研究应用情况,指出非常规体系生物浸出是解决高镁问题的一个方向。展望了高镁型镍矿处理工艺的发展方向,其中常压酸浸、生物浸出技术为研究热点。
The general situation of distribution, exploitation and utilization of nickel resources was introduced. The basic process, advantages and disadvantages and application prospect of some hydrometallurgy processes, such as ammonia leaching, high pressure acid leaching, atmospheric-pressure acid leaching and heap leaching, were elaborated. The research and application of bio-hydrometallurgy for nickel oxides and sulfides were summarized. It is suggested that the key to solve the problem of high magnesium is bioleaching at elevated p H. Finally, the development direction of processes for high-magnesium nickel ore was prospected. The atmospheric-pressure acid leaching and biohydrometallurgy are the hot areas of research.
The general situation of distribution, exploitation and utilization of nickel resources was introduced. The basic process, advantages and disadvantages and application prospect of some hydrometallurgy processes, such as ammonia leaching, high pressure acid leaching, atmospheric-pressure acid leaching and heap leaching, were elaborated. The research and application of bio-hydrometallurgy for nickel oxides and sulfides were summarized. It is suggested that the key to solve the problem of high magnesium is bioleaching at elevated p H. Finally, the development direction of processes for high-magnesium nickel ore was prospected. The atmospheric-pressure acid leaching and biohydrometallurgy are the hot areas of research.
引文
[1]陈浩琉.镍矿床[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.CHEN Hao-liu.Nickel deposite[M].Beijing:Geology Publishing House,1993.
[2]任杰.海外矿产资源项目投资风险评估与实物期权研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014:38-48.REN Jie.Research on risk Assessment and real option of overseas mineral resources project investment[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2014:38-48.
[3]刘民武.中国几个镍矿床的地球化学比较研究[D].西安:西北大学,2003:7-9.LIU Min-wu.Geochemical comparison of several nickel deposits in China[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2003:7-9.
[4]胡显智.高镁矿石酸浸降镁及浸出液综合利用研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2002:13-18.HUN Xian-zhi.Removal of Magesium oxide from high Mg O Content ores using surfuric acid Leaching method and Comprehensive Utilization of the Leaching solution[D].Kunming:Kuming University of Science and Technology,2002:13-18
[5]赵景富,孙镇,郑鹏.镍红土矿处理方法综述[J].有色矿冶,2012,28(6):39-42.ZHAO Jing-fu,SUN Zhen,ZHENG Peng.Review:Processes for laterite-nickel ore[J].Non-ferrous Mining and Metallurgy,2012,28(6):39-42.
[6]肖安雄.美国金属杂志对世界有色金属冶炼厂的调查(第四部):硫化镍[J].中国有色冶金,2008(6):1-19.XIAO An-xiong.Investigation to smelters of American jourals of metals(partⅣ):Nickel sulfides[J].China Nonferrous Metallurgy,2008(6):1-19.
[7]刘明宝,印万忠.中国硫化镍矿和红土镍矿资源现状及利用技术研究[J].有色金属工程,2011(5):25-28.LIU Ming-bao,YIN Wan-zhong.Research on resources and utilization of Chinese nickel sulfide and laterite[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering,2011(5):25-28.
[8]尹飞,阮书锋,江培海,王成彦,陈永强.低品位红土镍矿还原焙砂氨浸试验研究[J].矿冶,2007(3):29-32+4.YIN Fei,RUAN Shu-feng,JIANG Pei-hai,WANG Cheng-yan,CHEN Yong-qiang.Experimental study on roasted ore of poor nickeliferous laterite ore with ammonia leaching technology[J].Mining&Metallurgy,2007(3):29-32+4.
[9]阮书锋,王成彦,尹飞,陈永强,王军,揭晓武.青海元石山镍铁矿综合利用项目设计[J].有色金属工程,2015(1):41-45.RUAN Shu-feng,WANG Cheng-yan,YIN Fei,CHEN Yong-qiang,WANG Jun,JIE Xiao-wu.Project design of comprehensive utilization of nickel laterite from Yuanshishan in Qinghai[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering,2015(1):41-45.
[10]彭俊,王学文,王明玉,肖彩霞,施丽华.从镍钼矿中提取镍钼的工艺[J].中国有色金属学报,2012,22(2):553-559.PENG Jun,WANG Xue-wen,WANG Ming-yu,XIAO Cai-xia,SHI Li-hua.Extraction process of molybdenum and nickel from Ni-Mo ore[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2012,22(2):553-559.
[11]张云芳,李金辉,高岩,陈志峰,廖春发.红土镍矿的硫酸铵焙烧过程[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(1):155-161.ZHANG Yun-fang,LI Jin-hui,GAO Yan,CHEN Zhi-feng,LIAO Chun-fa.Roasting process of nickel laterite using ammonium sulfate[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(1):155-161.
[12]王成彦,尹飞,陈永强,王忠,王军.国内外红土镍矿处理技术及进展[J].中国有色金属学报,2008,18(S1):s1-s8.WANG Cheng-yan,YIN Fei,CHEN Yong-qiang,WANG Zhong,WANG Jun.Worldwide processing technologies and progress of nickel laterites[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2008,18(S1):s1-s8.
[13]JOHNSON J A,MCDONALD R G,MUIR D M,TRANNE D P.Pressure acid leaching of arid region nickel laterite ore[J].Hydrometallurgy,2005,78(3):264-270.
[14]JOHNSON J A,CASHMORE B C,HOCKRIDGE R J.Optimisation of nickel extraction from laterite ores by high pressure acid leaching with addition of sodium sulphate[J].Minerals Engineering,2005,18:1297-1303.
[15]BüYüKAKINCI E,TOPKAYA Y A.Extraction of nickel from lateritic ores at atmospheric pressure with agitation leaching[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,97(1/2):33-38.
[16]ARROYO J C,NEUDORF D A.Atmospheric leach process for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from limonite and saprolite ores:the United States,US6680035B2[P].2001-07-17.
[17]刘三平,王海北,张磊,邹小平.红土镍矿堆浸/搅拌浸出结合工艺中试研究[J].矿冶工程,2014(5):97-99,104.LIU San-ping,WANG Hai-bei,ZHANG Lei,ZOU Xiao-ping.Pilot study on a combined process of heap leaching and atmospheric tank leaching for nickel laterites[J].Mineral and Metallurgical Engineering,2014(5):97-99,104.
[18]童伟锋,汪云华,吴晓峰,范兴祥.红土镍矿堆浸试验[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2012(6):4-6.TONG Wei-feng,WANG Yun-hua,WU Xiao-feng,FAN Xing-xiang.Experimental study on heap leaching of nickel laterite[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2012(6):4-6.
[19]董发勤,徐龙华,代群威,谌书,刘明学.微生物浸出低品位氧化物型镍钴矿研究新进展[J].地球与环境,2013(4):358-363.DONG Fa-qin,XU Long-hua,DAI Qun-wei,SHEN Shu,LIU Ming-xue.New progress in investigation on bioleaching of low-grade nickel-cobalt oxidized ore[J].Earth and Environment,2013(4):358-363.
[20]GADD G M.Geomycology:Biogeochemical transformations of rocks,minerals,metals and radionuclides by fungi,bioweathering and bioremediation[J].Mycological Research,2007,111(1):3-49.
[21]LIAN Bin,WANG Bin,PAN Mu,LIU Cong-qiang,TENG H H.Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(1):87-98.
[22]TZEFERIS P G,AGATZINI S,NERANTZIS E T.Mineral leaching of non-sulphide nickel ores using heterotrophic micro-organisms[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1994,18(4):209-213.
[23]刘学,温建康,阮仁满.真菌衍生有机酸浸出低品位氧化镍矿[J].稀有金属,2006,30(4):490-493.LIU Xue,WEN Jian-kang,RUAN Ren-man.Leaching of nickel and cobalt from low-grade lateritic nickel ores using organic acids produced by fungus Aspergillus niger[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2006,30(4):490-493.
[24]VALIX M,USAI F,MALIK R.Fungal bio-leaching of low grade laterite ores[J].Minerals Engineering,2001,14(2):197-203.
[25]VALIX M,THANGAVELU V,RYAN D,TANG J.Using halotolerant Aspergillus foetidus in bioleaching nickel laterite ore[J].International Journal of Environment and Waste Management,2009,3(3/4):253-264.
[26]SANTHIYA D,TING Y P.Use of adapted Aspergillus niger in the bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst[J].Journal of Biotechnology,2006,121(1):62-74.
[27]WATLING H R.The bioleaching of nickel-copper sulfides[J].Hydrometallurgy,2008,91(1/4):70-88.
[28]MAEDA T,NEGISHI A,NOGAMI Y,SUGIO T.Nickel inhibition of the growth of a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from corroded concrete[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology and Biochemistry,1996,60(4):626-629.
[29]NOGAMI Y,MAEDA T,NEGISHI A,SUGIO T.Inhibition of sulfur oxidizing activity by nickel ion in Thiobacillus thiooxidans NB1–3 isolated from the corroded concrete[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology and Biochemistry,1997,61(8):1373-1375.
[30]温建康,阮仁满.高砷硫低镍钴硫化矿浸矿菌的选育与生物浸出研究[J].稀有金属,2007(4):537-542.WEN Jian-kang,RUAN Ren-man.Selection of bioleaching bacteria and bioleaching of high arsenic/sulfur,low-grade nickel/cobalt sulfide ore[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2007(4):537-542.
[31]刘学,宋永胜,温建康.含砷复杂硫化镍矿低温生物浸出行为研究[J].稀有金属,2014(6):1127-1133.LIU Xue,SONG Yong-sheng,WEN Jian-kang.Dissolution behavior of arsenic-bearing complex nickel sulfide ores at low-temperature by bacteria leaching[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2014(6):1127-1133.
[32]GARCIA O,BIGHAM J M,MORETTO R,TUOVINEN O H.Products of oxidative dissolution of a complex sulfide mineral system by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans[C]//Proceedings IBS 97–Biomine 97(Sydney)Australian Mineral Foundation Glenside.Australian:Mineral Foundation,1997:M7.2.1-M7.2.9.
[33]ZHANG Guang-ji,FANG Zhao-heng.The contribution of direct and indirect actions in bioleaching of pentlandite[J].Hydrometallurgy,2005,80(1/2):59-66.
[34]陈勃伟,刘爽,刘兴宇,温建康.低品位硫化镍铜矿生物浸出工艺研究[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2011(1):2-4,8.CHEN Bo-wei,LIU Shuang,LIU Xing-yu,WEN Jian-kang.Study on bioleaching process of low-grade nickel and copper sulfide ore[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2011(1):2-4,8.
[35]赵月峰,方兆珩.极度嗜热菌Acidianus brierleyi浸出镍铜硫化矿精矿[J].过程工程学报,2003(2):161-164.ZHAO Yue-feng,FANG Zhao-hang.Bioleaching of Ni-Cu sulfide with acidophilic thermophile Acidianus brierleyi[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2003(2):161-164.
[36]CHEN Bo-wei,CAI Liao-lu,WU Biao,LIU Xue,WEN Jian-kang.Investigation of bioleaching of a low grade nickel-cobalt-copper sulfide ore with high magnesium as olivine and serpentine from Lao[C]//HU X,KINTAKLAU A.Integration of Scientific and Industrial Knowledge on Biohydrometallurgy.Switzerland:Trans Tech Publ,2013:396-400.
[37]PLUMB J,MUDDLE R,FRANZMANN P.Effect of p H on rates of iron and sulfur oxidation by bioleaching organisms[J].Minerals Engineering,2008,21(1):76-82.
[38]MERUANE G,VARGAS T.Bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the p H range 2.5–7.0[J].Hydrometallurgy,2003,71(1):149-158.
[39]ZHEN Shi-jie,YAN Zhong-qiang,ZHANG Yan-sheng,WANG Jun,CAMPBELL M,QIN Wen-qing.Column bioleaching of a low grade nickel-bearing sulfide ore containing high magnesium as olivine,chlorite and antigorite[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,96(4):337-341.
[40]CAMERON R A,LASTRA R,MORTAZAVI S,BEDARD P L,MORIN L,GOULD W D,KENNEDY K J.Bioleaching of a low-grade ultramafic nickel sulphide ore in stirred-tank reactors at elevated p H[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,97(3):213-220.
[41]CAMERON R A,LASTRA R,MORTAZAVI S,GOULD W D,THIBAULT Y,BEDARD P L,MORIN L,KENNEDY K J.Elevated-p H bioleaching of a low-grade ultramafic nickel sulphide ore in stirred-tank reactors at 5 to 45℃[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,99(1):77-83.
[42]CAMERON R A,YEUNG C W,GREER C W,GOULD W D,MORTAZAVI S,BéDARD P L,MORIN L,LORTIE L,DINARDO O,KENNEDY K J.The bacterial community structure during bioleaching of a low-grade nickel sulphide ore in stirred-tank reactors at different combinations of temperature and p H[J].Hydrometallurgy,2010,104(2):207-215.
[43]CAMERON R A,LASTRA R,GOULD W D,MORTAZAVI S,THIBAULT Y,BEDARD P L,MORIN L,KOREN D W,KENNEDY K J.Bioleaching of six nickel sulphide ores with differing mineralogies in stirred-tank reactors at 30℃[J].Minerals Engineering,2013,49:172-183.
[44]DEW D W,VAN BUUREN C,MCEWAN K,BOWKER C.Bioleaching of base metal sulphide concentrates:a comparison of mesophile and thermophile bacterial cultures[J].Process Metallurgy,1999,9:229-238.
[45]RIEKKOLA-VANHANEN M.Talvivaara Sotkamo mine—bioleaching of a polymetallic nickel ore in subarctic climate[J].Nova Biotechnol,2010,10(1):7-14.
[46]RIEKKOLA-VANHANEN M.Talvivaara black schist bioheapleaching demonstration plant[C]//HU X,KINTAKLAU A.Biohydrometallurgy:From the Single Cell to the Environment.Switzerland:Trans Tech Publ,2007:30-33.
[47]HALINEN A K,RAHUNEN N,M??TT?K,KAKSONEN A H,RIEKKOLA-VANHANEN M,PUHAKKA J A.Microbial community of the Talvivaara demonstration-scale bioheap[C]//HU X,KINTAKLAU A.Biohydrometallurgy:From the Single Cell to the Environment.Switzerland:Trans Tech Publ,2007:579.
[48]FEWINGS J,SEET S.Bacterial leaching at elevated p H using Bio Heap?technology[C]//TAYLOR A.Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Conference.Austrialia:ALTA Metallurgical Services,2012:370-377.
[49]温建康.低品位镍钴铜矿石生物堆浸技术[R].北京:北京有色金属研究总院,2014.WEN Jian-kang.Heap bioleaching technology for low-grade nickel,cobalt and copper ores[R].Beijing:General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals,2014.
[50]WEN Jian-kang,CHEN Bo-wei,SHANG He,ZHANG Guo-cheng.Research progress in biohydrometallurgy of rare metals and heavy nonferrous metals with an emphasis on China[J].Rare Metals,2016,35(6):433-442.
[51]杨成武,廖亚龙,彭志强.离子交换吸附富集红土镍矿浸出液中的镍[J].中国有色金属学报,2014,24(8):2145-2151.YANG Cheng-wu,LIAO Ya-long,PENG Zhi-qiang.Enrichment of nickel ions by ion-exchange adsorption from leaching solution of nickel-bearing laterite[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2014,24(8):2145-2151.
[2]任杰.海外矿产资源项目投资风险评估与实物期权研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014:38-48.REN Jie.Research on risk Assessment and real option of overseas mineral resources project investment[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2014:38-48.
[3]刘民武.中国几个镍矿床的地球化学比较研究[D].西安:西北大学,2003:7-9.LIU Min-wu.Geochemical comparison of several nickel deposits in China[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2003:7-9.
[4]胡显智.高镁矿石酸浸降镁及浸出液综合利用研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2002:13-18.HUN Xian-zhi.Removal of Magesium oxide from high Mg O Content ores using surfuric acid Leaching method and Comprehensive Utilization of the Leaching solution[D].Kunming:Kuming University of Science and Technology,2002:13-18
[5]赵景富,孙镇,郑鹏.镍红土矿处理方法综述[J].有色矿冶,2012,28(6):39-42.ZHAO Jing-fu,SUN Zhen,ZHENG Peng.Review:Processes for laterite-nickel ore[J].Non-ferrous Mining and Metallurgy,2012,28(6):39-42.
[6]肖安雄.美国金属杂志对世界有色金属冶炼厂的调查(第四部):硫化镍[J].中国有色冶金,2008(6):1-19.XIAO An-xiong.Investigation to smelters of American jourals of metals(partⅣ):Nickel sulfides[J].China Nonferrous Metallurgy,2008(6):1-19.
[7]刘明宝,印万忠.中国硫化镍矿和红土镍矿资源现状及利用技术研究[J].有色金属工程,2011(5):25-28.LIU Ming-bao,YIN Wan-zhong.Research on resources and utilization of Chinese nickel sulfide and laterite[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering,2011(5):25-28.
[8]尹飞,阮书锋,江培海,王成彦,陈永强.低品位红土镍矿还原焙砂氨浸试验研究[J].矿冶,2007(3):29-32+4.YIN Fei,RUAN Shu-feng,JIANG Pei-hai,WANG Cheng-yan,CHEN Yong-qiang.Experimental study on roasted ore of poor nickeliferous laterite ore with ammonia leaching technology[J].Mining&Metallurgy,2007(3):29-32+4.
[9]阮书锋,王成彦,尹飞,陈永强,王军,揭晓武.青海元石山镍铁矿综合利用项目设计[J].有色金属工程,2015(1):41-45.RUAN Shu-feng,WANG Cheng-yan,YIN Fei,CHEN Yong-qiang,WANG Jun,JIE Xiao-wu.Project design of comprehensive utilization of nickel laterite from Yuanshishan in Qinghai[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering,2015(1):41-45.
[10]彭俊,王学文,王明玉,肖彩霞,施丽华.从镍钼矿中提取镍钼的工艺[J].中国有色金属学报,2012,22(2):553-559.PENG Jun,WANG Xue-wen,WANG Ming-yu,XIAO Cai-xia,SHI Li-hua.Extraction process of molybdenum and nickel from Ni-Mo ore[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2012,22(2):553-559.
[11]张云芳,李金辉,高岩,陈志峰,廖春发.红土镍矿的硫酸铵焙烧过程[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(1):155-161.ZHANG Yun-fang,LI Jin-hui,GAO Yan,CHEN Zhi-feng,LIAO Chun-fa.Roasting process of nickel laterite using ammonium sulfate[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(1):155-161.
[12]王成彦,尹飞,陈永强,王忠,王军.国内外红土镍矿处理技术及进展[J].中国有色金属学报,2008,18(S1):s1-s8.WANG Cheng-yan,YIN Fei,CHEN Yong-qiang,WANG Zhong,WANG Jun.Worldwide processing technologies and progress of nickel laterites[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2008,18(S1):s1-s8.
[13]JOHNSON J A,MCDONALD R G,MUIR D M,TRANNE D P.Pressure acid leaching of arid region nickel laterite ore[J].Hydrometallurgy,2005,78(3):264-270.
[14]JOHNSON J A,CASHMORE B C,HOCKRIDGE R J.Optimisation of nickel extraction from laterite ores by high pressure acid leaching with addition of sodium sulphate[J].Minerals Engineering,2005,18:1297-1303.
[15]BüYüKAKINCI E,TOPKAYA Y A.Extraction of nickel from lateritic ores at atmospheric pressure with agitation leaching[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,97(1/2):33-38.
[16]ARROYO J C,NEUDORF D A.Atmospheric leach process for the recovery of nickel and cobalt from limonite and saprolite ores:the United States,US6680035B2[P].2001-07-17.
[17]刘三平,王海北,张磊,邹小平.红土镍矿堆浸/搅拌浸出结合工艺中试研究[J].矿冶工程,2014(5):97-99,104.LIU San-ping,WANG Hai-bei,ZHANG Lei,ZOU Xiao-ping.Pilot study on a combined process of heap leaching and atmospheric tank leaching for nickel laterites[J].Mineral and Metallurgical Engineering,2014(5):97-99,104.
[18]童伟锋,汪云华,吴晓峰,范兴祥.红土镍矿堆浸试验[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2012(6):4-6.TONG Wei-feng,WANG Yun-hua,WU Xiao-feng,FAN Xing-xiang.Experimental study on heap leaching of nickel laterite[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2012(6):4-6.
[19]董发勤,徐龙华,代群威,谌书,刘明学.微生物浸出低品位氧化物型镍钴矿研究新进展[J].地球与环境,2013(4):358-363.DONG Fa-qin,XU Long-hua,DAI Qun-wei,SHEN Shu,LIU Ming-xue.New progress in investigation on bioleaching of low-grade nickel-cobalt oxidized ore[J].Earth and Environment,2013(4):358-363.
[20]GADD G M.Geomycology:Biogeochemical transformations of rocks,minerals,metals and radionuclides by fungi,bioweathering and bioremediation[J].Mycological Research,2007,111(1):3-49.
[21]LIAN Bin,WANG Bin,PAN Mu,LIU Cong-qiang,TENG H H.Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(1):87-98.
[22]TZEFERIS P G,AGATZINI S,NERANTZIS E T.Mineral leaching of non-sulphide nickel ores using heterotrophic micro-organisms[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1994,18(4):209-213.
[23]刘学,温建康,阮仁满.真菌衍生有机酸浸出低品位氧化镍矿[J].稀有金属,2006,30(4):490-493.LIU Xue,WEN Jian-kang,RUAN Ren-man.Leaching of nickel and cobalt from low-grade lateritic nickel ores using organic acids produced by fungus Aspergillus niger[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2006,30(4):490-493.
[24]VALIX M,USAI F,MALIK R.Fungal bio-leaching of low grade laterite ores[J].Minerals Engineering,2001,14(2):197-203.
[25]VALIX M,THANGAVELU V,RYAN D,TANG J.Using halotolerant Aspergillus foetidus in bioleaching nickel laterite ore[J].International Journal of Environment and Waste Management,2009,3(3/4):253-264.
[26]SANTHIYA D,TING Y P.Use of adapted Aspergillus niger in the bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst[J].Journal of Biotechnology,2006,121(1):62-74.
[27]WATLING H R.The bioleaching of nickel-copper sulfides[J].Hydrometallurgy,2008,91(1/4):70-88.
[28]MAEDA T,NEGISHI A,NOGAMI Y,SUGIO T.Nickel inhibition of the growth of a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from corroded concrete[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology and Biochemistry,1996,60(4):626-629.
[29]NOGAMI Y,MAEDA T,NEGISHI A,SUGIO T.Inhibition of sulfur oxidizing activity by nickel ion in Thiobacillus thiooxidans NB1–3 isolated from the corroded concrete[J].Bioscience,Biotechnology and Biochemistry,1997,61(8):1373-1375.
[30]温建康,阮仁满.高砷硫低镍钴硫化矿浸矿菌的选育与生物浸出研究[J].稀有金属,2007(4):537-542.WEN Jian-kang,RUAN Ren-man.Selection of bioleaching bacteria and bioleaching of high arsenic/sulfur,low-grade nickel/cobalt sulfide ore[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2007(4):537-542.
[31]刘学,宋永胜,温建康.含砷复杂硫化镍矿低温生物浸出行为研究[J].稀有金属,2014(6):1127-1133.LIU Xue,SONG Yong-sheng,WEN Jian-kang.Dissolution behavior of arsenic-bearing complex nickel sulfide ores at low-temperature by bacteria leaching[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2014(6):1127-1133.
[32]GARCIA O,BIGHAM J M,MORETTO R,TUOVINEN O H.Products of oxidative dissolution of a complex sulfide mineral system by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans[C]//Proceedings IBS 97–Biomine 97(Sydney)Australian Mineral Foundation Glenside.Australian:Mineral Foundation,1997:M7.2.1-M7.2.9.
[33]ZHANG Guang-ji,FANG Zhao-heng.The contribution of direct and indirect actions in bioleaching of pentlandite[J].Hydrometallurgy,2005,80(1/2):59-66.
[34]陈勃伟,刘爽,刘兴宇,温建康.低品位硫化镍铜矿生物浸出工艺研究[J].有色金属(冶炼部分),2011(1):2-4,8.CHEN Bo-wei,LIU Shuang,LIU Xing-yu,WEN Jian-kang.Study on bioleaching process of low-grade nickel and copper sulfide ore[J].Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy),2011(1):2-4,8.
[35]赵月峰,方兆珩.极度嗜热菌Acidianus brierleyi浸出镍铜硫化矿精矿[J].过程工程学报,2003(2):161-164.ZHAO Yue-feng,FANG Zhao-hang.Bioleaching of Ni-Cu sulfide with acidophilic thermophile Acidianus brierleyi[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2003(2):161-164.
[36]CHEN Bo-wei,CAI Liao-lu,WU Biao,LIU Xue,WEN Jian-kang.Investigation of bioleaching of a low grade nickel-cobalt-copper sulfide ore with high magnesium as olivine and serpentine from Lao[C]//HU X,KINTAKLAU A.Integration of Scientific and Industrial Knowledge on Biohydrometallurgy.Switzerland:Trans Tech Publ,2013:396-400.
[37]PLUMB J,MUDDLE R,FRANZMANN P.Effect of p H on rates of iron and sulfur oxidation by bioleaching organisms[J].Minerals Engineering,2008,21(1):76-82.
[38]MERUANE G,VARGAS T.Bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the p H range 2.5–7.0[J].Hydrometallurgy,2003,71(1):149-158.
[39]ZHEN Shi-jie,YAN Zhong-qiang,ZHANG Yan-sheng,WANG Jun,CAMPBELL M,QIN Wen-qing.Column bioleaching of a low grade nickel-bearing sulfide ore containing high magnesium as olivine,chlorite and antigorite[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,96(4):337-341.
[40]CAMERON R A,LASTRA R,MORTAZAVI S,BEDARD P L,MORIN L,GOULD W D,KENNEDY K J.Bioleaching of a low-grade ultramafic nickel sulphide ore in stirred-tank reactors at elevated p H[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,97(3):213-220.
[41]CAMERON R A,LASTRA R,MORTAZAVI S,GOULD W D,THIBAULT Y,BEDARD P L,MORIN L,KENNEDY K J.Elevated-p H bioleaching of a low-grade ultramafic nickel sulphide ore in stirred-tank reactors at 5 to 45℃[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,99(1):77-83.
[42]CAMERON R A,YEUNG C W,GREER C W,GOULD W D,MORTAZAVI S,BéDARD P L,MORIN L,LORTIE L,DINARDO O,KENNEDY K J.The bacterial community structure during bioleaching of a low-grade nickel sulphide ore in stirred-tank reactors at different combinations of temperature and p H[J].Hydrometallurgy,2010,104(2):207-215.
[43]CAMERON R A,LASTRA R,GOULD W D,MORTAZAVI S,THIBAULT Y,BEDARD P L,MORIN L,KOREN D W,KENNEDY K J.Bioleaching of six nickel sulphide ores with differing mineralogies in stirred-tank reactors at 30℃[J].Minerals Engineering,2013,49:172-183.
[44]DEW D W,VAN BUUREN C,MCEWAN K,BOWKER C.Bioleaching of base metal sulphide concentrates:a comparison of mesophile and thermophile bacterial cultures[J].Process Metallurgy,1999,9:229-238.
[45]RIEKKOLA-VANHANEN M.Talvivaara Sotkamo mine—bioleaching of a polymetallic nickel ore in subarctic climate[J].Nova Biotechnol,2010,10(1):7-14.
[46]RIEKKOLA-VANHANEN M.Talvivaara black schist bioheapleaching demonstration plant[C]//HU X,KINTAKLAU A.Biohydrometallurgy:From the Single Cell to the Environment.Switzerland:Trans Tech Publ,2007:30-33.
[47]HALINEN A K,RAHUNEN N,M??TT?K,KAKSONEN A H,RIEKKOLA-VANHANEN M,PUHAKKA J A.Microbial community of the Talvivaara demonstration-scale bioheap[C]//HU X,KINTAKLAU A.Biohydrometallurgy:From the Single Cell to the Environment.Switzerland:Trans Tech Publ,2007:579.
[48]FEWINGS J,SEET S.Bacterial leaching at elevated p H using Bio Heap?technology[C]//TAYLOR A.Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Conference.Austrialia:ALTA Metallurgical Services,2012:370-377.
[49]温建康.低品位镍钴铜矿石生物堆浸技术[R].北京:北京有色金属研究总院,2014.WEN Jian-kang.Heap bioleaching technology for low-grade nickel,cobalt and copper ores[R].Beijing:General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals,2014.
[50]WEN Jian-kang,CHEN Bo-wei,SHANG He,ZHANG Guo-cheng.Research progress in biohydrometallurgy of rare metals and heavy nonferrous metals with an emphasis on China[J].Rare Metals,2016,35(6):433-442.
[51]杨成武,廖亚龙,彭志强.离子交换吸附富集红土镍矿浸出液中的镍[J].中国有色金属学报,2014,24(8):2145-2151.YANG Cheng-wu,LIAO Ya-long,PENG Zhi-qiang.Enrichment of nickel ions by ion-exchange adsorption from leaching solution of nickel-bearing laterite[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2014,24(8):2145-2151.