条带式旋切后抛防堵装置设计与试验
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摘要
针对我国华北平原一年两熟区玉米秸秆覆盖地小麦少免耕播种机易堵塞、动力防堵装置功耗大等问题,设计了一种条带式旋切后抛防堵装置。结合防堵装置工作原理,从秸秆流动、抛撒、防堵装置受力角度分析确定影响防堵性能和功耗的关键因素为:防堵装置与开沟器间距、旋切刀滑切角、刀轴转速;通过离散元模拟仿真与正交试验有限元仿真结合,以秸秆拥堵量和作业功耗为性能评价指标,对防堵单体和开沟器的组合装置进行参数优化,仿真结果表明,旋切刀滑切角为50°、刀轴转速为320 r/min、间距为100 mm时综合作业质量较优,防堵单体及开沟器功耗为2.8 k W,秸秆拥堵量为43根/dm,通过性能良好;对优选方案旋切刀进行有限元校核,其最大应力为1.387×108Pa,满足强度要求。在玉米秸秆覆盖地进行了小麦播种田间试验,结果表明,条带式旋切后抛防堵装置在3种秸秆覆盖量0.8、1.6、2.4 kg/m2和3种前进速度1、1.25、1.5 m/s作业条件下,通过性能均满足免耕施肥播种机国标要求,所设计旋切刀与传统旋耕刀相比,在通过性能基本一致的情况下,功耗减小13.83%,土壤扰动量减小37.5个百分点,沟深稳定性系数提高8.2个百分点。
According to the existing problems of no and minimum-till wheat seeding in maize straw covered field in double-cropping system area in North-China Plain,such as residue blockage,high power consumption,a strip rotary-cut-throw anti-blocking implement was developed. Integrated with the principle of anti-blocking implement,the distance L between opener and the anti-blocking implement,sliding-cutting angle τ of the plane-straight blade and rotary speed n were found to be the key parameters which affected anti-blocking performance and power consumption through analysis in terms of residue flow/throwing and mechanical analysis of the implement. Orthogonal experiment was conducted by DEM simulation to optimize the parameters of the implement and analyze the key parameters' effect on residue blockage and power consumption,the result showed that when the distance was 100 mm,cutting edge was 50°,rotate speed was 320 r/min,which were optimum parameters set among the trail points,power consumption of the strip rotary-cut-throw anti-blocking implement and the opener was 2. 8 k W,blocked straw number was 43 in one dm and it could not cause blockage,and then strength check was conducted for this optimum blade by using finite element method and the maximum stress was 1. 387 × 108 Pa of which was safe. Field experiment of wheat seeding was conducted on a no-till maize straw covered field,the result showed that strip cut-throw plane-straight blade anti-blocking implement could effectively solve the problem of blockage almost as good as traditional rotary blade under straw coverage of 0. 8 kg/m2,1. 6 kg/m2 and 2. 4 kg/m2 at travel speed of 1 m/s,1. 25 m/s and 1. 5 m/s,which satisfied the requirements of national standard of no-till fertilization seeder. Compared with strip-rotary implement,power consumption was reduced by 13. 83%,soil disturbance was reduced by 37. 5 percent points andfurrow depth stability was improved by 8. 2 percent points. The error of DEM simulation to field experiment in furrow width and depth was 14% and 1. 3%,which was tolerable,and the simulation could be referenced to the optimization of strip rotary-cut-throw anti-blocking implement.
According to the existing problems of no and minimum-till wheat seeding in maize straw covered field in double-cropping system area in North-China Plain,such as residue blockage,high power consumption,a strip rotary-cut-throw anti-blocking implement was developed. Integrated with the principle of anti-blocking implement,the distance L between opener and the anti-blocking implement,sliding-cutting angle τ of the plane-straight blade and rotary speed n were found to be the key parameters which affected anti-blocking performance and power consumption through analysis in terms of residue flow/throwing and mechanical analysis of the implement. Orthogonal experiment was conducted by DEM simulation to optimize the parameters of the implement and analyze the key parameters' effect on residue blockage and power consumption,the result showed that when the distance was 100 mm,cutting edge was 50°,rotate speed was 320 r/min,which were optimum parameters set among the trail points,power consumption of the strip rotary-cut-throw anti-blocking implement and the opener was 2. 8 k W,blocked straw number was 43 in one dm and it could not cause blockage,and then strength check was conducted for this optimum blade by using finite element method and the maximum stress was 1. 387 × 108 Pa of which was safe. Field experiment of wheat seeding was conducted on a no-till maize straw covered field,the result showed that strip cut-throw plane-straight blade anti-blocking implement could effectively solve the problem of blockage almost as good as traditional rotary blade under straw coverage of 0. 8 kg/m2,1. 6 kg/m2 and 2. 4 kg/m2 at travel speed of 1 m/s,1. 25 m/s and 1. 5 m/s,which satisfied the requirements of national standard of no-till fertilization seeder. Compared with strip-rotary implement,power consumption was reduced by 13. 83%,soil disturbance was reduced by 37. 5 percent points andfurrow depth stability was improved by 8. 2 percent points. The error of DEM simulation to field experiment in furrow width and depth was 14% and 1. 3%,which was tolerable,and the simulation could be referenced to the optimization of strip rotary-cut-throw anti-blocking implement.
引文
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3卢彩云.免耕播种机滑板压秆旋切式防堵技术与装置研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.LU Caiyun.Study on anti-blocking technology and device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw for no-till seeder[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
4高娜娜.一年两熟地区拨草与分草组合式玉米免耕播种防堵技术研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.GAO Nana.Study on anti-blocking technology of pushing and separating approaches for maize no-till planting in two-crops-a-year areas[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
5 BAKER C J,SAXTON K E,RITCHIE W R,et al.No-tillage seeding in conservation agriculture[M].2nd ed.Oxford:CABInternational,2006.
6卢彩云,赵春江,孟志军,等.斜置驱动拨草轮免耕防堵装置:ZL201410856945.3[P].2015-05-13.
7王汉羊,陈海涛,纪文义.2BMFJ-3型麦茬地免耕精播机防堵装置[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(4):64-70.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130412&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.04.012.WANG Hanyang,CHEN Haitao,JI Wenyi.Anti-blocking mechanism of type 2BMFJ-3 no-till precision planter for wheat stubble fields[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(4):64-70.(in Chinese)
8曹向红.2BDMF-7型试验用固定道小麦免耕播种机改进研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2008.CAO Xianghong.Research on the improvement of 2BDMF-7 controlled traffic no-tillage wheat planter for experimental use[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese)
9高焕文,李洪文,姚宗路.我国轻型免耕播种机研究[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(4):78-82.GAO Huanwen,LI Hongwen,YAO Zonglu.Study on the Chinese light no-till seeders[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(4):78-82.(in Chinese)
10陈青春,石勇,丁启朔,等.正反转旋耕作业的秸秆混埋效果比较[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):13-18.CHEN Qingchun,SHI Yong,DING Qishuo,et al.Comparison of straw incorporation effect with down-cut and up-cut rotary tillage[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(9):13-18.(in Chinese)
11 BAKER C J,SAXTON K E,RITCHIE W R.No-tillage seeding:science and practice[M].Oxford:CAB International,1996.
12廖庆喜,高焕文,舒彩霞.免耕播种机防堵技术研究现状与发展趋势[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):108-112.LIAO Qingxi,GAO Huanwen,SHU Caixia.Present situations and prospects of anti-blocking technology of no-tillage planter[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(1):108-112.(in Chinese)
13张喜瑞.我国北方一年两熟区小麦免耕播种机防堵装置研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2010.ZHANG Xirui.Study on anti-blocking mechanism for wheat no-till planter in annual two crops region of China[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese)
14 MATIN M A,FIELKE J M,DESBIOLLES J M A.Torque and energy characteristics for strip-tillage cultivation when cutting furrows using three designs of rotary blade[J].Biosystems Engineering,2015,129:329-340.
15 MATIN M A,FIELKE J M,DESBIOLLES J M A.Furrow parameters in rotary strip-tillage:effect of blade geometry and rotary speed[J].Biosystems Engineering,2014,118(1):7-15.
16张玉贤,周桂霞.免耕播种机破茬器与开沟器的研究[J].农机使用与维修,2015(3):25-26.
17姚宗路,高焕文,李洪文,等.不同结构免耕开沟器对土壤阻力的影响[J].农机化研究,2009,31(7):30-34.YAO Zonglu,GAO Huanwen,LI Hongwen,et al.Effect of different structural no-till openers on soil resistant force[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2009,31(7):30-34.(in Chinese)
18中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册:上册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1988.
19 GUPTA J P,PANDEY K P.Performance of rotary tiller tynes under wet land condition[J].AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa&Latin America,1996,27(1):16-20.
20严霖元.对农业机械工作部件滑切角的探讨[J].江西农业大学学报,1991(1):64-68.YAN Linyuan.An approach to the sliding cutting angle of the working parts of agricultural machinery[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis,1991(1):64-68.(in Chinese)
21顾耀权,贾洪雷,郭慧,等.滑刀式开沟器设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(2):38-42.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130208&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.02.008.GU Yaoquan,JIA Honglei,GUO Hui,et al.Design and experiment of sliding knife furrow openner[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(2):38-42.(in Chinese)
22卢彩云,赵春江,孟志军,等.基于滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置的秸秆摩擦特性研究[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):83-89.LU Caiyun,ZHAO Chunjiang,MENG Zhijun,et al.Straw friction characteristic based on rotary cutting anti-blocking device with slide plate pressing straw[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(11):83-89.(in Chinese)
23梁方,王德成,尤泳,等.草地破土切根刀具的刃口曲线设计与优化[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(6):100-107.LIANG Fang,WANG Decheng,YOU Yong,et al.Design and optimization of the edge curve of rotary-cutting blade in grassland[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(6):100-107.(in Chinese)
24寻怀义.滑切理论探讨[J].农业机械学报,1979,10(4):110-114.
25庞声海.关于滑切理论与滑切角的选用[J].华中农学院学报,1982(2):64-69.PANG Shenghai.On the theory of sliding cutting and the choice of its angle[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,1982(2):64-69.(in Chinese)
26 HENDRICK J G,GILL W R.Rotary tiller design parameters part IV-blade clearance angle[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1974,17(1):4-7.
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