双自由度多铰接仿形免耕精量播种单体设计与试验
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摘要
针对2BMFJ系列原茬地免耕覆秸播种机播后镇压效果和播种深度一致性不理想的问题,设计了双自由度多铰接仿形免耕精量播种单体,应用保守系拉格朗日方程建立了种沟深度数学模型,初步确定了影响种沟深度的关键结构与工作参数。采用四因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,选取弹簧初始增量、初始牵引角、弹簧刚度、机具作业速度为影响因素,开沟深度合格率、土壤坚实度合格率和开沟深度变异系数为性能评价指标,得到影响开沟深度合格率各因素由大到小顺序为:弹簧刚度、机具作业速度、弹簧初始增量、初始牵引角,影响土壤坚实度合格率各因素由大到小顺序为:弹簧刚度、机具作业速度、初始牵引角、弹簧初始增量,影响开沟深度变异系数各因素由大到小顺序为:初始牵引角、机具作业速度、弹簧刚度、弹簧初始增量。对试验数据进行优化处理,结果表明,在初始牵引角0°、弹簧刚度10 N/mm条件下,弹簧初始增量15～19. 5 mm、机具作业速度6. 7～7. 8 km/h范围内,开沟深度合格率大于95%,土壤坚实度合格率大于95%,开沟深度变异系数小于10%。
Based on the design concept of 2BMFJ series no-tillage precision planter,which is light weight and uniform in sowing depth,a two-degree-of-freedom combined profiling no-tillage precision drill unit was designed. Based on Lagrange equation,a mathematical model of ditching depth of precision drill unit was established, and the key structure and working parameters affecting the ditching depth were determined. The autumn untreated maize stubble field was selected as the test plot. Four-factor and fivelevel quadratic regression orthogonal rotation center combination test method was applied,experimental optimization on structure and working parameters affecting the performance of precision drill unit was done,and the initial increment of spring,initial traction angle,spring stiffness and working speed were selected as influencing factors. The qualified rate of ditching depth, soil hardness and variation coefficient of ditching depth were selected as evaluation indexes,the primary and secondary relations of factors affecting the qualified rate of ditching depth were obtained as follows: spring stiffness,working speed,initial increment of spring and initial traction angle,the primary and secondary order of factors affecting qualified rate of soil hardness were as follows: spring stiffness,working speed,initial traction angle and initial increment of spring,and the primary and secondary order of the factors affecting the variation coefficient of ditching depth were follows: initial traction angle,working speed,spring stiffness and initial increment of spring. Design-Expert 6. 0. 10 software was used to establish regression equation,significance and optimization parameters of the test data were tested,the results showed that under the conditions of initial traction angle of 0°,spring stiffness of 10 N/mm,initial spring increment of 15 ～19. 5 mm and working speed of 6. 7 ～ 7. 8 km/h,the qualified rate of ditching depth was more than 95%,the qualified rate of soil hardness was more than 95%,and the variation coefficient of ditching depth was less than 10%.
Based on the design concept of 2BMFJ series no-tillage precision planter,which is light weight and uniform in sowing depth,a two-degree-of-freedom combined profiling no-tillage precision drill unit was designed. Based on Lagrange equation,a mathematical model of ditching depth of precision drill unit was established, and the key structure and working parameters affecting the ditching depth were determined. The autumn untreated maize stubble field was selected as the test plot. Four-factor and fivelevel quadratic regression orthogonal rotation center combination test method was applied,experimental optimization on structure and working parameters affecting the performance of precision drill unit was done,and the initial increment of spring,initial traction angle,spring stiffness and working speed were selected as influencing factors. The qualified rate of ditching depth, soil hardness and variation coefficient of ditching depth were selected as evaluation indexes,the primary and secondary relations of factors affecting the qualified rate of ditching depth were obtained as follows: spring stiffness,working speed,initial increment of spring and initial traction angle,the primary and secondary order of factors affecting qualified rate of soil hardness were as follows: spring stiffness,working speed,initial traction angle and initial increment of spring,and the primary and secondary order of the factors affecting the variation coefficient of ditching depth were follows: initial traction angle,working speed,spring stiffness and initial increment of spring. Design-Expert 6. 0. 10 software was used to establish regression equation,significance and optimization parameters of the test data were tested,the results showed that under the conditions of initial traction angle of 0°,spring stiffness of 10 N/mm,initial spring increment of 15 ～19. 5 mm and working speed of 6. 7 ～ 7. 8 km/h,the qualified rate of ditching depth was more than 95%,the qualified rate of soil hardness was more than 95%,and the variation coefficient of ditching depth was less than 10%.
引文
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[9]孙伟,吴建民,黄晓鹏,等.2BFM-5型山地免耕播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):26-31.SUN Wei,WU Jianmin,HUANG Xiaopeng,et al.Design and field experiments of 2BFM-5 hilly no-tillage seeder[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(11):26-31.(in Chinese)
[10]郑亭,樊高琼,王秀芳,等.耕作方式、播深及覆土对机播套作小麦麦苗素质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(5):164-168.ZHENG Ting,FAN Gaoqiong,WANG Xiufang,et al.Effect of tillage management,sowing depth and soil-covering on the seedlings quality of mechanical sowing wheat under intercropping condition[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(5):164-168.(in Chinese)
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[12]王庆杰,李洪文,何进,等.凹形圆盘式玉米垄作免耕播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):117-122.WANG Qingjie,LI Hongwen,HE Jin,et al.Design and experiment on concave disc type maize ridge-till and no-till planter[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(7):117-122.(in Chinese)
[13]郑嘉鑫.大豆精密播种机种沟构建技术及开沟装置研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2017.ZHENG Jiaxin.Furrow construction technology and furrowing machine for soybean precision planters[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2017.(in Chinese)
[14]张守勤,胡树荣,马成林.精密播种单体的动力学分析[J].农业机械学报,1984,12(4):26-33.ZHANG Shouqin,HU Shurong,MA Chenglin.The dynamic analysis of the precision drill unit[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1984,12(4):26-33.(in Chinese)
[15]FALLAHI S,RAPUFAT M H.Row-crop planter attachments in a conservation tillage system:a comparative study[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2008,98(1):27-34.
[16]AHMAD F,DING W,DING Q,et al.Forces and straw cutting performance of double disc furrow opener in no-till paddy soil[J].Plos One,2015,10(3):e0119648.
[17]KARAYEL D,ZMERZI A.Evaluation of three depth-control components on seed placement accuracy and emergence for a precision planter[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2008,24(3):271-276.
[18]CANAKC M,KARAYELD,TOPAKCI M,et al.Performance of a no-till seeder under dry and wet soil conditions[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2009,25(4):459-465.
[19]贾洪雷,郑嘉鑫,袁洪方,等.仿形滑刀式开沟器设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(4):16-24.JIA Honglei,ZHENG Jiaxin,YUAN Hongfang,et al.Design and experiment of profiling sliding-knife opener[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(4):16-24.(in Chinese)
[20]张瑞.一年两熟地区麦茬地玉米免耕播种播深控制机构的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.ZHANG Rui.Study on precision depth-control mechanism of corn no-till planter in double-cropping area[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[21]贾洪雷,朱龙图,黄东岩,等.基于Flex传感器的免耕播种机播深自动控制系统[J].吉林大学学报,2012,42(1):166-175.JIA Honglei,ZHU Longtu,HUANG Dongyan,et al.Automatic control system of sowing depth for no-till planter based on Flex sensor[J].Journal of Jilin University,2012,42(1):166-175.(in Chinese)
[22]王汉羊,陈海涛,纪文义.2BMFJ-3型麦茬地免耕精播机防堵装置[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(4):64-70.WANG Hanyang,CHEN Haitao,JI Wenyi.Anti-locking mechanism of type 2BMFJ-3 no-ill precision planter for wheat stubble fields[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(4):64-70.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130412&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.04.012.(in Chinese)
[23]陈海涛,查韶辉,顿国强,等.2BMFJ系列免耕精量播种机清秸装置优化与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):96-102.CHEN Haitao,ZHA Shaohui,DUN Guoqiang,et al.Optimization and experiment of cleaning device of 2BMFJ type no-till precision planter[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):96-102.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20160714&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.07.014.(in Chinese)
[24]顿国强.大垄密植原茬地免耕精量播种机关键技术研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013.DUN Guoqiang.Key technology research of no-tillage precision planter on grand ridge planting with original stubble[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[25]哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学(Ⅱ)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009.
[26]侯守印,陈海涛.立式轴流大豆育种脱粒机参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):19-25.HOU Shouyin,CHEN Haitao.Parameters optimization of vertical axial flow thresher for soybean breeding[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(5):19-25.(in Chinese)
[27]GB/T 20865-2007免耕施肥播种机[S].2007.
[2]贾洪雷,陈忠亮,马成林,等.北方旱作农业区耕作体系关键技术[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(11):59-63.JIA Honglei,CHEN Zhongliang,MA Chenglin,et al.Key technologies for the tillage system in area of dry farming of northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(11):59-63.(in Chinese)
[3]CHEN Ying,TESSIER S,IRVINE B.Drill and crop performances as affected by different drill configurations for no-till seeding[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,77(2):147-155.
[4]林静,李宝筏,李宏哲.阿基米德螺线型破茬开沟和切拨防堵装置的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):10-19.LIN Jing,LI Baofa,LI Hongzhe.Design and experiment of archimedes spiral type stubble breaking ditching device and stubble breaking anti blocking device[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(17):10-19.(in Chinese)
[5]林静,李博,李宝筏,等.阿基米德螺线型缺口圆盘破茬刀参数优化与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(6):118-124.LIN Jing,LI Bo,LI Baofa,et al.Parameter optimization and experiment on archimedes spiral type of gap cutting disc[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(6):118-124.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140619&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.06.019.(in Chinese)
[6]张守勤,马成林,马旭,等.精密播种单体仿形机构的计算机仿真[J].农业工程学报,1994,10(1):50-55.ZHANG Shouqin,MA Chenglin,MA Xu,et al.Computer simulation of precision seeding monomer copying mechanism[J].Transactions of the CSAE,1994,10(1):50-55.(in Chinese)
[7]孙福辉,封俊,胡鸿烈.单体仿形压轮式播种单组结构的模拟计算[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,3(5):68-72.SUN Fuhui,FENG Jun,HU Honglie.Simulation calculation of single body shaped pressure wheel sowing single group structure[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,1998,3(5):68-72.(in Chinese)
[8]李复辉,杜瑞成,刁培松,等.舵轮式玉米免耕精量施肥播种机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(增刊1):33-38.LI Fuhui,DU Ruicheng,DIAO Peisong,et al.Design and experiment of helm-shaped no-tillage precision fertilization planter for corn[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(Supp.1):33-38.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2013s107&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.S1.007.(in Chinese)
[9]孙伟,吴建民,黄晓鹏,等.2BFM-5型山地免耕播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):26-31.SUN Wei,WU Jianmin,HUANG Xiaopeng,et al.Design and field experiments of 2BFM-5 hilly no-tillage seeder[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(11):26-31.(in Chinese)
[10]郑亭,樊高琼,王秀芳,等.耕作方式、播深及覆土对机播套作小麦麦苗素质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(5):164-168.ZHENG Ting,FAN Gaoqiong,WANG Xiufang,et al.Effect of tillage management,sowing depth and soil-covering on the seedlings quality of mechanical sowing wheat under intercropping condition[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(5):164-168.(in Chinese)
[11]杨丽,张瑞,刘全威,等.防堵和播深控制机构提高玉米免耕精量播种性能[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(17):18-23.YANG Li,ZHANG Rui,LIU Quanwei,et al.Row cleaner and depth control unit improving sowing performance of maize no-till precision planter[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(17):18-23.(in Chinese)
[12]王庆杰,李洪文,何进,等.凹形圆盘式玉米垄作免耕播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):117-122.WANG Qingjie,LI Hongwen,HE Jin,et al.Design and experiment on concave disc type maize ridge-till and no-till planter[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(7):117-122.(in Chinese)
[13]郑嘉鑫.大豆精密播种机种沟构建技术及开沟装置研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2017.ZHENG Jiaxin.Furrow construction technology and furrowing machine for soybean precision planters[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2017.(in Chinese)
[14]张守勤,胡树荣,马成林.精密播种单体的动力学分析[J].农业机械学报,1984,12(4):26-33.ZHANG Shouqin,HU Shurong,MA Chenglin.The dynamic analysis of the precision drill unit[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1984,12(4):26-33.(in Chinese)
[15]FALLAHI S,RAPUFAT M H.Row-crop planter attachments in a conservation tillage system:a comparative study[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2008,98(1):27-34.
[16]AHMAD F,DING W,DING Q,et al.Forces and straw cutting performance of double disc furrow opener in no-till paddy soil[J].Plos One,2015,10(3):e0119648.
[17]KARAYEL D,ZMERZI A.Evaluation of three depth-control components on seed placement accuracy and emergence for a precision planter[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2008,24(3):271-276.
[18]CANAKC M,KARAYELD,TOPAKCI M,et al.Performance of a no-till seeder under dry and wet soil conditions[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2009,25(4):459-465.
[19]贾洪雷,郑嘉鑫,袁洪方,等.仿形滑刀式开沟器设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(4):16-24.JIA Honglei,ZHENG Jiaxin,YUAN Hongfang,et al.Design and experiment of profiling sliding-knife opener[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(4):16-24.(in Chinese)
[20]张瑞.一年两熟地区麦茬地玉米免耕播种播深控制机构的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.ZHANG Rui.Study on precision depth-control mechanism of corn no-till planter in double-cropping area[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[21]贾洪雷,朱龙图,黄东岩,等.基于Flex传感器的免耕播种机播深自动控制系统[J].吉林大学学报,2012,42(1):166-175.JIA Honglei,ZHU Longtu,HUANG Dongyan,et al.Automatic control system of sowing depth for no-till planter based on Flex sensor[J].Journal of Jilin University,2012,42(1):166-175.(in Chinese)
[22]王汉羊,陈海涛,纪文义.2BMFJ-3型麦茬地免耕精播机防堵装置[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(4):64-70.WANG Hanyang,CHEN Haitao,JI Wenyi.Anti-locking mechanism of type 2BMFJ-3 no-ill precision planter for wheat stubble fields[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(4):64-70.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20130412&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.04.012.(in Chinese)
[23]陈海涛,查韶辉,顿国强,等.2BMFJ系列免耕精量播种机清秸装置优化与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):96-102.CHEN Haitao,ZHA Shaohui,DUN Guoqiang,et al.Optimization and experiment of cleaning device of 2BMFJ type no-till precision planter[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):96-102.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20160714&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.07.014.(in Chinese)
[24]顿国强.大垄密植原茬地免耕精量播种机关键技术研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013.DUN Guoqiang.Key technology research of no-tillage precision planter on grand ridge planting with original stubble[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[25]哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学(Ⅱ)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009.
[26]侯守印,陈海涛.立式轴流大豆育种脱粒机参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):19-25.HOU Shouyin,CHEN Haitao.Parameters optimization of vertical axial flow thresher for soybean breeding[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(5):19-25.(in Chinese)
[27]GB/T 20865-2007免耕施肥播种机[S].2007.