喷丸处理对Super304H钢抗蒸汽氧化性能的影响
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摘要
研究了喷丸与未喷丸处理的Super304H钢在650℃/27 MPa的超临界蒸汽中的氧化行为。氧化1000和2000 h后,用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)分析氧化膜表面及横截面形貌、微观结构和元素分布,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对氧化膜物相进行表征。结果表明:喷丸处理试样的抗蒸汽氧化性能要远优于未喷丸的试样,喷丸处理可显著提高Super304H钢的抗蒸汽氧化性能并提高表面氧化膜的抗剥落性能。对Super304H钢施以喷丸处理,可使材料表面晶粒细化,引入的晶界、亚晶界和位错等缺陷,加速Cr原子在高温氧化过程中向表面扩散,促进材料表面致密富Cr氧化层(Cr_2O_3)的形成和生长。
Oxidation behavior of the shot-peened and bare Super 304H austenitic stainless steel was investigated in 650 ℃/27 MPa steam for 1000 and 2000 h, by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and optical microscopy(OM). It was observed that the oxidation resistance of the Super 304H steel was effectively improved by shot peening. Furthermore, spallation of oxide scale was only observed on the bare Super 304H steel after oxidation for 2000 h. The improvement of oxidation resistance could be attributed to the fact that the shot peening process produced a surface layer of ultra-fine grains with plenty of grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries and dislocations, which enhanced the diffusion of Cr to form a layer of high density of Cr-rich oxides on the surface. Therefore, the shot peening processing is an effective approach, which not only improved the oxidation resistance to supercritical steam, but also mitigated the exfoliation of oxide scale formed on Super304H steel.
Oxidation behavior of the shot-peened and bare Super 304H austenitic stainless steel was investigated in 650 ℃/27 MPa steam for 1000 and 2000 h, by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and optical microscopy(OM). It was observed that the oxidation resistance of the Super 304H steel was effectively improved by shot peening. Furthermore, spallation of oxide scale was only observed on the bare Super 304H steel after oxidation for 2000 h. The improvement of oxidation resistance could be attributed to the fact that the shot peening process produced a surface layer of ultra-fine grains with plenty of grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries and dislocations, which enhanced the diffusion of Cr to form a layer of high density of Cr-rich oxides on the surface. Therefore, the shot peening processing is an effective approach, which not only improved the oxidation resistance to supercritical steam, but also mitigated the exfoliation of oxide scale formed on Super304H steel.
引文
[1] Yang Y, Cheng S C, Yang G. Present situation of exploiting and re‐search of Super304H steel for boiler[J]. Special Steel, 2002, 23(1):27(杨岩,程世长,杨钢. Super304H锅炉钢的开发和研究现状[J].特殊钢, 2002, 23(1):27)
[2] Ma Y H. The study of high temperature steam oxidation of steel used in(Ultra)supercritical boilers[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute, 2013(马云海.超(超)临界锅炉用钢高温蒸汽氧化研究[D].上海:上海发电设备成套设计研究院, 2013)
[3] Haga S, Harada Y, Tsubakino H. Fatigue life prolongation of carbu‐rized steel by means of shot-peening[J]. Mater. Sci. Forum, 2006,505-507:775
[4] Zoeller H W, Cohen B. Shot peening for resistance to stress-corro‐sion cracking[R]. AMS Technical Report No. D5-20.1, 1965
[5] Li X G, He J W. Effect of shot blasting on oxidation behavior of TP304H steel at 610~770℃in water vapor[J]. Mater. Lett., 2006,60:339
[6] Sato T, Fukuda Y, Mitsuhata K, et al. The practical application and long-term experience of new heat resistant steels to large scale USC boilers[A]. Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants[C].Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, 2004:177
[7] Minami Y, Tooyama A, Seki M, et al. Steam-oxidation resistance of shot blasted stainless steel tubing after 10-year service[J]. NKK Tech. Rev., 1996, 75:1
[8] Liang Z, Zhao Q, Singh P M, et al. Field studies of steam oxidation behavior of austenitic heat-resistant steel 10Cr18Ni9Cu3NbN[J].Eng. Fail. Anal., 2015, 53:132
[9] Warzee M, Hennaut J, Maurice M, et al. Effect of surface treatment on the corrosion of stainless steels in high-temperature water and steam[J]. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1965, 112:670
[10] Shen J N, Zhou L J, Li T F. High-temperature oxidation of Fe-Cr alloys in wet oxygen[J]. Oxid. Met., 1997, 48:347
[11] Wright I G, Tortorelli P F, Schütze M. Program on technology in‐novation:oxide growth and exfoliation on alloys exposed to steam[R]. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Institute, 2007
[12] Yuan J T, Wu X M, Wang W, et al. The effect of surface finish on the scaling behavior of stainless steel in steam and supercritical water[J]. Oxid. Met., 2013, 79:541
[13] Holcomb G R. High pressure steam oxidation of alloys for ad‐vanced ultra-supercritical conditions[J]. Oxid. Met., 2014, 82:271
[14] Ostwald C, Grabke H J. Initial oxidation and chromium diffusion.I. Effects of surface working on 9~20%Cr steels[J]. Corros. Sci.,2004, 46:1113
[15] Naraparaju R, Christ H J, Renner F U, et al. Effect of shot-peening on the oxidation behaviour of boiler steels[J]. Oxid. Met., 2011,76:233
[16] Proy M, Utrilla M V, Otero E, et al. Effects of grit blasting and an‐nealing on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of austenitic and ferritic Fe-Cr alloys[J]. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(8):2847
[17] Alyousif O M, Engelberg D L, Marrow T J. Surface grain bound‐ary engineering of shot-peened type 304 stainless steel[J]. J. Ma‐ter. Sci., 2008, 43:1270
[18] Crank J. The Mathematics of Diffusion[M]. Oxford:Oxford Uni‐versity Press, 1956
[19] Fisher J C. Calculation of diffusion penetration curves for surface and grain boundary diffusion[J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1951, 22:74
[20] Otsuka N, Shida Y, Fujikawa H. Internal-external transition for the oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels in steam[J]. Oxid.Met., 1989, 32:13
[21] Clark S P Jr. Handbook of Physical Constants[M]. New York:Geological Society of America, 1966
[22] Sarver J M, Tanzosh J M, Plants P. Effect of temperature, alloy composition and surface treatment on the steamside oxidation/ox‐ide exfoliation behavior of candidate A-USC boiler materials[A].7th International Conference on Advances in Materials Technolo‐gy for Fossil Power Plants[C]. Waikoloa, HI, 2013:22
[2] Ma Y H. The study of high temperature steam oxidation of steel used in(Ultra)supercritical boilers[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute, 2013(马云海.超(超)临界锅炉用钢高温蒸汽氧化研究[D].上海:上海发电设备成套设计研究院, 2013)
[3] Haga S, Harada Y, Tsubakino H. Fatigue life prolongation of carbu‐rized steel by means of shot-peening[J]. Mater. Sci. Forum, 2006,505-507:775
[4] Zoeller H W, Cohen B. Shot peening for resistance to stress-corro‐sion cracking[R]. AMS Technical Report No. D5-20.1, 1965
[5] Li X G, He J W. Effect of shot blasting on oxidation behavior of TP304H steel at 610~770℃in water vapor[J]. Mater. Lett., 2006,60:339
[6] Sato T, Fukuda Y, Mitsuhata K, et al. The practical application and long-term experience of new heat resistant steels to large scale USC boilers[A]. Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants[C].Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, 2004:177
[7] Minami Y, Tooyama A, Seki M, et al. Steam-oxidation resistance of shot blasted stainless steel tubing after 10-year service[J]. NKK Tech. Rev., 1996, 75:1
[8] Liang Z, Zhao Q, Singh P M, et al. Field studies of steam oxidation behavior of austenitic heat-resistant steel 10Cr18Ni9Cu3NbN[J].Eng. Fail. Anal., 2015, 53:132
[9] Warzee M, Hennaut J, Maurice M, et al. Effect of surface treatment on the corrosion of stainless steels in high-temperature water and steam[J]. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1965, 112:670
[10] Shen J N, Zhou L J, Li T F. High-temperature oxidation of Fe-Cr alloys in wet oxygen[J]. Oxid. Met., 1997, 48:347
[11] Wright I G, Tortorelli P F, Schütze M. Program on technology in‐novation:oxide growth and exfoliation on alloys exposed to steam[R]. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Institute, 2007
[12] Yuan J T, Wu X M, Wang W, et al. The effect of surface finish on the scaling behavior of stainless steel in steam and supercritical water[J]. Oxid. Met., 2013, 79:541
[13] Holcomb G R. High pressure steam oxidation of alloys for ad‐vanced ultra-supercritical conditions[J]. Oxid. Met., 2014, 82:271
[14] Ostwald C, Grabke H J. Initial oxidation and chromium diffusion.I. Effects of surface working on 9~20%Cr steels[J]. Corros. Sci.,2004, 46:1113
[15] Naraparaju R, Christ H J, Renner F U, et al. Effect of shot-peening on the oxidation behaviour of boiler steels[J]. Oxid. Met., 2011,76:233
[16] Proy M, Utrilla M V, Otero E, et al. Effects of grit blasting and an‐nealing on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of austenitic and ferritic Fe-Cr alloys[J]. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(8):2847
[17] Alyousif O M, Engelberg D L, Marrow T J. Surface grain bound‐ary engineering of shot-peened type 304 stainless steel[J]. J. Ma‐ter. Sci., 2008, 43:1270
[18] Crank J. The Mathematics of Diffusion[M]. Oxford:Oxford Uni‐versity Press, 1956
[19] Fisher J C. Calculation of diffusion penetration curves for surface and grain boundary diffusion[J]. J. Appl. Phys., 1951, 22:74
[20] Otsuka N, Shida Y, Fujikawa H. Internal-external transition for the oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels in steam[J]. Oxid.Met., 1989, 32:13
[21] Clark S P Jr. Handbook of Physical Constants[M]. New York:Geological Society of America, 1966
[22] Sarver J M, Tanzosh J M, Plants P. Effect of temperature, alloy composition and surface treatment on the steamside oxidation/ox‐ide exfoliation behavior of candidate A-USC boiler materials[A].7th International Conference on Advances in Materials Technolo‐gy for Fossil Power Plants[C]. Waikoloa, HI, 2013:22