抗战结束前后美国制定扶蒋反共政策的国际背景
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摘要
学界关于1945年美国扶蒋反共政策的传统观点认为,美国提出这项政策的目的,主要是为帮助蒋介石打内战、消灭中共。但事实上,美国扶蒋反共政策的提出并非一蹴而就,而是有一个从援蒋联共到扶蒋疑共再到扶蒋反共的发展过程;美国之所以扶蒋,主要是考虑到战争后期苏联对华影响的不断扩大及可能出现的共苏合作所带来的对国民政府统治的冲击,政策初衷主要是为保护国民党政权,帮助蒋介石在未来可能出现的共苏合谋的背景下维持统治,而不是相反,一开始就帮助蒋介石实行军事反共;政策提出者并非赫尔利,而是罗斯福;美国提出扶蒋政策后初期主要是从政治和经济着眼,并不直接涉及用军队帮助重庆。后来之所以发生转变,是因为1945年中苏条约签订后苏联不仅没有履行条约义务还采取一系列单边行动激怒了美国。美国为遏制战后苏联在华势力的扩张才最终选择在军事上帮助蒋介石进行军事反共。
引文
(1)其中代表性成果,如牛军:《从赫尔利到马歇尔——美国调处国共矛盾始末》,福建人民出版社1989年版;汪朝光:《1945-1949:国共政争与中国命运》,社会科学文献出版社2010年版;王建朗、杨奎松、陶文钊:《抗日战争时期中国对外关系》,中共党史出版社2009年;陶文昭:《赫尔利使华与美国政府扶蒋反共政策的制定》,《近代史研究》1987年第2期;吕迅:《大棋局中的国共关系》,社科文献出版社2015年版;[美]邹谠:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,王宁、周先进译,上海人民出版社2012年版;[美]迈克尔·沙勒:《美国十字军在中国》,郭济祖译,商务印书馆1982年版;[美]赫伯特·菲斯:《中国的纠葛》,林海等译,北京大学出版社1989年版;Russell D.Buhite,Patrick J.Hurley and American Foreign Policy,Cornell University Press,1973;Tian Xiansheng,Patrick J.Hurley and Chinese-American Relations,1944-1045,Oklahoma State University,1994.
(2)转引吕迅:《大棋局中的国共关系》,社会科学文献出版社2015年版,第75页。
(3)“Need for Greater Realism in Our Relations with Chiang Kai-shek”, November 22,1944,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944 Box 5844 folder 893.00-10.17.44-12.13.44, p3、p7.
(4)参见拙作《从美国档案看中共、西南势力与蒋介石的战时博弈》,《中共党史研究》2017年第7期。
(5)Political report for April 1941,May 10,1941,NARA II RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944 Box 5845 Folder 893.00 P.R. - 197-210,p3.
(6)德拉查·米哈伊洛维奇是二战期间南斯拉夫的一名将军。德国入侵南斯拉夫后,米哈伊洛维奇受命在南组织地下抵抗力量,获得西方支持。但因政治意识形态问题同铁托所领导的共产党游击队发生激烈冲突。战后米哈伊洛维奇被铁托领导的武装击败并活捉,最终被枪决处死。
(7)1943年8月17日,谢伟思在兰州同苏联驻华代表康斯坦汀诺夫会谈。谢伟思在会谈结束后给美国国务院的报告中称,他个人感觉是,苏联似乎暗示一旦结束了对德作战就会向中共提供援助。Kuomintang-Communist situation;comments of Russian Embassy representative at Lanchow,August 17,1943,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944,Box 5842 Folder 893.00.15100--15159,p5.
(8)苏联之所以进行轰炸,是因为苏方怀疑该地区正在进行反哈萨克运动的真实目的是,蒋介石为在北疆建立进攻外蒙的军事基地,因而需要采取行动控制该地区和苏联境内哈萨克地区有密切联系的哈萨克人。
(9)Interview with Colonel Roshkin,Soviet military attache,June 4,1944,Hoover Institution Archives,Joseph W. Stilwell Papers,Box 29 Folder 7,p1.
(10)Kuomintang-Communist situation;comments of Russian Embassy representative at Lanchow,August 17,1943,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944,Box 5842 Folder 893.00.15100---15159,p5.
(11)《1943年6月24日戴维斯关于中共、内战和苏联情况的备忘录节选》(原件无标题),June 24,1943,The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley,John S. Service Papers – Banc MSS 87/21,Carton 2 Folder 51,p1.《1943年9月17日戴维斯关于苏联立场的备忘录节选》(原件无标题),September 17,1943,The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley,John S. Service Papers – Banc MSS 87/21,Carton 2 Folder 51,p1.
(12)The Situation in China,August 31,1944,University of Oklahoma, Western History Collection,Patrick J. Hurley Collection,Box 87 Folder 1,p1.
(13)以上情况见《乔治·坎南关于苏联对华可能采取的政策的电报》(原件无标题),January 10,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 104 Folder 710 China,p5;《美国驻海参崴领事关于苏军向东北提供军事补给、苏联军事顾问及苏军撤退等问题的报告》(原件无标题),October 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 Folder 893.00 10.20.45-11.20.45,p6;
(14)Communist-Kuomintang Relations,Janurary 1,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 1.2.45-1.31.45,p3.
(15)值得注意的是,1944年11月18日在罗斯福将信交给赫尔利的时候,罗斯福曾反复叮嘱赫尔利一定要亲自转告蒋介石,让他记住罗斯福的这句话,而且罗斯福也一定会信守诺言,并特别指示赫尔利一定要在转告时反复强调“俄国人”这几个字眼。《罗斯福致赫尔利的亲笔信》(原件无标题),November 18,1944,University of Oklahoma, Western History Collection,Patrick J. Hurley Collection,Box 88 Folder 15,p1.
(16)Communist-Kuomintang Relations,January 1,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 1.2.45-1.31.45,p2.
(17)《赫尔利给美国国务卿的信》(原件无标题),January 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 2.1.45-2.28.45,p3.
(18)《赫尔利给美国国务卿的信》(原件无标题),January 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 2.1.45-2.28.45,p9.
(19)《艾奇逊给美国国务卿的电报:关于蒋介石对中共持强硬立场、和谈无望,以及蒋介石也认为共苏会进行合作》,February 26,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 2.1.45-2.28.45,p3;盛世才说,据他所知苏军与伊犁起义关系密切,起义军的一个领导人是一个原来驻哈密部队的军官,这个人被他的苏联顾问控制,参见《Teddy White对盛世才的专访》,April,1945,Harvard University Archives,Papers of T.H. White: China and Asia Correspondent Papers,Box 56 Folder 29 Dispatches, 1943 Sinkiang,p1;Sinkiang Development,July 3,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 6.1.45-6.30.45,p5.
(20)关于1945年日本战败后,在华白俄及西方人对共苏国美的政治态度,参见《苏联秘密警察在上海的备忘录》(原件无标题),October 13,1945,NARA IIRG 59 Entry A1 399 - Records of the Division of Chinese Affairs – Subject File, 1944-47 (Lot 110),Box 8 Folder Japanese-Sino Relations 1945,p9;Report on Political Interest Among the Soviet Community of Shanghai,October 22,1945,NARA II,RG 226 Entry UD 140 - Washington-Pacific Coast-Field Station Files,Box 53 Folder 430,p53、p54.
(21)《美国驻苏大使馆关于同斯大林、史密斯会谈的电报》(原件无标题),April 5,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 115 Folder 800.1 Stalin,p1.
(22)美国战争部长史汀生给美国国务卿格鲁的信,参见《美国陆军部麦克克洛伊对苏联参加远东战事的看法》(原件无标题),May 27,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 249,p2.
(23)《魏德迈的简报:苏军进入东北后国民党及蒋介石在中国北方的失败》(原件无标题),November 20,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 421 - American British Canadian Correspondence,Box 244 Folder folder 336 china (26 jan 42) sec 1D,p4-5.
(24)转引自沈志华主编:《一个大国的崛起与崩溃:苏联历史专题研究(1917-1991)》,社会科学文献出版社2009年版,第582页。
(25)Private Comments of a Soviet Official on Sino-American relations and other political problems,June16,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 6.1.45-6.30.45,p5.
(26)《美国驻苏大使馆关于同斯大林、史密斯会谈的电报》(原件无标题),April 5,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 115 Folder 800.1 Stalin,p5.
(27)《延安美军观察组的电讯:转发罗德里克文章中谈到的中共对苏联的看法》(原件无标题),March 7,1946,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 269 - China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section - Formerly Classified Incoming Messages (Geographical),Box 394 (All radios from Yenan) Folder 3 - 12.2.45 – 4.28.46,p1.
(28)《美国陆军部长史汀生对苏联参加对日作战的看法》(原件无标题),May 21,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 249,p2.
(29)《美国陆军部麦克克洛伊对苏联参加远东战事的看法》(原件无标题),May 27,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 249,p2.
(30)见《杜鲁门、宋子文、格鲁等关于中苏关系、日本投降协议的会谈备忘录》(原件无标题),June 14,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 6.1.45-6.30.45,p3.
(31)Chinese Reactions to The Agreements with The Soviet Union,September 7,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 79-Security Classified Intelligence Reference Publications, 1940-1945 (P Files),Box 545 Communists Folder 11,p5.
(32)关于美方得到的有关苏联军事援助中共的报告,参见《美国海军有关中国情报的报告》(原件无标题),January 17,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 365 350.09 Intel 1946 Folder 2 Intelligence 1946;《国民党方面给美国驻渝军事联络处关于苏联在沪秘密活动的情报》(原件无标题),February 3,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 365 350.09 Intel 1946 Folder 2 Intelligence 1946;Chinese Communists’ views in regard to Soviet Russia,March 14,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 247;Report on the radio Communists network set up by General Lo-hsing,the Soviet Russian military attache,July 1,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 364 Folder 6 - 350.09 1946;《美国关于国共关系及国共关系中的苏联因素的情报》(原件无标题),July 4,1945,NARA II,RG 226 Entry UD 140 - Washington-Pacific Coast-Field Station Files,Box 37 Folder 6 - SACO Reports YH-CK Series;Ammunition used by Chinese Communists Troops,specimen,July 5,1945,NARA II,RG 38 Entry A1 332 Naval Group China Papers,Box 40, Folder 5;《延安美军观察组发来关于美国战略情报局(OSS)收到的关于共苏合作的报告》(原件无标题),August 5,1945,,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 365 350.09 Intel 1946 Folder 6–350.09;《延安美军观察组伊顿的电讯:有苏联飞机在延安降落》(原件无标题),September 14,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 269 - China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section - Formerly Classified Incoming Messages (Geographical),Box 394 (All radios from Yenan) Folder 5/21/45-12/1/45;《美国驻华大使馆军事武官关于中共武装力量、共苏军事合作及苏联向中共提供日制武器的报告》(原件无标题),October 9,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 9.3.45-10.19.45;《美国战略情报局(OSS)关于共苏在上海进行情报合作的报告》(原件无标题),October 12,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 241 - Office of the Commanding General; Formerly Top Secret Incoming Messages,Box 11 Folder Radios - Miscellaneous Incoming 1944-45;《美国驻海参崴领事和中国驻海参崴领事谈苏联对中国东北的政策》(原件无标题),November 16,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 Folder 893.00 10.20.45-11.20.45。但另一方面,必须指出的是,美国也曾授命在延安的美军观察组对共苏可能存在的军事合作进行调查,但结论是并没有发现中共使用苏联武器或为苏联提供运输物资的军用机场。参见《美国战略情报局(OSS)关于目前没有证据表明苏方向中共提供物资和武器的备忘录》(原件无标题),September 13,1945,NARA II,RG 226 Entry A1 148: Field Station Files New York/Overseas,Box 6 Folder 87,p1.
(33)有关1945年中共主动寻求苏联和外蒙支持的情况,参见Chinese Communist Expectations in Regard to Soviet Participation in Far East War,March 14,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 904 (123.00 Service, John–Folder 2),p4;Alleged Sending to the USSR of Chinese Communists emissaries,March 15,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 248,p1;《Paul Linebarger在华盛顿同谢伟思晚餐谈中共对苏联在东北作战的看法》(原件无标题),April 17,1945,Hoover Institution Archives,Paul M.A. Linebarger Papers,Microfilm Roll 3,p1;Chinese Communist-Kuomintang-Soviet Triangle in Inner Mongolia and Manchuria,August 31,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 79 -Security Classified Intelligence Reference Publications, 1940-1945 (P Files),Box 545 Communists Folder 11,p1、p2;《美方关于林彪和苏联代表在哈尔滨会面的情报》(原件无标题),September 6,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 618 - U.S. Branch of Executive Headquarters, Peiping; General Admin Records 1946-1947, Conflict Control Group,Box 104 folder Memos–communists;《中共在张家口的兵力、对苏军的看法以及中共对美国在华驻军的不满》(原件无标题),October 6,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 9.3.45-10.19.45,p3;《美国驻海参崴领事关于苏军向东北提供军事补给、苏联军事顾问及苏军撤退等问题的报告》(原件无标题),October 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 Folder 893.00 10.20.45-11.20.45,p2、p4、p6;《延安美军观察组的电讯:关于中苏关系》(原件无标题),December 6,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 269 - China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section - Formerly Classified Incoming Messages (Geographical),Box 394 (All radios from Yenan) Folder 3 - 12.2.45–4.28.46,p1.
(34)《魏德迈的电讯:东北局势》(原件无标题),October 10,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 248 - Office of the Commanding General; Records Concerning Wedemeyer's Second Trip to Washington,Box 25 Folder 3,p1.
(35)Analysis of Soviet Strength and Weakness,September 1,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313–US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 114 Folder 800 USSR,p17;《美国驻华大使馆给美国驻苏大使馆的电报:要求对方提供苏联对华、东北和中共政策的材料》(原件无标题),December 26,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 78 Folder 800 Manchuria,p1.
(36)《美国陆军部麦克克洛伊对苏联参加远东战事的看法》(原件无标题),November 20,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 421 - American British Canadian Correspondence,Box 244 Folder folder 336 china (26 Jan 42) sec 1D,p5.
(2)转引吕迅:《大棋局中的国共关系》,社会科学文献出版社2015年版,第75页。
(3)“Need for Greater Realism in Our Relations with Chiang Kai-shek”, November 22,1944,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944 Box 5844 folder 893.00-10.17.44-12.13.44, p3、p7.
(4)参见拙作《从美国档案看中共、西南势力与蒋介石的战时博弈》,《中共党史研究》2017年第7期。
(5)Political report for April 1941,May 10,1941,NARA II RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944 Box 5845 Folder 893.00 P.R. - 197-210,p3.
(6)德拉查·米哈伊洛维奇是二战期间南斯拉夫的一名将军。德国入侵南斯拉夫后,米哈伊洛维奇受命在南组织地下抵抗力量,获得西方支持。但因政治意识形态问题同铁托所领导的共产党游击队发生激烈冲突。战后米哈伊洛维奇被铁托领导的武装击败并活捉,最终被枪决处死。
(7)1943年8月17日,谢伟思在兰州同苏联驻华代表康斯坦汀诺夫会谈。谢伟思在会谈结束后给美国国务院的报告中称,他个人感觉是,苏联似乎暗示一旦结束了对德作战就会向中共提供援助。Kuomintang-Communist situation;comments of Russian Embassy representative at Lanchow,August 17,1943,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944,Box 5842 Folder 893.00.15100--15159,p5.
(8)苏联之所以进行轰炸,是因为苏方怀疑该地区正在进行反哈萨克运动的真实目的是,蒋介石为在北疆建立进攻外蒙的军事基地,因而需要采取行动控制该地区和苏联境内哈萨克地区有密切联系的哈萨克人。
(9)Interview with Colonel Roshkin,Soviet military attache,June 4,1944,Hoover Institution Archives,Joseph W. Stilwell Papers,Box 29 Folder 7,p1.
(10)Kuomintang-Communist situation;comments of Russian Embassy representative at Lanchow,August 17,1943,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1940-1944,Box 5842 Folder 893.00.15100---15159,p5.
(11)《1943年6月24日戴维斯关于中共、内战和苏联情况的备忘录节选》(原件无标题),June 24,1943,The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley,John S. Service Papers – Banc MSS 87/21,Carton 2 Folder 51,p1.《1943年9月17日戴维斯关于苏联立场的备忘录节选》(原件无标题),September 17,1943,The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley,John S. Service Papers – Banc MSS 87/21,Carton 2 Folder 51,p1.
(12)The Situation in China,August 31,1944,University of Oklahoma, Western History Collection,Patrick J. Hurley Collection,Box 87 Folder 1,p1.
(13)以上情况见《乔治·坎南关于苏联对华可能采取的政策的电报》(原件无标题),January 10,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 104 Folder 710 China,p5;《美国驻海参崴领事关于苏军向东北提供军事补给、苏联军事顾问及苏军撤退等问题的报告》(原件无标题),October 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 Folder 893.00 10.20.45-11.20.45,p6;
(14)Communist-Kuomintang Relations,Janurary 1,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 1.2.45-1.31.45,p3.
(15)值得注意的是,1944年11月18日在罗斯福将信交给赫尔利的时候,罗斯福曾反复叮嘱赫尔利一定要亲自转告蒋介石,让他记住罗斯福的这句话,而且罗斯福也一定会信守诺言,并特别指示赫尔利一定要在转告时反复强调“俄国人”这几个字眼。《罗斯福致赫尔利的亲笔信》(原件无标题),November 18,1944,University of Oklahoma, Western History Collection,Patrick J. Hurley Collection,Box 88 Folder 15,p1.
(16)Communist-Kuomintang Relations,January 1,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 1.2.45-1.31.45,p2.
(17)《赫尔利给美国国务卿的信》(原件无标题),January 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 2.1.45-2.28.45,p3.
(18)《赫尔利给美国国务卿的信》(原件无标题),January 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 2.1.45-2.28.45,p9.
(19)《艾奇逊给美国国务卿的电报:关于蒋介石对中共持强硬立场、和谈无望,以及蒋介石也认为共苏会进行合作》,February 26,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7262 Folder 893.00 2.1.45-2.28.45,p3;盛世才说,据他所知苏军与伊犁起义关系密切,起义军的一个领导人是一个原来驻哈密部队的军官,这个人被他的苏联顾问控制,参见《Teddy White对盛世才的专访》,April,1945,Harvard University Archives,Papers of T.H. White: China and Asia Correspondent Papers,Box 56 Folder 29 Dispatches, 1943 Sinkiang,p1;Sinkiang Development,July 3,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 6.1.45-6.30.45,p5.
(20)关于1945年日本战败后,在华白俄及西方人对共苏国美的政治态度,参见《苏联秘密警察在上海的备忘录》(原件无标题),October 13,1945,NARA IIRG 59 Entry A1 399 - Records of the Division of Chinese Affairs – Subject File, 1944-47 (Lot 110),Box 8 Folder Japanese-Sino Relations 1945,p9;Report on Political Interest Among the Soviet Community of Shanghai,October 22,1945,NARA II,RG 226 Entry UD 140 - Washington-Pacific Coast-Field Station Files,Box 53 Folder 430,p53、p54.
(21)《美国驻苏大使馆关于同斯大林、史密斯会谈的电报》(原件无标题),April 5,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 115 Folder 800.1 Stalin,p1.
(22)美国战争部长史汀生给美国国务卿格鲁的信,参见《美国陆军部麦克克洛伊对苏联参加远东战事的看法》(原件无标题),May 27,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 249,p2.
(23)《魏德迈的简报:苏军进入东北后国民党及蒋介石在中国北方的失败》(原件无标题),November 20,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 421 - American British Canadian Correspondence,Box 244 Folder folder 336 china (26 jan 42) sec 1D,p4-5.
(24)转引自沈志华主编:《一个大国的崛起与崩溃:苏联历史专题研究(1917-1991)》,社会科学文献出版社2009年版,第582页。
(25)Private Comments of a Soviet Official on Sino-American relations and other political problems,June16,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 6.1.45-6.30.45,p5.
(26)《美国驻苏大使馆关于同斯大林、史密斯会谈的电报》(原件无标题),April 5,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 115 Folder 800.1 Stalin,p5.
(27)《延安美军观察组的电讯:转发罗德里克文章中谈到的中共对苏联的看法》(原件无标题),March 7,1946,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 269 - China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section - Formerly Classified Incoming Messages (Geographical),Box 394 (All radios from Yenan) Folder 3 - 12.2.45 – 4.28.46,p1.
(28)《美国陆军部长史汀生对苏联参加对日作战的看法》(原件无标题),May 21,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 249,p2.
(29)《美国陆军部麦克克洛伊对苏联参加远东战事的看法》(原件无标题),May 27,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 249,p2.
(30)见《杜鲁门、宋子文、格鲁等关于中苏关系、日本投降协议的会谈备忘录》(原件无标题),June 14,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 6.1.45-6.30.45,p3.
(31)Chinese Reactions to The Agreements with The Soviet Union,September 7,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 79-Security Classified Intelligence Reference Publications, 1940-1945 (P Files),Box 545 Communists Folder 11,p5.
(32)关于美方得到的有关苏联军事援助中共的报告,参见《美国海军有关中国情报的报告》(原件无标题),January 17,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 365 350.09 Intel 1946 Folder 2 Intelligence 1946;《国民党方面给美国驻渝军事联络处关于苏联在沪秘密活动的情报》(原件无标题),February 3,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 365 350.09 Intel 1946 Folder 2 Intelligence 1946;Chinese Communists’ views in regard to Soviet Russia,March 14,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 247;Report on the radio Communists network set up by General Lo-hsing,the Soviet Russian military attache,July 1,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 364 Folder 6 - 350.09 1946;《美国关于国共关系及国共关系中的苏联因素的情报》(原件无标题),July 4,1945,NARA II,RG 226 Entry UD 140 - Washington-Pacific Coast-Field Station Files,Box 37 Folder 6 - SACO Reports YH-CK Series;Ammunition used by Chinese Communists Troops,specimen,July 5,1945,NARA II,RG 38 Entry A1 332 Naval Group China Papers,Box 40, Folder 5;《延安美军观察组发来关于美国战略情报局(OSS)收到的关于共苏合作的报告》(原件无标题),August 5,1945,,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 266–China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section, Formerly Classified General Correspondence (Decimal File),Box 365 350.09 Intel 1946 Folder 6–350.09;《延安美军观察组伊顿的电讯:有苏联飞机在延安降落》(原件无标题),September 14,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 269 - China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section - Formerly Classified Incoming Messages (Geographical),Box 394 (All radios from Yenan) Folder 5/21/45-12/1/45;《美国驻华大使馆军事武官关于中共武装力量、共苏军事合作及苏联向中共提供日制武器的报告》(原件无标题),October 9,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 9.3.45-10.19.45;《美国战略情报局(OSS)关于共苏在上海进行情报合作的报告》(原件无标题),October 12,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 241 - Office of the Commanding General; Formerly Top Secret Incoming Messages,Box 11 Folder Radios - Miscellaneous Incoming 1944-45;《美国驻海参崴领事和中国驻海参崴领事谈苏联对中国东北的政策》(原件无标题),November 16,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 Folder 893.00 10.20.45-11.20.45。但另一方面,必须指出的是,美国也曾授命在延安的美军观察组对共苏可能存在的军事合作进行调查,但结论是并没有发现中共使用苏联武器或为苏联提供运输物资的军用机场。参见《美国战略情报局(OSS)关于目前没有证据表明苏方向中共提供物资和武器的备忘录》(原件无标题),September 13,1945,NARA II,RG 226 Entry A1 148: Field Station Files New York/Overseas,Box 6 Folder 87,p1.
(33)有关1945年中共主动寻求苏联和外蒙支持的情况,参见Chinese Communist Expectations in Regard to Soviet Participation in Far East War,March 14,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 904 (123.00 Service, John–Folder 2),p4;Alleged Sending to the USSR of Chinese Communists emissaries,March 15,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Decimal File Relating to WWII, 1939-1945,M982 Roll 248,p1;《Paul Linebarger在华盛顿同谢伟思晚餐谈中共对苏联在东北作战的看法》(原件无标题),April 17,1945,Hoover Institution Archives,Paul M.A. Linebarger Papers,Microfilm Roll 3,p1;Chinese Communist-Kuomintang-Soviet Triangle in Inner Mongolia and Manchuria,August 31,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 79 -Security Classified Intelligence Reference Publications, 1940-1945 (P Files),Box 545 Communists Folder 11,p1、p2;《美方关于林彪和苏联代表在哈尔滨会面的情报》(原件无标题),September 6,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 618 - U.S. Branch of Executive Headquarters, Peiping; General Admin Records 1946-1947, Conflict Control Group,Box 104 folder Memos–communists;《中共在张家口的兵力、对苏军的看法以及中共对美国在华驻军的不满》(原件无标题),October 6,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 folder 893.00 9.3.45-10.19.45,p3;《美国驻海参崴领事关于苏军向东北提供军事补给、苏联军事顾问及苏军撤退等问题的报告》(原件无标题),October 31,1945,NARA II,RG 59 Central Decimal Files 1945-1949,Box 7263 Folder 893.00 10.20.45-11.20.45,p2、p4、p6;《延安美军观察组的电讯:关于中苏关系》(原件无标题),December 6,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 269 - China Theater/Special Staff; Adjutant General Section - Formerly Classified Incoming Messages (Geographical),Box 394 (All radios from Yenan) Folder 3 - 12.2.45–4.28.46,p1.
(34)《魏德迈的电讯:东北局势》(原件无标题),October 10,1945,NARA II,RG 493 Entry 248 - Office of the Commanding General; Records Concerning Wedemeyer's Second Trip to Washington,Box 25 Folder 3,p1.
(35)Analysis of Soviet Strength and Weakness,September 1,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313–US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 114 Folder 800 USSR,p17;《美国驻华大使馆给美国驻苏大使馆的电报:要求对方提供苏联对华、东北和中共政策的材料》(原件无标题),December 26,1945,NARA II,RG 84 Entry UD 3313 – US Embassy, Moscow: Classified General Records,Box 78 Folder 800 Manchuria,p1.
(36)《美国陆军部麦克克洛伊对苏联参加远东战事的看法》(原件无标题),November 20,1945,NARA II,RG 165 Entry 421 - American British Canadian Correspondence,Box 244 Folder folder 336 china (26 Jan 42) sec 1D,p5.