胞外基质的结构与功能
|
摘要
胞外基质是由细胞合成和分泌的胶原蛋白、非胶原糖蛋白、蛋白聚糖等生物大分子在细胞表面或细胞之间构成的复杂网络结构。胞外基质蛋白的结构与功能受到糖基化、共价交联等翻译后修饰的调控。胞外基质不仅起到结构支撑的作用,而且可作为信号分子结合整合素等细胞表面受体传递信号。胞外基质网络同时结合并调控细胞因子与生长因子信号。胞外基质网络在细胞黏附、细胞迁移、细胞周期、细胞命运决定过程起到重要调控作用,进而调控组织发育与机体稳态的建立与维持。胞外基质网络结构与功能的紊乱将导致癌症、组织纤维化、结缔组织异常等多种疾病的发生。该文将简要介绍胞外基质的基本结构和功能、胞外基质与细胞骨架的交互调控机制及其生理与病理功能。
The matrisome is a complex and heterogeneous collection of extracellular matrix(ECM) and ECM-associated proteins that play important roles in tissue development and homeostasis. Collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins, the core components of the matrisome, form complex networks outside of the cells subjected to posttranslational modifications. ECM not only serves as a scaffold for the cells, but also transduces signals to the cells, and modulates the signaling of ECM-bound growth factors and cytokines. ECM networks regulate cell adhesion, cell migration, cell fate determination, and are crucial in the regulation of development and tissue homeostasis. Disordered ECM structure and function are related to many diseases including cancer, fibrosis and connective disorders. This article will briefly introduce the structure and functions of the extracellular matrix, its communication with the cytoskeleton, and its functions in the development and tissue homeostasis regulation.
The matrisome is a complex and heterogeneous collection of extracellular matrix(ECM) and ECM-associated proteins that play important roles in tissue development and homeostasis. Collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins, the core components of the matrisome, form complex networks outside of the cells subjected to posttranslational modifications. ECM not only serves as a scaffold for the cells, but also transduces signals to the cells, and modulates the signaling of ECM-bound growth factors and cytokines. ECM networks regulate cell adhesion, cell migration, cell fate determination, and are crucial in the regulation of development and tissue homeostasis. Disordered ECM structure and function are related to many diseases including cancer, fibrosis and connective disorders. This article will briefly introduce the structure and functions of the extracellular matrix, its communication with the cytoskeleton, and its functions in the development and tissue homeostasis regulation.
引文
1 Hynes RO,Naba A.Overview of the matrisome--an inventory of extracellular matrix constituents and functions.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012;4(1):a004903.
2 Mouw JK,Ou G,Weaver VM.Extracellular matrix assembly:a multiscale deconstruction.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014;15(12):771-85.
3 Robins SP.Biochemistry and functional significance of collagen cross-linking.Biochem Soc Trans 2007;35(Pt 5):849-52.
4 Multhaupt HA,Leitinger B,Gullberg D,Couchman JR.Extracellular matrix component signaling in cancer.Adv Drug Deliv Rev2016;97:28-40.
5 Sarrazin S,Lamanna WC,Esko JD.Heparan sulfate proteoglycans.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(7):pii:a004952.
6 Hynes RO.Integrins:bidirectional,allosteric signaling machines.Cell 2002;110(6):673-87.
7 Ricard-Blum S.The collagen family.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(1):a004978.
8 Birk DE,Fitch JM,Babiarz JP,Doane KJ,Linsenmayer TF.Collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro:interaction of types I and V collagen regulates fibril diameter.J Cell Sci 1990;95(Pt 4):649-57.
9 Toriello HV,Glover TW,Takahara K,Byers PH,Miller DE,Higgins JV,et al.A translocation interrupts the COL5A1 gene in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypomelanosis of Ito.Nat Genet 1996;13(3):361-5.
10 Pozzi A,Yurchenco PD,Iozzo RV.The nature and biology of basement membranes.Matrix Biol 2017;57/58:1-11.
11 Yurchenco PD.Basement membranes:cell scaffoldings and signaling platforms.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(2):pii:a004911.
12 Cosgrove D,Liu S.Collagen IV diseases:A focus on the glomerular basement membrane in Alport syndrome.Matrix Biol 2017;57/58:45-54.
13 Hudson BG,Tryggvason K,Sundaramoorthy M,Neilson EG.Alport’s syndrome,Goodpasture’s syndrome,and type IV collagen.N Engl J Med 2003;348(25):2543-56.
14 Tzu J,Marinkovich MP.Bridging structure with function:structural,regulatory,and developmental role of laminins.Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40(2):199-214.
15 Miner JH,Li C,Mudd JL,Go G,Sutherland AE.Compositional and structural requirements for laminin and basement membranes during mouse embryo implantation and gastrulation.Development 2004;131(10):2247-56.
16 Theocharis AD,Skandalis SS,Gialeli C,Karamanos NK.Extracellular matrix structure.Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016;97:4-27.
17 Iozzo RV,Sanderson RD.Proteoglycans in cancer biology,tumour microenvironment and angiogenesis.J Cell Mol Med 2011;15(5):1013-31.
18 Tamkun JW,DeSimone DW,Fonda D,Patel RS,Buck C,Horwitz AF,et al.Structure of integrin,a glycoprotein involved in the transmembrane linkage between fibronectin and actin.Cell1986;46(2):271-82.
19 Calderwood DA,Zent R,Grant R,Rees DJ,Hynes RO,Ginsberg MH.The Talin head domain binds to integrin beta subunit cytoplasmic tails and regulates integrin activation.J Biol Chem 1999;274(40):28071-4.
20 Takagi J,Erickson HP,Springer TA.C-terminal opening mimics‘inside-out’activation of integrin alpha5beta1.Nat Struct Biol2001;8(5):412-6.
21 Harburger DS,Bouaouina M,Calderwood DA.Kindlin-1 and-2directly bind the C-terminal region of beta integrin cytoplasmic tails and exert integrin-specific activation effects.J Biol Chem2009;284(17):11485-97.
22 Valiathan RR,Marco M,Leitinger B,Kleer CG,Fridman R.Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases:new players in cancer progression.Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012;31(1/2):295-321.
23 West DC,Hampson IN,Arnold F,Kumar S.Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid.Science 1985;228(4705):1324-6.
24 Wang X,Harris RE,Bayston LJ,Ashe HL.Type IV collagens regulate BMP signalling in Drosophila.Nature 2008;455(7209):72-7.
25 Middleton J,Patterson AM,Gardner L,Schmutz C,Ashton BA.Leukocyte extravasation:chemokine transport and presentation by the endothelium.Blood 2002;100(12):3853-60.
26 Ge G,Greenspan DS.BMP1 controls TGFbeta1 activation via cleavage of latent TGFbeta-binding protein.J Cell Biol 2006;175(1):111-20.
27 Crawford SE,Stellmach V,Murphy-Ullrich JE,Ribeiro SM,Lawler J,Hynes RO,et al.Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-beta1 in vivo.Cell 1998;93(7):1159-70.
28 Munger JS,Huang X,Kawakatsu H,Griffiths MJ,Dalton SL,Wu J,et al.The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1:a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.Cell 1999;96(3):319-28.
29 Paszek MJ,Zahir N,Johnson KR,Lakins JN,Rozenberg GI,Gefen A,et al.Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype.Cancer Cell 2005;8(3):241-54.
30 Klingberg F,Chow ML,Koehler A,Boo S,Buscemi L,Quinn TM,et al.Prestress in the extracellular matrix sensitizes latent TGF-beta1 for activation.J Cell Biol 2014;207(2):283-97.
31 Hinz B.The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factorbeta1:Tale of a strained relationship.Matrix Biol 2015;47:54-65.
32 Calvo F,Ege N,Grande-Garcia A,Hooper S,Jenkins RP,Chaudhry SI,et al.Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts.Nat Cell Biol 2013;15(6):637-46.
33 Dupont S,Morsut L,Aragona M,Enzo E,Giulitti S,Cordenonsi M,et al.Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction.Nature2011;474(7350):179-83.
34 Geiger B,Spatz JP,Bershadsky AD.Environmental sensing through focal adhesions.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009;10(1):21-33.
35 Geiger B,Bershadsky A,Pankov R,Yamada KM.Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix-cytoskeleton crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001;2(11):793-805.
36 Arnaout MA,Goodman SL,Xiong JP.Structure and mechanics of integrin-based cell adhesion.Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007;19(5):495-507.
37 Nobes CD,Hall A.Rho,rac,and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers,lamellipodia,and filopodia.Cell 1995;81(1):53-62.
38 Rottner K,Hall A,Small JV.Interplay between Rac and Rho in the control of substrate contact dynamics.Curr Biol 1999;9(12):640-8.
39 Kaplan KB,Swedlow JR,Morgan DO,Varmus HE.c-Src enhances the spreading of src-/-fibroblasts on fibronectin by a kinase-independent mechanism.Genes Dev 1995;9(12):1505-17.
40 Kumar A,Ouyang M,Van den Dries K,McGhee EJ,Tanaka K,Anderson MD,et al.Talin tension sensor reveals novel features of focal adhesion force transmission and mechanosensitivity.JCell Biol 2016;213(3):371-83.
41 Grashoff C,Hoffman BD,Brenner MD,Zhou R,Parsons M,Yang MT,et al.Measuring mechanical tension across vinculin reveals regulation of focal adhesion dynamics.Nature 2010;466(7303):263-6.
42 Lo CM,Wang HB,Dembo M,Wang YL.Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate.Biophys J 2000;79(1):144-52.
43 Stephens LE,Sutherland AE,Klimanskaya IV,Andrieux A,Meneses J,Pedersen RA,et al.Deletion of beta 1 integrins in mice results in inner cell mass failure and peri-implantation lethality.Genes Dev 1995;9(15):1883-95.
44 Henry MD,Campbell KP.A role for dystroglycan in basement membrane assembly.Cell 1998;95(6):859-70.
45 Colognato H,Winkelmann DA,Yurchenco PD.Laminin polymerization induces a receptor-cytoskeleton network.J Cell Biol1999;145(3):619-31.
46 Pankov R,Cukierman E,Katz BZ,Matsumoto K,Lin DC,Lin S,et al.Integrin dynamics and matrix assembly:tensin-dependent translocation of alpha(5)beta(1)integrins promotes early fibronectin fibrillogenesis.J Cell Biol 2000;148(5):1075-90.
47 Sechler JL,Rao H,Cumiskey AM,Vega-Colon I,Smith MS,Murata T,et al.A novel fibronectin binding site required for fibronectin fibril growth during matrix assembly.J Cell Biol 2001;154(5):1081-8.
48 Zhong C,Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M,Brown J,Shaub A,Belkin AM,Burridge K.Rho-mediated contractility exposes a cryptic site in fibronectin and induces fibronectin matrix assembly.J Cell Biol 1998;141(2):539-51.
49 Wu C,Keivens VM,O’Toole TE,McDonald JA,Ginsberg MH.Integrin activation and cytoskeletal interaction are essential for the assembly of a fibronectin matrix.Cell 1995;83(5):715-24.
50 Byers PH,Murray ML.Heritable Collagen Disorders:The paradigm of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(Suppl 3):E6-E11.
51 Ortiz-Urda S,Garcia J,Green CL,Chen L,Lin Q,Veitch DP,et al.Type VII collagen is required for Ras-driven human epidermal tumorigenesis.Science 2005;307(5716):1773-6.
52 Kim HE,Dalal SS,Young E,Legato MJ,Weisfeldt ML,D’Armiento J.Disruption of the myocardial extracellular matrix leads to cardiac dysfunction.J Clin Invest 2000;106(7):857-66.
53 Bondeson J,Wainwright S,Hughes C,Caterson B.The regulation of the ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 aggrecanases in osteoarthritis:a review.Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26(1):139-45.
54 Martignetti JA,Aqeel AA,Sewairi WA,Boumah CE,Kambouris M,Mayouf SA,et al.Mutation of the matrix metalloproteinase 2gene(MMP2)causes a multicentric osteolysis and arthritis syndrome.Nat Genet 2001;28(3):261-5.
55 Verrecchia F,Chu ML,Mauviel A.Identification of novel TGF-beta/Smad gene targets in dermal fibroblasts using a combined cDNA microarray/promoter transactivation approach.J Biol Chem 2001;276(20):17058-62.
56 Bhattacharyya S,Tamaki Z,Wang W,Hinchcliff M,Hoover P,Getsios S,et al.FibronectinEDA promotes chronic cutaneous fibrosis through Toll-like receptor signaling.Sci Transl Med 2014;6(232):232ra50.
57 Tian X,Azpurua J,Hine C,Vaidya A,Myakishev-Rempel M,Ablaeva J,et al.High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat.Nature 2013;499(7458):346-9.
58 Malanchi I,Santamaria-Martinez A,Susanto E,Peng H,Lehr HA,Delaloye JF,et al.Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization.Nature 2011;481(7379):85-9.
59 Todaro M,Gaggianesi M,Catalano V,Benfante A,Iovino F,Biffoni M,et al.CD44v6 is a marker of constitutive and reprogrammed cancer stem cells driving colon cancer metastasis.Cell Stem Cell 2014;14(3):342-56.
60 Ohlund D,Elyada E,Tuveson D.Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound.J Exp Med 2014;211(8):1503-23.
61 Schafer M,Werner S.Cancer as an overhealing wound:an old hypothesis revisited.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008;9(8):628-38.
62 Neglia JP,FitzSimmons SC,Maisonneuve P,Schoni MH,Schoni-Affolter F,Corey M,et al.The risk of cancer among patients with cystic fibrosis.Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer Study Group.NEngl J Med 1995;332(8):494-9.
63 Boyd NF,Guo H,Martin LJ,Sun L,Stone J,Fishell E,et al.Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer.N Engl J Med 2007;356(3):227-36.
64 Xiao Q,Jiang Y,Liu Q,Yue J,Liu C,Zhao X,et al.Minor type IV collagen alpha5 chain promotes cancer progression through discoidin domain receptor-1.PLoS Genet 2015;11(5):e1005249.
65 Gao Y,Xiao Q,Ma H,Li L,Liu J,Feng Y,et al.LKB1 inhibits lung cancer progression through lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(44):18892-7.
66 Levental KR,Yu H,Kass L,Lakins JN,Egeblad M,Erler JT,et al.Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling.Cell 2009;139(5):891-906.
67 Cheresh DA,Stupack DG.Regulation of angiogenesis:apoptotic cues from the ECM.Oncogene 2008;27(48):6285-98.
68 Saupe F,Schwenzer A,Jia Y,Gasser I,Spenle C,Langlois B,et al.Tenascin-C downregulates wnt inhibitor dickkopf-1,promoting tumorigenesis in a neuroendocrine tumor model.Cell Rep2013;5(2):482-92.
69 Mott JD,Werb Z.Regulation of matrix biology by matrix metalloproteinases.Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004;16(5):558-64.
70 Burgess JK,Weckmann M.Matrikines and the lungs.Pharmacol Ther 2012;134(3):317-37.
71 Weathington NM,van Houwelingen AH,Noerager BD,Jackson PL,Kraneveld AD,Galin FS,et al.A novel peptide CXCR ligand derived from extracellular matrix degradation during airway inflammation.Nat Med 2006;12(3):317-23.
72 Houghton AM,Quintero PA,Perkins DL,Kobayashi DK,Kelley DG,Marconcini LA,et al.Elastin fragments drive disease progression in a murine model of emphysema.J Clin Invest 2006;116(3):753-9.
73 Salmon H,Franciszkiewicz K,Damotte D,Dieu-Nosjean MC,Validire P,Trautmann A,et al.Matrix architecture defines the preferential localization and migration of T cells into the stroma of human lung tumors.J Clin Invest 2012;122(3):899-910.
2 Mouw JK,Ou G,Weaver VM.Extracellular matrix assembly:a multiscale deconstruction.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014;15(12):771-85.
3 Robins SP.Biochemistry and functional significance of collagen cross-linking.Biochem Soc Trans 2007;35(Pt 5):849-52.
4 Multhaupt HA,Leitinger B,Gullberg D,Couchman JR.Extracellular matrix component signaling in cancer.Adv Drug Deliv Rev2016;97:28-40.
5 Sarrazin S,Lamanna WC,Esko JD.Heparan sulfate proteoglycans.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(7):pii:a004952.
6 Hynes RO.Integrins:bidirectional,allosteric signaling machines.Cell 2002;110(6):673-87.
7 Ricard-Blum S.The collagen family.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(1):a004978.
8 Birk DE,Fitch JM,Babiarz JP,Doane KJ,Linsenmayer TF.Collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro:interaction of types I and V collagen regulates fibril diameter.J Cell Sci 1990;95(Pt 4):649-57.
9 Toriello HV,Glover TW,Takahara K,Byers PH,Miller DE,Higgins JV,et al.A translocation interrupts the COL5A1 gene in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypomelanosis of Ito.Nat Genet 1996;13(3):361-5.
10 Pozzi A,Yurchenco PD,Iozzo RV.The nature and biology of basement membranes.Matrix Biol 2017;57/58:1-11.
11 Yurchenco PD.Basement membranes:cell scaffoldings and signaling platforms.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(2):pii:a004911.
12 Cosgrove D,Liu S.Collagen IV diseases:A focus on the glomerular basement membrane in Alport syndrome.Matrix Biol 2017;57/58:45-54.
13 Hudson BG,Tryggvason K,Sundaramoorthy M,Neilson EG.Alport’s syndrome,Goodpasture’s syndrome,and type IV collagen.N Engl J Med 2003;348(25):2543-56.
14 Tzu J,Marinkovich MP.Bridging structure with function:structural,regulatory,and developmental role of laminins.Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40(2):199-214.
15 Miner JH,Li C,Mudd JL,Go G,Sutherland AE.Compositional and structural requirements for laminin and basement membranes during mouse embryo implantation and gastrulation.Development 2004;131(10):2247-56.
16 Theocharis AD,Skandalis SS,Gialeli C,Karamanos NK.Extracellular matrix structure.Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016;97:4-27.
17 Iozzo RV,Sanderson RD.Proteoglycans in cancer biology,tumour microenvironment and angiogenesis.J Cell Mol Med 2011;15(5):1013-31.
18 Tamkun JW,DeSimone DW,Fonda D,Patel RS,Buck C,Horwitz AF,et al.Structure of integrin,a glycoprotein involved in the transmembrane linkage between fibronectin and actin.Cell1986;46(2):271-82.
19 Calderwood DA,Zent R,Grant R,Rees DJ,Hynes RO,Ginsberg MH.The Talin head domain binds to integrin beta subunit cytoplasmic tails and regulates integrin activation.J Biol Chem 1999;274(40):28071-4.
20 Takagi J,Erickson HP,Springer TA.C-terminal opening mimics‘inside-out’activation of integrin alpha5beta1.Nat Struct Biol2001;8(5):412-6.
21 Harburger DS,Bouaouina M,Calderwood DA.Kindlin-1 and-2directly bind the C-terminal region of beta integrin cytoplasmic tails and exert integrin-specific activation effects.J Biol Chem2009;284(17):11485-97.
22 Valiathan RR,Marco M,Leitinger B,Kleer CG,Fridman R.Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases:new players in cancer progression.Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012;31(1/2):295-321.
23 West DC,Hampson IN,Arnold F,Kumar S.Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid.Science 1985;228(4705):1324-6.
24 Wang X,Harris RE,Bayston LJ,Ashe HL.Type IV collagens regulate BMP signalling in Drosophila.Nature 2008;455(7209):72-7.
25 Middleton J,Patterson AM,Gardner L,Schmutz C,Ashton BA.Leukocyte extravasation:chemokine transport and presentation by the endothelium.Blood 2002;100(12):3853-60.
26 Ge G,Greenspan DS.BMP1 controls TGFbeta1 activation via cleavage of latent TGFbeta-binding protein.J Cell Biol 2006;175(1):111-20.
27 Crawford SE,Stellmach V,Murphy-Ullrich JE,Ribeiro SM,Lawler J,Hynes RO,et al.Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-beta1 in vivo.Cell 1998;93(7):1159-70.
28 Munger JS,Huang X,Kawakatsu H,Griffiths MJ,Dalton SL,Wu J,et al.The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1:a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.Cell 1999;96(3):319-28.
29 Paszek MJ,Zahir N,Johnson KR,Lakins JN,Rozenberg GI,Gefen A,et al.Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype.Cancer Cell 2005;8(3):241-54.
30 Klingberg F,Chow ML,Koehler A,Boo S,Buscemi L,Quinn TM,et al.Prestress in the extracellular matrix sensitizes latent TGF-beta1 for activation.J Cell Biol 2014;207(2):283-97.
31 Hinz B.The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factorbeta1:Tale of a strained relationship.Matrix Biol 2015;47:54-65.
32 Calvo F,Ege N,Grande-Garcia A,Hooper S,Jenkins RP,Chaudhry SI,et al.Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts.Nat Cell Biol 2013;15(6):637-46.
33 Dupont S,Morsut L,Aragona M,Enzo E,Giulitti S,Cordenonsi M,et al.Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction.Nature2011;474(7350):179-83.
34 Geiger B,Spatz JP,Bershadsky AD.Environmental sensing through focal adhesions.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009;10(1):21-33.
35 Geiger B,Bershadsky A,Pankov R,Yamada KM.Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix-cytoskeleton crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001;2(11):793-805.
36 Arnaout MA,Goodman SL,Xiong JP.Structure and mechanics of integrin-based cell adhesion.Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007;19(5):495-507.
37 Nobes CD,Hall A.Rho,rac,and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers,lamellipodia,and filopodia.Cell 1995;81(1):53-62.
38 Rottner K,Hall A,Small JV.Interplay between Rac and Rho in the control of substrate contact dynamics.Curr Biol 1999;9(12):640-8.
39 Kaplan KB,Swedlow JR,Morgan DO,Varmus HE.c-Src enhances the spreading of src-/-fibroblasts on fibronectin by a kinase-independent mechanism.Genes Dev 1995;9(12):1505-17.
40 Kumar A,Ouyang M,Van den Dries K,McGhee EJ,Tanaka K,Anderson MD,et al.Talin tension sensor reveals novel features of focal adhesion force transmission and mechanosensitivity.JCell Biol 2016;213(3):371-83.
41 Grashoff C,Hoffman BD,Brenner MD,Zhou R,Parsons M,Yang MT,et al.Measuring mechanical tension across vinculin reveals regulation of focal adhesion dynamics.Nature 2010;466(7303):263-6.
42 Lo CM,Wang HB,Dembo M,Wang YL.Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate.Biophys J 2000;79(1):144-52.
43 Stephens LE,Sutherland AE,Klimanskaya IV,Andrieux A,Meneses J,Pedersen RA,et al.Deletion of beta 1 integrins in mice results in inner cell mass failure and peri-implantation lethality.Genes Dev 1995;9(15):1883-95.
44 Henry MD,Campbell KP.A role for dystroglycan in basement membrane assembly.Cell 1998;95(6):859-70.
45 Colognato H,Winkelmann DA,Yurchenco PD.Laminin polymerization induces a receptor-cytoskeleton network.J Cell Biol1999;145(3):619-31.
46 Pankov R,Cukierman E,Katz BZ,Matsumoto K,Lin DC,Lin S,et al.Integrin dynamics and matrix assembly:tensin-dependent translocation of alpha(5)beta(1)integrins promotes early fibronectin fibrillogenesis.J Cell Biol 2000;148(5):1075-90.
47 Sechler JL,Rao H,Cumiskey AM,Vega-Colon I,Smith MS,Murata T,et al.A novel fibronectin binding site required for fibronectin fibril growth during matrix assembly.J Cell Biol 2001;154(5):1081-8.
48 Zhong C,Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M,Brown J,Shaub A,Belkin AM,Burridge K.Rho-mediated contractility exposes a cryptic site in fibronectin and induces fibronectin matrix assembly.J Cell Biol 1998;141(2):539-51.
49 Wu C,Keivens VM,O’Toole TE,McDonald JA,Ginsberg MH.Integrin activation and cytoskeletal interaction are essential for the assembly of a fibronectin matrix.Cell 1995;83(5):715-24.
50 Byers PH,Murray ML.Heritable Collagen Disorders:The paradigm of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(Suppl 3):E6-E11.
51 Ortiz-Urda S,Garcia J,Green CL,Chen L,Lin Q,Veitch DP,et al.Type VII collagen is required for Ras-driven human epidermal tumorigenesis.Science 2005;307(5716):1773-6.
52 Kim HE,Dalal SS,Young E,Legato MJ,Weisfeldt ML,D’Armiento J.Disruption of the myocardial extracellular matrix leads to cardiac dysfunction.J Clin Invest 2000;106(7):857-66.
53 Bondeson J,Wainwright S,Hughes C,Caterson B.The regulation of the ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 aggrecanases in osteoarthritis:a review.Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26(1):139-45.
54 Martignetti JA,Aqeel AA,Sewairi WA,Boumah CE,Kambouris M,Mayouf SA,et al.Mutation of the matrix metalloproteinase 2gene(MMP2)causes a multicentric osteolysis and arthritis syndrome.Nat Genet 2001;28(3):261-5.
55 Verrecchia F,Chu ML,Mauviel A.Identification of novel TGF-beta/Smad gene targets in dermal fibroblasts using a combined cDNA microarray/promoter transactivation approach.J Biol Chem 2001;276(20):17058-62.
56 Bhattacharyya S,Tamaki Z,Wang W,Hinchcliff M,Hoover P,Getsios S,et al.FibronectinEDA promotes chronic cutaneous fibrosis through Toll-like receptor signaling.Sci Transl Med 2014;6(232):232ra50.
57 Tian X,Azpurua J,Hine C,Vaidya A,Myakishev-Rempel M,Ablaeva J,et al.High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat.Nature 2013;499(7458):346-9.
58 Malanchi I,Santamaria-Martinez A,Susanto E,Peng H,Lehr HA,Delaloye JF,et al.Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization.Nature 2011;481(7379):85-9.
59 Todaro M,Gaggianesi M,Catalano V,Benfante A,Iovino F,Biffoni M,et al.CD44v6 is a marker of constitutive and reprogrammed cancer stem cells driving colon cancer metastasis.Cell Stem Cell 2014;14(3):342-56.
60 Ohlund D,Elyada E,Tuveson D.Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound.J Exp Med 2014;211(8):1503-23.
61 Schafer M,Werner S.Cancer as an overhealing wound:an old hypothesis revisited.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008;9(8):628-38.
62 Neglia JP,FitzSimmons SC,Maisonneuve P,Schoni MH,Schoni-Affolter F,Corey M,et al.The risk of cancer among patients with cystic fibrosis.Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer Study Group.NEngl J Med 1995;332(8):494-9.
63 Boyd NF,Guo H,Martin LJ,Sun L,Stone J,Fishell E,et al.Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer.N Engl J Med 2007;356(3):227-36.
64 Xiao Q,Jiang Y,Liu Q,Yue J,Liu C,Zhao X,et al.Minor type IV collagen alpha5 chain promotes cancer progression through discoidin domain receptor-1.PLoS Genet 2015;11(5):e1005249.
65 Gao Y,Xiao Q,Ma H,Li L,Liu J,Feng Y,et al.LKB1 inhibits lung cancer progression through lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(44):18892-7.
66 Levental KR,Yu H,Kass L,Lakins JN,Egeblad M,Erler JT,et al.Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling.Cell 2009;139(5):891-906.
67 Cheresh DA,Stupack DG.Regulation of angiogenesis:apoptotic cues from the ECM.Oncogene 2008;27(48):6285-98.
68 Saupe F,Schwenzer A,Jia Y,Gasser I,Spenle C,Langlois B,et al.Tenascin-C downregulates wnt inhibitor dickkopf-1,promoting tumorigenesis in a neuroendocrine tumor model.Cell Rep2013;5(2):482-92.
69 Mott JD,Werb Z.Regulation of matrix biology by matrix metalloproteinases.Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004;16(5):558-64.
70 Burgess JK,Weckmann M.Matrikines and the lungs.Pharmacol Ther 2012;134(3):317-37.
71 Weathington NM,van Houwelingen AH,Noerager BD,Jackson PL,Kraneveld AD,Galin FS,et al.A novel peptide CXCR ligand derived from extracellular matrix degradation during airway inflammation.Nat Med 2006;12(3):317-23.
72 Houghton AM,Quintero PA,Perkins DL,Kobayashi DK,Kelley DG,Marconcini LA,et al.Elastin fragments drive disease progression in a murine model of emphysema.J Clin Invest 2006;116(3):753-9.
73 Salmon H,Franciszkiewicz K,Damotte D,Dieu-Nosjean MC,Validire P,Trautmann A,et al.Matrix architecture defines the preferential localization and migration of T cells into the stroma of human lung tumors.J Clin Invest 2012;122(3):899-910.