南海北部珠江口盆地陆架边缘斜坡带层序结构和沉积演化及控制作用
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摘要
南海盆地是东南亚陆缘最大的、含有丰富油气等资源的边缘海盆地.对于南海大陆斜坡带的发育、沉积演化与南海盆地构造作用及动力学过程的响应关系等方面缺乏深入认识.依据地震、测井及岩心等丰富资料,对南海珠江口盆地东南部陆架边缘斜坡带的层序地层、沉积-地貌演化及其对构造、海平面和沉积物供应变化的响应关系开展了系统性的研究.研究表明盆地的沉积充填可划分为由区域性不整合所限定的7个复合(二级)层序(CS1-CS7).复合层序CS3-CS7(上渐新统-第四系)均由区域性的海侵-海退旋回构成;其内可进一步划分出由局部不整合或水退-水进的转换面为界的20个次级层序(三级).研究识别出包括外陆架至陆架边缘三角洲、前三角洲-斜坡扇、陆架边缘前积体、单向迁移的横向底流-斜坡重力流复合水道、大型斜坡下切峡谷、泥质斜坡扇、斜坡滑塌泥石流复合体以及大规模软沉积物变形体等沉积体系或沉积复合体,它们在不同层序具有特定的时空分布,构成多种沉积样式.短周期(三级)的沉积旋回变化与Haq的海平面变化曲线总体上可对比,但长周期的海侵和海退则明显不同,受到了构造隆升和沉降等的控制.陆架边缘沉积演化可划分出裂后早期海底扩张沉积(破裂层序)、裂后晚期海底扩张沉积、后海底扩张等构造-沉积演化阶段.裂谷作用晚期的热隆起、构造差异沉降、裂后热衰减沉降以及上新世以后的东侧碰撞等对主要不整合的形成和海侵-海退产生了重要的影响.晚渐新世至中中新世发育的复合层序(CS3和CS4)记录了裂后海底扩张到停止的大陆斜坡沉积过程;而裂后早期的沉积层序(CS3)为破裂层序,以发育大型的陆架边缘三角洲-前三角洲斜坡扇体系构成的前积层为特征.气候变化和季风加强可能增强了晚渐新世-早中新世和更新世沉积期的沉积物供应,为大规模陆架边缘三角洲体系的发育提供了充足的物源供给.发育于陆架边缘的三角洲-滨岸碎屑体系和共生的前三角洲斜坡扇体系构成区内最重要的油气勘探对象.
The South China Sea( SCS) Basin is the largest marginal sea basin with abundant petroleum resources on the continental shelf of Southeast Asia. However,there is a lack of research on the relationship between the development and sedimentary evolution of South China Sea continental slope belt and the tectonics and dynamic processes of the South China Sea Basin. Based on integrated analyses of seismic,well-logging and core data,the sequence architecture,depositional-geomorphological evolution and controlling processes of the continental slope in the Pearl River Mouth Basin of the northern SCS have been systematically documented. The sedimentary infill of the marginal sea basin can be divided into seven composite sequences( CS1-CS7) that are bounded by regional unconformities.Each of the composite sequences CS3 to CS7( Upper Oligocene to Quaternary) comprises of generally a regional transgressive-regressive cycle. The CS3 to CS7 can be further divided into 20 sequences that are defined by local unconformities and correlative conformities. Depositional systems recognized in the continental slope deposits mainly include outer shelf to shelf-edge deltas,prodelta-slope fans,shelf-margin slope clinoforms,unidirectionally-migrating bottom current-gravity flow composite slope channels,large-scale incised slope valleys,muddy slope fans,slope slump-debris-flow complexes and large-scale soft-sediment deformed beds. They were arranged with distinguishing patterns in different sequences,forming various styles of depositional architectures. The study shows that the short-term sea level changes( sequences) are generally comparable with those of the Haq global sea level curve,whereas long-term sea level changes( composite sequences) were apparently controlled or enhanced by tectonic uplift and subsidence. The depositional evolution of the continental shelf margin can be divided into( 1) the early post-rift seafloor spreading( breakup sequence),( 2) the late post-rift seafloor spreading,and( 3) the post-seafloor spreading tectonic-depositional stages. The thermal uplift,tectonic differential subsidence,post-rift thermal subsidence and the eastern collision after Pliocene are all regarded to have played an important role in the formation of major unconformities and regional transgressive-regressive cycles. The composite sequences( CS3 and CS4) developed during the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene recorded the depositional successions of the continental slope formed from the beginning to the stopping of the seafloor spreading. The composite sequence( CS3) deposited during early post-rift stage is regarded as a breakup sequences. It is characterized by the development of large-scale continental shelf edge delta and prodelta slope fan systems. Climate change and monsoon strengthening may have enhanced the sediment supply during the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene and the Pleistocene,which may be responsible for the sufficient sediment supply for the development of large-scale continental shelf marginal delta systems during these periods. The shelf margin delta-shoreline clastic systems and the associated slope fan systems on the continental margin have proven to be the most important targets for oil and gas exploration.
The South China Sea( SCS) Basin is the largest marginal sea basin with abundant petroleum resources on the continental shelf of Southeast Asia. However,there is a lack of research on the relationship between the development and sedimentary evolution of South China Sea continental slope belt and the tectonics and dynamic processes of the South China Sea Basin. Based on integrated analyses of seismic,well-logging and core data,the sequence architecture,depositional-geomorphological evolution and controlling processes of the continental slope in the Pearl River Mouth Basin of the northern SCS have been systematically documented. The sedimentary infill of the marginal sea basin can be divided into seven composite sequences( CS1-CS7) that are bounded by regional unconformities.Each of the composite sequences CS3 to CS7( Upper Oligocene to Quaternary) comprises of generally a regional transgressive-regressive cycle. The CS3 to CS7 can be further divided into 20 sequences that are defined by local unconformities and correlative conformities. Depositional systems recognized in the continental slope deposits mainly include outer shelf to shelf-edge deltas,prodelta-slope fans,shelf-margin slope clinoforms,unidirectionally-migrating bottom current-gravity flow composite slope channels,large-scale incised slope valleys,muddy slope fans,slope slump-debris-flow complexes and large-scale soft-sediment deformed beds. They were arranged with distinguishing patterns in different sequences,forming various styles of depositional architectures. The study shows that the short-term sea level changes( sequences) are generally comparable with those of the Haq global sea level curve,whereas long-term sea level changes( composite sequences) were apparently controlled or enhanced by tectonic uplift and subsidence. The depositional evolution of the continental shelf margin can be divided into( 1) the early post-rift seafloor spreading( breakup sequence),( 2) the late post-rift seafloor spreading,and( 3) the post-seafloor spreading tectonic-depositional stages. The thermal uplift,tectonic differential subsidence,post-rift thermal subsidence and the eastern collision after Pliocene are all regarded to have played an important role in the formation of major unconformities and regional transgressive-regressive cycles. The composite sequences( CS3 and CS4) developed during the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene recorded the depositional successions of the continental slope formed from the beginning to the stopping of the seafloor spreading. The composite sequence( CS3) deposited during early post-rift stage is regarded as a breakup sequences. It is characterized by the development of large-scale continental shelf edge delta and prodelta slope fan systems. Climate change and monsoon strengthening may have enhanced the sediment supply during the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene and the Pleistocene,which may be responsible for the sufficient sediment supply for the development of large-scale continental shelf marginal delta systems during these periods. The shelf margin delta-shoreline clastic systems and the associated slope fan systems on the continental margin have proven to be the most important targets for oil and gas exploration.
引文
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Gong,Z.S.,Li,S.T.,2004.Oil&Gas Pool-Forming Dynamics in North Marginal Basins of South China Sea.Science Press,Beijing,339(in Chinese).
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Henriksen,S.,Hampson,G.J.,Helland-Hansen,W.,et al.,2009.Shelf Edge and Shoreline Trajectories,a Dynamic Approach to Stratigraphic Analysis.Basin Research,21(5):445-453.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00432.x
Jiang,J.,Shi,H.S.,Lin,C.S.,et al.,2017.Sequence Architecture and Depositional Evolution of the Late Miocene to Quaternary Northeastern Shelf Margin of the South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,81:79-97.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.12.025
Li,C.F.,Li,J.B.,Ding,W.W.,et al.,2015.Seismic Stratigraphy of the Central South China Sea Basin and Implications for Neotectonics.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,120(3):1377-1399.https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011686
Li,S.T.,Lin,C.S.,1998.Episodic Rifting of Continental Marginal Basins and Tectonic Events since 10 Ma in the South China Sea.Chinese Science Bulletin,43(8):797-810(in Chinese).
Lin,A.T.,Watts,A.B.,Hesselbo,S.P.,2003.Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Subsidence History of the South China Sea Margin in the Taiwan Region.Basin Research,15(4):453-478.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00215.x
Lin,C.S.,Erikoson,K.,Li,S.T.,et al.,2001a.Sequence Architecture,Depositional Systems and,Controls on Development of Lacustrine Basin Fills in Part of the Erlian Basin,Northeast China.AAPG Bulletin,85(11):2017-2043.
Lin,C.S.,Jiang,J.,Shi,H.S.,et al.,2017.Sequence Architecture and Depositional Evolution of the Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea:Responses to Tectonic Processes and Changes in Sea Level.Basin Research,30(1):568-595.https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12238
Lin,C.S.,Liu,J.Y.,Cai,S.X.,et al.,2001b.Depositional Architecture and Developing Settings of Large-Scale Incised Valley and Submarine Gravity Flow Systems in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins,South China Sea.Chinese Science Bulletin,46(8):690-693.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03182838
Lin,C.S.,Yang,H.J.,Liu,J.Y.,et al.,2012.Sequence Architecture and Depositional Evolution of the Ordovician Carbonate Platform Margins in the Tarim Basin and Its Response to Tectonism and Sea-Level Change.Basin Research,24(5):559-582.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00536.x
Morley,C.K.,2016.Major Unconformities/Termination of Extension Events and Associated Surfaces in the South China Seas:Review and Implications for Tectonic Development.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,120:62-86.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.013
Neal,J.,Abreu,V.,2009.Sequence Stratigraphy Hierarchy and the Accommodation Succession Method.Geology,37(9):779-782.https://doi.org/10.1130/g25722a.1
Pang,X.,Chen,C.M.,Peng,D.J.,et al.,2007.Sequence Stratigraphy of Pearl River Deep-Water Fan System in the South China Sea.Earth Science Frontiers,14(1):220-229(in Chinese).
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