冲蚀条件下砒砂岩坡面细沟侵蚀特性分析
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摘要
通过室内变坡角水槽冲刷试验,发现砒砂岩产沙率随冲刷历时先增大再减小最后趋于稳定,峰值出现在2~4 min。随坡角不断增大,产沙峰值出现时间逐渐提前,且含沙量明显增大,15°~35°之间存在临界值,该值附近产沙率较大。借助土壤水蚀预报模型(WEPP)得到砒砂岩冲蚀条件下的可蚀性参数K_r及临界抗剪切应力τ_c。研究结果表明:坡角为5°时砒砂岩的可蚀性参数为0.002 0 kg/(N·s),远小于其他坡角的,因此坡角小于5°的砒砂岩难以发生冲蚀,而10°、15°、25°、35°四种坡角的砒砂岩坡面可蚀性参数均值为0.048 2 kg/(N·s)。建立了砒砂岩冲蚀条件下细沟侵蚀产沙预测模型,验证了该模型的适用性。
Through the indoor runoff tank flushing test,it was found that the sand production efficiency of the Pisha-sandstone firstly increased with the time passed and then decreased and finally stabilized. The peak of sand production occurred in 2 ~ 4 min. With the increase of slope,the peak of sediment yield appeared in advance,the sediment concentration increased obviously,between the slopes of 15 ° and 35 ° existed a value and near the critical value the sediment yield was higher. The erosion parameters K_r and the critical shear stress τ_c under the erosion conditions of the Pisha-sandstone were obtained by the WEPP soil water erosion prediction model. The results show that the erodibility parameters of the Pisha-sandstone are only 0.002 kg/( N·s) at the slope of 5 °,which is much smaller than that of other slopes. So when the slope is less than 5 ° the erosion is difficult to occur,while the erosion parameters of the slope of the Pisha-sandstone of 10°,15°,25° and 35° are 0.048 2 kg/( N·s). The prediction model of rill erosion under Pisha-sandstone erosion conditions was established to verify the applicability of the model.
Through the indoor runoff tank flushing test,it was found that the sand production efficiency of the Pisha-sandstone firstly increased with the time passed and then decreased and finally stabilized. The peak of sand production occurred in 2 ~ 4 min. With the increase of slope,the peak of sediment yield appeared in advance,the sediment concentration increased obviously,between the slopes of 15 ° and 35 ° existed a value and near the critical value the sediment yield was higher. The erosion parameters K_r and the critical shear stress τ_c under the erosion conditions of the Pisha-sandstone were obtained by the WEPP soil water erosion prediction model. The results show that the erodibility parameters of the Pisha-sandstone are only 0.002 kg/( N·s) at the slope of 5 °,which is much smaller than that of other slopes. So when the slope is less than 5 ° the erosion is difficult to occur,while the erosion parameters of the slope of the Pisha-sandstone of 10°,15°,25° and 35° are 0.048 2 kg/( N·s). The prediction model of rill erosion under Pisha-sandstone erosion conditions was established to verify the applicability of the model.
引文
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[3]陈溯航,李晓丽,张强,等.鄂尔多斯红色砒砂岩冻融循环特性[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(4):70-77.
[4]苏涛,张兴昌.砒砂岩陡坡面径流水动力学特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(1):17-21.
[5]张宽地,王光谦,吕宏兴,等.模拟降雨条件下坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水科学进展,2012,23(2):229-235.
[6]张晴雯,雷廷武,姚春梅,等.WEPP细沟剥蚀率模型正确性的理论分析与实验验证[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):35-39.
[7]雷廷武,张晴雯,姚春梅,等.WEPP模型中细沟可蚀性参数估计方法误差的理论分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(1):9-12.
[8]张晴雯,雷廷武,潘英华,等.细沟侵蚀可蚀性参数及土壤临界抗剪应力的有理(实验)求解方法[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2004,21(4):468-475.
[9]肖培青,姚文艺.WEPP模型的侵蚀模块理论基础[J].人民黄河,2005,27(6):38-39.
[10]陆绍娟,王占礼,谭贞学.黄土坡面细沟水流剪切力及其侵蚀效应研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(6):46-50.
[11]姚文艺,汤立群.水力侵蚀产沙过程及模拟[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2001:21-26.
[12]覃超,吴红艳,郑粉莉,等.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀及水动力学参数的时空变化特征[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):146-154.
[13]吴淑芳,刘政鸿,霍云云,等.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀发育过程与模拟[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):48-56.
[14]叶俊道,秦富仓,岳永杰,等.WEPP模型在砒砂岩地区土壤侵蚀模拟的适用性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(7):132-135.
[15]苏涛,张兴昌,赵怀玉.砒砂岩地区坡面径流水动力学特性研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(8):203-209.
[16]LEI T W,ZHANG Q W,ZHAO J,et al.Laboratory Study on Sediment Transport Capacity in the Dynamic Process of Rill Erosion[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2002,44(6):1537-1542.
[17]HUANG C,BRAD J M,LAFLEN J.Evaluation of the Detachment-Transport Coupling Concept in the WEPP Rill Erosion Equation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60:734-739.