生物炭和PAM共施对黄绵土水分入渗和蒸发的影响
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摘要
采用二因素三水平(生物炭用量分别为干土重的0,2%和4%,聚丙烯酰胺用量分别为干土重的0,0.02‰和0.04‰)完全试验方案设计,研究了两种土壤结构调理剂生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)共施对黄绵土水分入渗和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)生物炭施用后对Philip模型的稳渗率(A)和Horton模型的衰减指数(β)有显著影响,2%生物炭添加对A和β影响不大,但4%生物炭添加显著降低A,显著增加了β;施用PAM对Kostiakov模型的参数K,Philip模型的吸渗率(S)和Horton模型中的稳定入渗率(if)与初始入渗率(i0)有显著影响,0.02‰PAM添加对这些参数无显著影响,但0.04‰PAM添加显著降低K,S,if和i0。生物炭和PAM共施对3种入渗模型的大多数参数存在显著交互作用。所有处理中,以2%生物炭+0.02‰PAM增加入渗的效果为最好;(2)生物炭、PAM及二者交互作用对蒸发速率和累积蒸发量影响均不显著,表明生物炭和PAM单施或共施对黄绵土蒸发影响不大。
Using two-factor and three-level(Biochar was applied at rates of 0,2%and 4% of dry soil weight,and polyacrylamide was used at the rates of 0,0.02‰ and 0.04‰ of dry soil weight)complete experimental design,we examined the effects of two soil conditioners,biochar and polyacrylamide(PAM),on soil infiltration and evaporation in loessial soil.The results indicated that:(1)the application of biochar had significant effects on steady infiltration rate(A,Philip model)and attenuation exponent(β,Horton model),the application of 2% of biochar had no significant effects on these parameters compared to the contrast,while the application of 4% of biochar had significantly decreased A,but had increasedβ.The application of PAM had significant effects on K(Kostiakov model),sorptivity(S,Philip model),final and initial infiltration rates(ifand i0 respectively,Horton model);application of 0.02‰ of PAM had no effects on these parameters while application of 0.04‰ of PAM siginificantly decreased these parameters;the significant interaction of biochar and PAM for most infiltration parameters was found.The mixed application of 2% of biochar and0.02‰ of PAM was the best in improving the infiltration rates in all treatments;(2)there were no significant effects of biochar,PAM and their interaction on the evaporation rate and cumulative evaporation,indicating that single or mixed use of biochar and PAM had no effects on soil evaporation in loessial soil.
Using two-factor and three-level(Biochar was applied at rates of 0,2%and 4% of dry soil weight,and polyacrylamide was used at the rates of 0,0.02‰ and 0.04‰ of dry soil weight)complete experimental design,we examined the effects of two soil conditioners,biochar and polyacrylamide(PAM),on soil infiltration and evaporation in loessial soil.The results indicated that:(1)the application of biochar had significant effects on steady infiltration rate(A,Philip model)and attenuation exponent(β,Horton model),the application of 2% of biochar had no significant effects on these parameters compared to the contrast,while the application of 4% of biochar had significantly decreased A,but had increasedβ.The application of PAM had significant effects on K(Kostiakov model),sorptivity(S,Philip model),final and initial infiltration rates(ifand i0 respectively,Horton model);application of 0.02‰ of PAM had no effects on these parameters while application of 0.04‰ of PAM siginificantly decreased these parameters;the significant interaction of biochar and PAM for most infiltration parameters was found.The mixed application of 2% of biochar and0.02‰ of PAM was the best in improving the infiltration rates in all treatments;(2)there were no significant effects of biochar,PAM and their interaction on the evaporation rate and cumulative evaporation,indicating that single or mixed use of biochar and PAM had no effects on soil evaporation in loessial soil.
引文
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[14]Letey J.Effective viscosity of PAM solution through porous media[M]∥Sojka R E,Lentz R D.Managing Irrigation-induced Erosion and Infiltration with Polyacrylamide.Idaho,University of Idaho Miscellaneous Publication,1996.
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[20]唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究:I.入渗[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):178-185.
[21]杨永辉,武继承,赵世伟,等.PAM的土壤保水性能研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2007,35(12):120-124.
[22]Lee S S,Shah H S,Awad Y M,et al.Synergy effects of biochar and polyacrylamide on plants growth and soil erosion control[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(3):2463-2473.
[23]Dashtaki S G,Homaee M,Mahdian M H,et al.Sitedependence performance of infiltration models[J].Water Resources Management An International Journal Published for the European Water Resources Association,2009,23(13):2777-2790.
[24]Jeffery S,Meinders M B J,Stoof C R,et al.Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil[J].Geoderma,2015,251/252:47-54.
[25]Ojeda G,Mattana S,vila,et al.Are soil-water functions affected by biochar application[J].Geoderma,2015,249/250:1-11.
[26]员学锋,汪有科,吴普特,等.PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):37-40.
[27]张春强,冯浩.PAM和尿素混施对土壤入渗特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):109-135.
[28]张振华,谢恒星,刘继龙,等.PAM对一维垂直入渗特征量影响的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2006(3):75-77.
[29]Lentz R D.Inhibiting water infiltration with polyacrylamide and surfactants:applications for irrigated agriculture[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,58(5):290-300.
[2]王欣,尹带霞,张凤,等.生物炭对土壤肥力与环境质量的影响机制与风险解析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):248-257.
[3]Laird D A,Fleming P,Davis D D,et al.Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158:443-449.
[4]Barnes R T,Gallagher M E,Masiello C A,et al.Biocharinduced changes in soil hydraulic conductivity and dissolved nutrient fluxes constrained by laboratory experiments[J].Plos One,2014,9(9):e108340.
[5]肖茜,张洪培,沈玉芳,等.生物炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):128-134.
[6]齐瑞鹏,张磊,颜永毫,等.定容重条件下生物炭对半干旱区土壤水分入渗特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2281-2288.
[7]Barvenik F W.Polycrylamide characteristics related to soil application[J].Soil Science,1994,158(4):235-243.
[8]陆绍娟,王占礼.土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺的研究进展[J].人民黄河,2016,38(7):73-77.
[9]Agassi M,Ben-Hur M.Stabilizing steep slopes with soil conditioners and plants[J].Soil Technology,1992,5(3):249-256.
[10]Flanagan D C,Norton L D,Shainberg I.Effect of water chemistry and soil amendments on a silt loam soil.1.Infiltration and runoff[J].Transactions of the Asae,1997,40:1549-1554.
[11]于健,雷廷武,Isaac,等.PAM特性对砂壤土入渗及土壤侵蚀的影响[J].土壤学报,2011,48(1):21-27.
[12]潘英华,雷廷武,赵军,等.PAM与PG对土壤水分蒸发的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):990-994.
[13]谢伯承,薛绪掌,王纪华.保水剂对土壤持水性状的影响[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(6):44-46.
[14]Letey J.Effective viscosity of PAM solution through porous media[M]∥Sojka R E,Lentz R D.Managing Irrigation-induced Erosion and Infiltration with Polyacrylamide.Idaho,University of Idaho Miscellaneous Publication,1996.
[15]Sojka R E,Bjorneberg D L,Entry J A,et al.Polyacrylamide in agriculture and environmental land management[J].Advance in Agronomy,2007,92:75-162.
[16]Tryon E H.Effect of charcoal on certain physical,chemical,and biological properties of forest soils[J].Journal of Ecological Monographs,1948,18(1):81-115.
[17]Lim T J,Spokas K A,Feyereisen G,et al.Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties[J].Chemosphere,2016,142:136-144.
[18]Lee S S,Gantzer C J,Thompson A L,et al.Polyacrylamide and gypsum amendments for erosion and runoff control on two soil series[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,65(4):233-242.
[19]解倩,王丽梅,齐瑞鹏,等.生物炭对黄绵土水分入渗和持水性能的影响[J].地球环境学报,2016,7(1):66-76.
[20]唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究:I.入渗[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):178-185.
[21]杨永辉,武继承,赵世伟,等.PAM的土壤保水性能研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2007,35(12):120-124.
[22]Lee S S,Shah H S,Awad Y M,et al.Synergy effects of biochar and polyacrylamide on plants growth and soil erosion control[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(3):2463-2473.
[23]Dashtaki S G,Homaee M,Mahdian M H,et al.Sitedependence performance of infiltration models[J].Water Resources Management An International Journal Published for the European Water Resources Association,2009,23(13):2777-2790.
[24]Jeffery S,Meinders M B J,Stoof C R,et al.Biochar application does not improve the soil hydrological function of a sandy soil[J].Geoderma,2015,251/252:47-54.
[25]Ojeda G,Mattana S,vila,et al.Are soil-water functions affected by biochar application[J].Geoderma,2015,249/250:1-11.
[26]员学锋,汪有科,吴普特,等.PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):37-40.
[27]张春强,冯浩.PAM和尿素混施对土壤入渗特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):109-135.
[28]张振华,谢恒星,刘继龙,等.PAM对一维垂直入渗特征量影响的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2006(3):75-77.
[29]Lentz R D.Inhibiting water infiltration with polyacrylamide and surfactants:applications for irrigated agriculture[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,58(5):290-300.