化学分散剂对海洋溢油与颗粒物之间相互作用的影响
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摘要
海洋溢油事故频繁发生,向溢油上施加分散剂是常用的应急处理方法之一。溢油会和海洋中的悬浮颗粒物SPM(suspended particle material)相互作用形成油-悬浮物的聚集体OSAs(oil-SPM aggregations),还可以与海洋中的颗粒物、浮游生物、细菌、生物碎屑等构成海洋油雪MOS(marine oil snow)。施加分散剂会影响这两种聚集体的生成,继而影响到溢油的迁移和归宿。本文介绍了化学分散剂的使用原则和现状,在介绍OSAs和MOS的形成机理的基础上,分析了施加分散剂对溢油与颗粒物之间相互作用的影响,并对OSAs和MOS的环境归宿进行了探讨。
Marine oil spill frequently occurred and the application of chemical dispersants is one of the common emergency methods to treat spilled oil. Marine spilled oil and SPM( suspended particle material) can interact with each other and form OSAs( oil-SPM aggregations),and they can also interact with particle material,phytoplankton,bacteria and bioclastic to form MOS( marine oil snow). Application of dispersants will influence the formation of these two aggregates,and affect the transport and fate of spilled oil. The applying rules of dispersant and the present situation of the dispersant application on spilled oil are introduced in the paper. After analyzing the formation mechanism of OSAs and MOS,the influence of dispersant application on the interactions between marine spilled oil and suspended particles were analyzed,and the environmental fate of OSAs and MOS were discussed.
Marine oil spill frequently occurred and the application of chemical dispersants is one of the common emergency methods to treat spilled oil. Marine spilled oil and SPM( suspended particle material) can interact with each other and form OSAs( oil-SPM aggregations),and they can also interact with particle material,phytoplankton,bacteria and bioclastic to form MOS( marine oil snow). Application of dispersants will influence the formation of these two aggregates,and affect the transport and fate of spilled oil. The applying rules of dispersant and the present situation of the dispersant application on spilled oil are introduced in the paper. After analyzing the formation mechanism of OSAs and MOS,the influence of dispersant application on the interactions between marine spilled oil and suspended particles were analyzed,and the environmental fate of OSAs and MOS were discussed.
引文
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[19]SUN J,KHELIFA A.A laboratory study on the kinetics of the formation of oil-suspended particulate matter aggregates using NIST-1941b sediment[J].Marine Pollution,2010,60:1701-1707.
[20]LI Z,KEPKAY,LEE P.Effects of chemical dispersants and mineral fines on crude oil dispersion in a wave tank under breaking waves[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2007,54:983-993.
[21]GONG Y Y.A review of oil,dispersed oil and sediment interactions in the aquatic environment:Influence on the fate,transport and remediation of oil spills[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79:16-33.
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[23]PASSOW U.Formation of rapidly-sinking,oil-associated marine snow[J].Deep Sea Research Part II(2014),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.001.
[24]PASSOW U.Marine snow formation in the aftermath of the deepwater horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Environmental Research Letter,2012,7(3):35301-35311.
[26]FU J.Effects of oil and dispersant on formation of marine oil snow and transport of oil hydrocarbons[J].Environmental Science&technology,2014,24(48):14392-14399.
[27]ZHAO X.Effects of oil dispersant and oil on sorption and desorption of phenanthrene with Gulf Coast marine sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,185:240-249.
[2]王耀华.海上溢油的归宿和形态研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2010.
[3]ABBRIANO R M,CARRANZA M M,HOGLE S L.Deepwater horizon oil spill:A review of the planktonic response[J].Oceanography,2011,24(3):294-301.
[4]LESSARD R R,DEMARCO G.The significance of oil spill dispersants[J].Spill Science&Technology Bulletin,2000,6(1):59-68.
[5]VENOSA A D,KING D W,SORIAL G A.The baffled flask test for dispersant effectiveness:a round robin evaluation of reproducibility and repeatability[J].Spill Science&Technology Bulletin2002,7:299-308.
[6]曹立新.溢油分散剂产品性能的评估[J].交通环保,2002,6:11-14.
[7]张秀芝.国标《溢油分散剂技术条件》、《溢油分散剂使用准则》简介[C]//北京:交通部水运研究所,2001.
[8]NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.Oil spill dispersants:efficacy and effects[R].Washington:The National Academies Press,2005.
[9]FRANKLIN C L,WARNER L J.Fighting chemical with chemicals:The role and regulation of dispersants in oil spill response[J].Nat.Resource.Environment,2011,26:7-9.
[10]STOERMER S.Application of dispersants to mitigate oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico:the poseidon pipeline spill case study[C]//International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings.Washington,D.C:American Petroleum Institute Press,2001,pp.1227-1229.
[11]KUJAWINSKI E B.Fate of dispersants associated with the deepwater horizon oil spill[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(4):1298-1306.
[12]孙娟.滨海环境石油-悬浮颗粒物凝聚体形成的动力学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010:9-19.
[13]GUYOMARCH J,MERLIN F.Oil interaction with mineral fines and chemical dispersion:behavior of the dispersed oil in coastal or estuarine conditions[C]//Proceedings of 22nd Artic and Marine Oil Spill Technical Seminar.Calgary:Environment Canada Press,1999.
[14]LOH A.Oil-suspended particulate matter aggregates:Formation mechanism and fate in the marine environment[J].Ocean Science Journal,2014,4:329-341.
[15]LEE K.Oil-Particle interactions in aquatic environments:Influence on the transport,fate,Effect and remediation of oil spills[J].Spill Science&Technology Bulletin,2002,8:3-8.
[16]LEE K.Formation and structure of oil-mineral fines aggregates in coastal environment[C]//Proceedings of the 21st Arctic and marine oil spill program technical seminar.Edmonton:Environment Canada Press,1998:911-921.
[17]KHELIFA A.Characteristics of oil droplets stabilized by mineral particles:effects of oil type and temperature[J].Spill Science&Technology Bulletin,2002,8:19-30.
[18]GUYOMARCH J.Effect of suspended mineral load,water salinity and oil type on the size of oil mineral aggregates in the presence of chemical dispersant[J].Spill Science Technology,2002,(1):95-100.
[19]SUN J,KHELIFA A.A laboratory study on the kinetics of the formation of oil-suspended particulate matter aggregates using NIST-1941b sediment[J].Marine Pollution,2010,60:1701-1707.
[20]LI Z,KEPKAY,LEE P.Effects of chemical dispersants and mineral fines on crude oil dispersion in a wave tank under breaking waves[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2007,54:983-993.
[21]GONG Y Y.A review of oil,dispersed oil and sediment interactions in the aquatic environment:Influence on the fate,transport and remediation of oil spills[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79:16-33.
[22]KHELIFA A.Effects of chemical dispersant on oil sedimentation due to oil-SPM flocculation:Experiments with the NIST standard reference material 1941B[R].Washington D.C:International Oil Spill Conference,Environmental Science and Technology Center,2008:626-631.
[23]PASSOW U.Formation of rapidly-sinking,oil-associated marine snow[J].Deep Sea Research Part II(2014),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.001.
[24]PASSOW U.Marine snow formation in the aftermath of the deepwater horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Environmental Research Letter,2012,7(3):35301-35311.
[26]FU J.Effects of oil and dispersant on formation of marine oil snow and transport of oil hydrocarbons[J].Environmental Science&technology,2014,24(48):14392-14399.
[27]ZHAO X.Effects of oil dispersant and oil on sorption and desorption of phenanthrene with Gulf Coast marine sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,185:240-249.