同步性中的“存在感”:经由直播媒介的人际交往与日常生活
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摘要
该研究立足于直播媒介的独特性,即"同步性",从理论与经验的层面考察直播如何改变了人与人之间的交往关系,进而分析这种关系如何重塑日常生活。将主体诠释中不断浮现的"存在感"与同步性嫁接起来,并根据信息传递能力与反馈范围,将"存在感"概念化为基于直播媒介的同步性所生成的关系。它涉及三个层面:在一对一的互动中所形成的"个人关系",指涉玩家与媒介人物之间亲密之感;当某位玩家成为直播间的互动焦点,众人的回应成为其声望、实力的象征,即一对多或多对一的互动中所形成的"表演关系";在多对多互动中形成的"共享关系",玩家只要涉入其中便无主次之分,分享共同的情感体验。研究还指出,直播媒介中的人际交往对日常生活的改变可用"直播化的日常"来概括。亦即,在直播间中生出的人际羁绊重构了直播玩家的日常生活,这体现在生活序列、生活构成,以及生活习惯等方面。
"Synchronicity",as the unique feature of live video streaming platforms(LVSP),is the focus of this study.From the theoretical and empirical perspectives,this article examines how does LVSP change the interpersonal communication relationship among the participants and how does such relationship reshape people's everyday life.The authors bridge the concept "Sense of Being",which constantly emerges from the interviewee's interpretation,and "Synchronicity".According to the ability of information transmission and feedback range,they conceptualize sense of being as a relation based on the Synchronicity of LVSP,including three types.Firstly,the personal relationship formed in one-to-one interaction,which refers to the intimacy between users and media figures.Secondly,when a player became the focus of interaction on live videos,the response of others would act as a symbol of their prestige and strength.This is the "performance relationship" formed in either one-to-many or many-to-one interaction.The third is the "sharing relationship" formed in many-to-many interaction,in which users can share a common emotional experience as long as they were involved.Based on the research,the reshape of everyday life caused by these interpersonal communication ont he LVSP can be described as "live-video-streamed everyday life".This article points out further that the interpersonal bonds on LVSP reconstructed everyday life of its users,which can be identified in the life routine,life constitution content,and the living habit.
"Synchronicity",as the unique feature of live video streaming platforms(LVSP),is the focus of this study.From the theoretical and empirical perspectives,this article examines how does LVSP change the interpersonal communication relationship among the participants and how does such relationship reshape people's everyday life.The authors bridge the concept "Sense of Being",which constantly emerges from the interviewee's interpretation,and "Synchronicity".According to the ability of information transmission and feedback range,they conceptualize sense of being as a relation based on the Synchronicity of LVSP,including three types.Firstly,the personal relationship formed in one-to-one interaction,which refers to the intimacy between users and media figures.Secondly,when a player became the focus of interaction on live videos,the response of others would act as a symbol of their prestige and strength.This is the "performance relationship" formed in either one-to-many or many-to-one interaction.The third is the "sharing relationship" formed in many-to-many interaction,in which users can share a common emotional experience as long as they were involved.Based on the research,the reshape of everyday life caused by these interpersonal communication ont he LVSP can be described as "live-video-streamed everyday life".This article points out further that the interpersonal bonds on LVSP reconstructed everyday life of its users,which can be identified in the life routine,life constitution content,and the living habit.
引文
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[17] 保罗·莱文森.新新媒介.何道宽译.上海:复旦大学出版社,2011:39-40.
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[21] J.K.Burgoon,T.Saine.The Unspoken Dialogue:An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication.Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1978:103.
[22] 孙玮.赛博人——后人类时代的媒介融合.新闻记者,2018,6:4-11.
[23] S.B.Flexner,L.C.Hauck.Random House Dictionary of the English Language.New York:Random House,1987.
[24] S.Herring.Dynamic.Topic Analysis of Synchronous Chat.Paper presented at the New Research for New Media:Innovative Research Methodologies Symposium,University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication,Minneapolis,2003:47-66.
[25] R.I.Swaab,A.D.Galinsky,V.Medvec,et al.The Communication Orientation Model:Explaining the Diverse Effects of Sight,Sound,and Synchronicity on Negotiation and Group Decision-making Outcomes.Personality and Social Psychology Review,2012,16(1):25-53.
[26] J.R.Carlson,J.F.George.Media Appropriateness in the Conduct and Discovery of Deceptive Communication:The Relative Influence of Richness and Synchronicity.Group Decision and Negotiation,2004,13(2):191-210.
[27] 沃尔特·翁.口语文化与书面文化.何道宽译.北京:北京大学出版社,2008:56.
[28] 兰德尔·柯林斯.互动仪式链.林聚任,王鹏,宋丽译.北京:商务印书馆,2012:105.
[29] P.Alasuutari.Introduction:Three Phases of Reception Studies.Rethinking the Media Audience:The New Agenda.London:Sage Publications,1999.
[30] 熊慧.范式之争:西方受众研究“民族志转向”的动因、路径与挑战.国际新闻界,2013,3:74-81.
[31] I.Ang.Watching Dallas:Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination.London:Routledge,2013.
[32] D.Hobson.Crossroads:The Drama of a Soap Opera.London:Methuen Publishing Ltd,1982.
[33] 戴维·莫利.电视、受众与文化研究.史安斌译.北京:新华出版社,2005.
[34] N.Abercrombie,B.J.Longhurst.Audiences:A Sociological Theory of Performance and Imagination.London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1998.
[35] 周红丰.“我的电视,我的家”:女性个体化进程中的电视经验研究——以婆媳剧为例.上海:复旦大学博士论文,2014.[2014-05-15]http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10246-1015418465.htm.
[36] 张玉佩.初探传播科技在部落:网咖与兰屿原住民日常生活.资讯社会研究,2012,23:96-119.
[37] 张玉佩.阅听人概念的探索:从网络经验出发.中华传播学刊,2004,1:37-71.
[38] 张倩.网络直播的受众使用动机研究.郑州:郑州大学硕士学位论文,2018.[2018-04-01]http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018105779.nh&v=MjEzMDhHOWJMcHBFYlBJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9SdkZDamxWYi9MVkYyNkZySzQ=.
[39] 尹鹏远.基于受众视角的网络直播研究.南宁:广西大学硕士学位论文,2017.[2017-06-01]http://www.doc88.com/p-7384956071588.html.
[40] 王冠雄,钟多明.直播革命:互联网创业的下半场.北京:电子工业出版社,2017.
[41] 保罗·莱文森.软利器——信息革命的自然历史与未来.何道宽译.上海:复旦大学出版社,2011:1.
[42] 彭兰.移动互联网时代的“现场”与“在场”.湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2017,3:42-49.
[43] D.Horton,R.R.Wohl.Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction.Psychiatry-interpersonal & Biological Processes,1956,19(3):215-229.
[44] 孙玮.微信:中国人的在世存有.学术月刊,2015,12:5-18.
[45] 安东尼·吉登斯.社会的构成——结构化理论纲要.李康,李猛译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016:11.
[46] B.Vilhelmson,E.Thulin,E.Elldér.Where does Time Spent on the Internet Come from?Tracing the Influence of Information and Communications Technology Use on Daily Activities.Information,Communication & Society,2017,20(2):250-263.
[47] 中国流动人口发展报告2017.我国流动人口规模为2.45亿人总量连续两年下降.新民晚报,2017-11-10.[2018-02-01]http://shanghai.xinmin.cn/xmsq/2017/11/10/31332612.html.
[48] 乌尔里希·贝克,伊丽莎白·贝克·格恩塞姆.个体化.李荣山,范譞,张惠强译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:235-247.
[49] 李·雷尼,巴里·威尔曼.超越孤独:移动互联网时代的生存之道.杨伯溆,高崇译.北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2015:2..
[50] 诺贝特·埃利亚斯.文明的进程:文明的社会发生和心理发生的研究.王佩莉等译.上海:上海译文出版社,2013:52.
[2] 中国互联网络信息中心.第41次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告(2018-01-31).[2018-03-05]http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201803/P020180305409870339136.pdf.
[3] 艾媒报告:2017—2018中国在线直播行业研究报告.网经社,2018-01-25.[2018-03-29]http://www.100ec.cn/detail--6442906.html.
[4] 刘岩,刘建强.六间房:虚拟社会的税务局.创业家,2013,11:84-89.
[5] 克劳斯·布鲁恩·延森.媒介融合:网络传播、大众传播和人际传播的三重维度.刘君译.上海:复旦大学出版社,2016:75-76.
[6] K.B.Jensen,R.Helles.The Internet as a Cultural Forum:Implications for Research.New Media & Society,2011,13(4):517-533.
[7] 陈百龄.追分赶秒:新闻组织的时间结构化策略——以报社图表产制为例.新闻学研究,2016,127:75-117.
[8] 王淑美.网络速度与新闻:转变中的记者时间实践及价值反思.中华传播学刊,2018,33:65-98.
[9] 马歇尔·麦克卢汉.理解媒介:论人的延伸.何道宽译.南京:译林出版社,2011:30.
[10] 丹尼尔·戴扬,伊莱休·卡茨.媒介事件:历史的现场直播.麻争旗译.北京:北京广播学院出版社,2000:13;17.
[11] J.B.Walther,L.C.Tidwell.Nonverbal Cues in Computer-mediated Communication,and the Effect of Chronemics on Relational Communication.Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,1995,5(4):355-378.
[12] S.Kiesler,J.Siegel,T.W.McGuire.Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-mediated Communication.American Psychologist,1984,39(10):1123.
[13] C.Cornelius,M.Boos.Enhancing Mutual Understanding in Synchronous Computer-mediated Communication by Training:Trade-offs in Judgmental Tasks.Communication Research,2003,30(2):147-177.
[14] J.Cho,D.I.Ramgolam,K.M.Schaefer,et al.The Rate and Delay in Overload:An Investigation of Communication Overload and Channel Synchronicity on Identification and Job Satisfaction.Journal of Applied Communication Research,2011,39(1):38-54.
[15] A.R.Dennis,J.S.Valacich.Rethinking Media Richness:Towards a Theory of Media Sync-hronicity.Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on SystemsSciences,1999,1:1017.
[16] R.V.Levine.The Pace of Life Across Cultures.The Social Psychology of Time:New Pers-pectives.Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1988:39-60.
[17] 保罗·莱文森.新新媒介.何道宽译.上海:复旦大学出版社,2011:39-40.
[18] J.W.Chesebro.Computer-mediated Interpersonal Communication.Information and Behavior.New Brunswick,NJ:Transaction Books,1985,1(1):202-222.
[19] E.Darics.The Blurring Boundaries between Synchronicity and Asynchronicity:New Communicative Situations in Work-related Instant Messaging.International Journal of Business Communication,2014,51(4):337-358.
[20] E.T.Hall.The Dance of Life:The other Dimension of Time.Garden City,N.Y:Anchor Press/Doubleday,1983:3.
[21] J.K.Burgoon,T.Saine.The Unspoken Dialogue:An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication.Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1978:103.
[22] 孙玮.赛博人——后人类时代的媒介融合.新闻记者,2018,6:4-11.
[23] S.B.Flexner,L.C.Hauck.Random House Dictionary of the English Language.New York:Random House,1987.
[24] S.Herring.Dynamic.Topic Analysis of Synchronous Chat.Paper presented at the New Research for New Media:Innovative Research Methodologies Symposium,University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication,Minneapolis,2003:47-66.
[25] R.I.Swaab,A.D.Galinsky,V.Medvec,et al.The Communication Orientation Model:Explaining the Diverse Effects of Sight,Sound,and Synchronicity on Negotiation and Group Decision-making Outcomes.Personality and Social Psychology Review,2012,16(1):25-53.
[26] J.R.Carlson,J.F.George.Media Appropriateness in the Conduct and Discovery of Deceptive Communication:The Relative Influence of Richness and Synchronicity.Group Decision and Negotiation,2004,13(2):191-210.
[27] 沃尔特·翁.口语文化与书面文化.何道宽译.北京:北京大学出版社,2008:56.
[28] 兰德尔·柯林斯.互动仪式链.林聚任,王鹏,宋丽译.北京:商务印书馆,2012:105.
[29] P.Alasuutari.Introduction:Three Phases of Reception Studies.Rethinking the Media Audience:The New Agenda.London:Sage Publications,1999.
[30] 熊慧.范式之争:西方受众研究“民族志转向”的动因、路径与挑战.国际新闻界,2013,3:74-81.
[31] I.Ang.Watching Dallas:Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination.London:Routledge,2013.
[32] D.Hobson.Crossroads:The Drama of a Soap Opera.London:Methuen Publishing Ltd,1982.
[33] 戴维·莫利.电视、受众与文化研究.史安斌译.北京:新华出版社,2005.
[34] N.Abercrombie,B.J.Longhurst.Audiences:A Sociological Theory of Performance and Imagination.London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1998.
[35] 周红丰.“我的电视,我的家”:女性个体化进程中的电视经验研究——以婆媳剧为例.上海:复旦大学博士论文,2014.[2014-05-15]http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10246-1015418465.htm.
[36] 张玉佩.初探传播科技在部落:网咖与兰屿原住民日常生活.资讯社会研究,2012,23:96-119.
[37] 张玉佩.阅听人概念的探索:从网络经验出发.中华传播学刊,2004,1:37-71.
[38] 张倩.网络直播的受众使用动机研究.郑州:郑州大学硕士学位论文,2018.[2018-04-01]http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018105779.nh&v=MjEzMDhHOWJMcHBFYlBJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTE9mWk9SdkZDamxWYi9MVkYyNkZySzQ=.
[39] 尹鹏远.基于受众视角的网络直播研究.南宁:广西大学硕士学位论文,2017.[2017-06-01]http://www.doc88.com/p-7384956071588.html.
[40] 王冠雄,钟多明.直播革命:互联网创业的下半场.北京:电子工业出版社,2017.
[41] 保罗·莱文森.软利器——信息革命的自然历史与未来.何道宽译.上海:复旦大学出版社,2011:1.
[42] 彭兰.移动互联网时代的“现场”与“在场”.湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2017,3:42-49.
[43] D.Horton,R.R.Wohl.Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction.Psychiatry-interpersonal & Biological Processes,1956,19(3):215-229.
[44] 孙玮.微信:中国人的在世存有.学术月刊,2015,12:5-18.
[45] 安东尼·吉登斯.社会的构成——结构化理论纲要.李康,李猛译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016:11.
[46] B.Vilhelmson,E.Thulin,E.Elldér.Where does Time Spent on the Internet Come from?Tracing the Influence of Information and Communications Technology Use on Daily Activities.Information,Communication & Society,2017,20(2):250-263.
[47] 中国流动人口发展报告2017.我国流动人口规模为2.45亿人总量连续两年下降.新民晚报,2017-11-10.[2018-02-01]http://shanghai.xinmin.cn/xmsq/2017/11/10/31332612.html.
[48] 乌尔里希·贝克,伊丽莎白·贝克·格恩塞姆.个体化.李荣山,范譞,张惠强译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011:235-247.
[49] 李·雷尼,巴里·威尔曼.超越孤独:移动互联网时代的生存之道.杨伯溆,高崇译.北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2015:2..
[50] 诺贝特·埃利亚斯.文明的进程:文明的社会发生和心理发生的研究.王佩莉等译.上海:上海译文出版社,2013:52.