碳市场顶层设计路线图
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摘要
中国正面临着低碳减排和保持经济增速的双重挑战。为利用碳排放权交易机制以最低的社会成本实现减排目标,我国自2013年起开始建设碳排放权交易试点,并于2017年12月起宣布正式启动全国碳市场。然而碳市场的顶层设计不可一蹴而就,需要在我国宏观经济改革的大背景下分阶段逐步推进。短期(2020年前)碳市场建设重在强化产权制度建设,完善市场交易基础。中期(2021—2030年)碳市场建设要形成活跃的市场氛围,充分降低我国的温室气体达峰成本。长期(2031—2050年)碳市场建设要形成稳定上升的碳价趋势,为我国的低碳转型提供长期动力。
China is facing the dual challenges of mitigating climate change and maintaining the pace of economic growth. In order to control greenhouse gas emissions with the least social cost, China has piloted seven regional carbon markets since 2013. More importantly, it announced the launching of the national emission trading scheme(ETS) in late 2017. To rationalize the design of the national ETS, this paper aims to provide a roadmap of China's ETS development from an economic perspective. In the short-term, the priority is to develop a robust market by enhancing the establishment of property rights and monitoring, reporting, and verification(MRV) system. In the mid-term, the national ETS should increase its market liquidity with a higher share of allowance auctioned and the development of carbon finance. In the long-term, the ETS should gradually tighten its emission target to form an explicit while increasing carbon price, and to provide a continuous incentive for China's decarbonization.
China is facing the dual challenges of mitigating climate change and maintaining the pace of economic growth. In order to control greenhouse gas emissions with the least social cost, China has piloted seven regional carbon markets since 2013. More importantly, it announced the launching of the national emission trading scheme(ETS) in late 2017. To rationalize the design of the national ETS, this paper aims to provide a roadmap of China's ETS development from an economic perspective. In the short-term, the priority is to develop a robust market by enhancing the establishment of property rights and monitoring, reporting, and verification(MRV) system. In the mid-term, the national ETS should increase its market liquidity with a higher share of allowance auctioned and the development of carbon finance. In the long-term, the ETS should gradually tighten its emission target to form an explicit while increasing carbon price, and to provide a continuous incentive for China's decarbonization.
引文
[1]Zhang B,Fei H,He P,et al.The indecisive role of the market in China’s SO2 and COD emissions trading[J].Environmental Politics,2016,25(5):875-898
[2]于天飞.碳排放权交易的产权分析[J].东北农业大学学报:社会科学版,2007,5(2):101-103.Yu T F.The analysis of carbon trading[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University:Social Science Edition,2007,5(2):101-103(in Chinese)
[3]Partnership for Market Readiness,International Carbon Action Partnership.Emissions trading in practice:a handbook on design and implementation[R].Washington DC:World Bank,2016
[4]杨伟民.产权制度改革和要素市场化改革须同步推进[R].北京:2018年中国发展高层论坛专题研讨会,2018.Yang W M.Property rights system reform and market-oriented reform must be synchronized to be effective[R].Beijing:2018 China Development Forum Special Session,2018(in Chinese)
[5]Zhang J,Wang Z,Du X.Lessons learned from China’s regional carbon market pilots[J].Economics of Energy&Environmental Policy,2017,6(2):19-38
[6]杜莉,张云.如何在碳金融交易中合理界定政府与市场的关系?理论与实证![J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2015,55(1):66-73,173.Du L,Zhang Y.How to deal with the relationship between the government and market during the carbon finance transactions:a theoretical and empirical analysis[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,2015,55(1):66-73,173(in Chinese)
[7]冯媛.浅谈碳交易市场定价机制失灵和政府干预[J].市场经济与价格,2015(8):29-31,16.Feng Y.Talking about the failure of pricing mechanism of carbon trading market and government intervention[J].Market Economy and Price,2015(8):29-31,16(in Chinese)
[8]Viard A D.Don’t give away the cap-and-trade permits![R/OL].American Enterprise Institute,2009[2018-12-01].http://www.aei.org/onthemargin/
[9]Neuhoff K,Matthes F C,Betz R,et al.The role of auctions for emissions trading[R].Climate Strategies,2008
[10]王倩,李通,王译兴.中国碳金融的发展策略与路径分析[J].社会科学辑刊,2010(3):147-151.Wang Q,Li T,Wang Y X.Analysis on the development strategy and path of China’s carbon finance[J].Social Science Journal,2010(3):147-151(in Chinese)
[11]王遥,王文涛.碳金融市场的风险识别和监管体系设计[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(3):25-31.Wang Y,Wang W T.Risks identification and regulatory system design for carbon market[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(3):25-31(in Chinese)
[12]张晓艳.国际碳金融市场发展对我国的启示及借鉴[J].经济问题,2012(2):91-95.Zhang X Y.Reference and enlightenment in international carbon finance market[J].On Economic Problems,2012(2):91-95(in Chinese)
[13]绿金委碳金融工作组.中国碳金融市场研究[R].北京:北京环境交易所,2016.Green Finance Committee Carbon Finance Working Group.A study on China’s carbon finance market[R].Beijing:China Beijing Environment Exchange,2016(in Chinese)
(1)“一行两会”指中国人民银行、中国银行保险监督管理委员会和中国证券监督管理委员会。
[2]于天飞.碳排放权交易的产权分析[J].东北农业大学学报:社会科学版,2007,5(2):101-103.Yu T F.The analysis of carbon trading[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University:Social Science Edition,2007,5(2):101-103(in Chinese)
[3]Partnership for Market Readiness,International Carbon Action Partnership.Emissions trading in practice:a handbook on design and implementation[R].Washington DC:World Bank,2016
[4]杨伟民.产权制度改革和要素市场化改革须同步推进[R].北京:2018年中国发展高层论坛专题研讨会,2018.Yang W M.Property rights system reform and market-oriented reform must be synchronized to be effective[R].Beijing:2018 China Development Forum Special Session,2018(in Chinese)
[5]Zhang J,Wang Z,Du X.Lessons learned from China’s regional carbon market pilots[J].Economics of Energy&Environmental Policy,2017,6(2):19-38
[6]杜莉,张云.如何在碳金融交易中合理界定政府与市场的关系?理论与实证![J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2015,55(1):66-73,173.Du L,Zhang Y.How to deal with the relationship between the government and market during the carbon finance transactions:a theoretical and empirical analysis[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition,2015,55(1):66-73,173(in Chinese)
[7]冯媛.浅谈碳交易市场定价机制失灵和政府干预[J].市场经济与价格,2015(8):29-31,16.Feng Y.Talking about the failure of pricing mechanism of carbon trading market and government intervention[J].Market Economy and Price,2015(8):29-31,16(in Chinese)
[8]Viard A D.Don’t give away the cap-and-trade permits![R/OL].American Enterprise Institute,2009[2018-12-01].http://www.aei.org/onthemargin/
[9]Neuhoff K,Matthes F C,Betz R,et al.The role of auctions for emissions trading[R].Climate Strategies,2008
[10]王倩,李通,王译兴.中国碳金融的发展策略与路径分析[J].社会科学辑刊,2010(3):147-151.Wang Q,Li T,Wang Y X.Analysis on the development strategy and path of China’s carbon finance[J].Social Science Journal,2010(3):147-151(in Chinese)
[11]王遥,王文涛.碳金融市场的风险识别和监管体系设计[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(3):25-31.Wang Y,Wang W T.Risks identification and regulatory system design for carbon market[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(3):25-31(in Chinese)
[12]张晓艳.国际碳金融市场发展对我国的启示及借鉴[J].经济问题,2012(2):91-95.Zhang X Y.Reference and enlightenment in international carbon finance market[J].On Economic Problems,2012(2):91-95(in Chinese)
[13]绿金委碳金融工作组.中国碳金融市场研究[R].北京:北京环境交易所,2016.Green Finance Committee Carbon Finance Working Group.A study on China’s carbon finance market[R].Beijing:China Beijing Environment Exchange,2016(in Chinese)
(1)“一行两会”指中国人民银行、中国银行保险监督管理委员会和中国证券监督管理委员会。