冻融过程对土壤物理化学及生物学性质的影响研究及展望
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摘要
冻融是我国北方地区常见的气候现象,其水热条件的反复变化会影响土壤等环境介质的物理化学及生物学性质。冻融过程产生的交替收缩与膨胀可改变土壤结构、水分分布特征,尤其会降低土壤团聚体的稳定性;由于温度、水分、氧化还原等条件的不断变化,冻融过程会促进土壤硝化作用和溶解性有机酸的释放,使土壤微生物量及其活性受到影响,导致土壤pH值、CEC和Ca CO_3含量等随之降低。在冻融过程中,土壤有机质的变化最为明显,反复冻融使有机碳不同程度地暴露和释放,加快了土壤有机碳矿化速率,使土壤可溶性有机碳量增加,最终加剧可溶性有机碳的流失。以往对冻融作用的研究主要集中在自然土壤介质,缺乏对其他环境介质如畜禽粪便等有机固体废弃物的相关报道。在综述冻融过程对土壤物理、化学及生物学性质影响的基础上,提出了未来在一定区域尺度上开展冻融过程对土壤理化性质影响研究,并结合探讨畜禽粪便等有机固体废弃物和土壤污染物的响应机制,为冻融气候条件下土壤污染控制和科学土地利用管理提供科学依据。
Freeze-thaw process is a natural phenomenon in Northern China. The fluctuation of hydrothermal conditions may strongly influ-ence soil physiochemical properties, microbial enzymatic activities and total microbial community abundance. The alternating contraction and expansion caused by freeze-thaw process may alter soil structure and water distribution, which especially reduce soil aggregates water stabili-ty and bulk density. Because of the fluctuations in soil temperature, water distribution and redox conditions, as a consequence of the freezingthaw process will accelerate the soil nitrification and release of soluble organic acids. Accordingly, soil pH value, CEC and Ca CO_3 content will be reduced. The organic matter composition is typically affected during freeze-thaw process. In this process, various forms of organic carbon in soil aggregates will be exposed, dissolved organic matter(DOM)will be released into the aqueous phase and as a result, the soil compo-nents absorbed by soil aggregate and organic matter become more mobilized. However, previous studies mainly focused on the effects of freeze-thaw process on natural soils while other types of environmental matrixes have always been neglected. On the basis of previous studies,investigations into the effects of soil pollutants are recommended due to their deep connection with the soil organic components. Furthermore,large amounts of organic solid wastes like animal manure and farm waste have to be used in farmland. The organic wastes change the bulk density, enhance the microbial activity and carbon stock in the soil, protect soil from water erosion should be considered in freeze-thaw pro-cess.
Freeze-thaw process is a natural phenomenon in Northern China. The fluctuation of hydrothermal conditions may strongly influ-ence soil physiochemical properties, microbial enzymatic activities and total microbial community abundance. The alternating contraction and expansion caused by freeze-thaw process may alter soil structure and water distribution, which especially reduce soil aggregates water stabili-ty and bulk density. Because of the fluctuations in soil temperature, water distribution and redox conditions, as a consequence of the freezingthaw process will accelerate the soil nitrification and release of soluble organic acids. Accordingly, soil pH value, CEC and Ca CO_3 content will be reduced. The organic matter composition is typically affected during freeze-thaw process. In this process, various forms of organic carbon in soil aggregates will be exposed, dissolved organic matter(DOM)will be released into the aqueous phase and as a result, the soil compo-nents absorbed by soil aggregate and organic matter become more mobilized. However, previous studies mainly focused on the effects of freeze-thaw process on natural soils while other types of environmental matrixes have always been neglected. On the basis of previous studies,investigations into the effects of soil pollutants are recommended due to their deep connection with the soil organic components. Furthermore,large amounts of organic solid wastes like animal manure and farm waste have to be used in farmland. The organic wastes change the bulk density, enhance the microbial activity and carbon stock in the soil, protect soil from water erosion should be considered in freeze-thaw pro-cess.
引文
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[2]王澄海,靳双龙,施红霞.未来50年中国地区冻土面积分布变化[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(1):1-8.WANG Cheng-hai,JIN Shuang-long,SHI Hong-xia.Area Change of the frozen ground in China in the next 50 years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):1-8.
[3]Leifeld J,Fuhrer J.The temperature response of CO2production from bulk soils and soil fractions is related to soil organic matter quality[J].Biogeochemistry,2005,75(3):433-453.
[4]Freppaz M,Williams B L,Edwards A C,et al.Simulating soil freeze/thaw cycles typical of winter alpine conditions:implications for N and P availability[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,35(1):247-255.
[5]Safadoust A,Mosadeghi M R,Mahboubi A A,et al.Effects of wetting/drying,freezing/thawing and earth worm activities on soil hydraulic properties[J].Journal of Water&Soil,2012,26(2):340-348.
[6]王娇月,宋长春,王宪伟,等.冻融作用对土壤有机碳库及微生物的影响研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(2):442-452.WANG Jiao-yue,SONG Chang-chun,WANG Xian-wei,et al.Progress in the study of effect of freeze-thaw progresses on the organic carbon pool and microorganisms in soils[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(2):442-452.
[7]Zhao L,Cheng G D,Ding Y J.Studies on frozen ground of China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2004,14(4):411-416.
[8]Grogan P,Michelsen A,Ambus P,et al.Freeze thaw regime effects on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in subarctic heath tundra mesocosms[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:641-654.
[9]温美丽,刘宝元,魏欣,等.冻融作用对东北黑土容重的影响[J].土壤通报,2009,40(3):492-495.WEN Mei-li,LIU Yuan-bao,WEI Xin,et al.Impact of freezing and thawing on bulk density of black soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(3):492-495.
[10]Mc Minn W,Keown J,Allen S J,et al.Effect of freeze-thaw process on partitioning of contaminants in ferric precipitate[J].Water Research,2003,37(20):4815-4822.
[11]Mohanty S K,Saiers J E,Ryan J N.Colloid-facilitated mobilization of metals by freeze-thaw cycles[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(2):977-984.
[12]Lehrsch G A,Sojka R E,Carter D L,et al.Freezing effects on aggregate stability affected by texture,mineralogy,and organic matter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55(5):1401-1406.
[13]Oztas T,Fayetorbay F.Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability[J].Catena,2003,52(1):1-8.
[14]Edwards L M.The effect of alternate freezing and thawing on aggregate stability and aggregate size distribution of some Prince Edward Island soils[J].Journal of Soil Science,1991,42(2):193-204.
[15]Lehrsch G A.Freeze-thaw cycles increase near-surface aggregate stability[J].Soil Science,1998,163(1):63-70.
[16]张海欧,解建仓,南海鹏,等.冻融交替对复配土壤团粒结构和有机质的交互作用[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):273-278.ZHANG Hai-ou,XIE Jian-cang,NAN Hai-peng,et al.The interaction of freezing-thawing on soil aggregates and organic matter of pisha sandstone and san compound soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(3):273-278.
[17]李琳慧,李旭,许梦,等.冻融温度对东北黑土理化性质及土壤酶活性的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(4):318-320.LI Lin-hui,LI Xu,XU Meng,et al.Impact of freeze-thaw temperature on physical-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(4):318-320.
[18]王洋,刘景双,王全英.冻融作用对土壤团聚体及有机碳组分的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(7):1269-1274.WANG Yang,LIU Jing-shuang,WANG Quan-ying.The effects of freeze-thaw processes on soil aggregates and organic carbon[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(7):1269-1274.
[19]王洋,刘景双,王国平,等.冻融作用与土壤理化效应的关系研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(2):91-96.WANG Yang,LIU Jing-shuang,WANG Guo-ping,et al.Study on the effect of freezing and thawing action to soil physical and chemical characteristics[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2007,23(2):91-96.
[20]周旺明,秦胜金,刘景双,等.沼泽湿地土壤氮矿化对温度变化及冻融的响应[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(4):806-811.ZHOU Wang-ming,QIN Sheng-jin,LIU Jing-shuang,et al.Effects of temperature and freeze-thaw on soil nitrogen mineralization in typical wetlands in Sanjiang Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(4):806-811.
[21]沈月,依艳丽,张大庚,等.耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲性能及酸化速率研究[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(1):95-100.SHEN Yue,YI Yan-li,ZHANG Da-geng,et al.Research on p H buffer capacity and acidification rate of arable brown soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(1):95-100.
[22]Schimel J P,Clein J S.Microbial response to freeze-thaw cycles in tundra and taiga soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28(8):1061-1066.
[23]Katoh M,Kitahara W,Sato T.Sorption of lead in animal manure compost:contributions of inorganic and organic fractions[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2014,225(1):1-12.
[24]Hu K,Jiang J Q,Zhao Q L,et al.Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing:Role of curing[J].Water research,2011,45(18):5969-5976.
[25]Koponen H T,Jaakkola T,et al.Microbial communities,biomass,and activities in soils as affected by freeze thaw cycles[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(7):1861-1871.
[26]Feng X,Nielsen L L,Simpson M J.Responses of soil organic matter and microorganisms to freeze-thaw cycles[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(8):2027-2037.
[27]邓西民,王坚,朱文珊,等.冻融作用对梨底层土壤物理性状的影响[J].科学通报,1999,43(23):2583-2587.DENG Xi-min,WANG Jian,ZHU Wen-shan,et al.Effect of freezethawing on plough layer soil physical properties[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,43(23):2583-2587.
[28]Henry H A L.Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments:Trends,methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:977-986.
[29]Larsen K S,Jonasson S,Michelsen A.Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and their effects on biological processes in two arctic ecosystem types[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2002,21(3):187-195
[30]宋阳,于晓菲,邹元春,等.冻融作用对土壤碳、氮、磷循环的影响[J].土壤与作物2016,5(2):78-90.SONG Yang,YU Xiao-fei,ZHOU Yuan-chun,et al.Progress of freeze-thaw effects on carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cyclings in soils[J].Soil and Crop,2016,5(2):78-90
[31]Chaer G M,Myrold D D,Bottomley P J.A soil quality index based on the equilibrium between soil organic matter and biochemical properties of undisturbed coniferous forest soils of the Pacific Northwest[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(4):822-830.
[32]Pelletier F,Prévost D,LalibertéG,et al.Seasonal response of denitrifiers to temperature in a Quebec cropped soil[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1999,79(4):551-556.
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