黄土高原县域城镇化的地域分异与动因机制
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摘要
以黄土高原341个县级行政单元为研究区,综合运用统计分析、分区分析和地理探测器等研究方法,从区域和分区两个层面分析1990—2015年黄土高原县域城镇化的地域分异特征,揭示黄土高原县域城镇化空间格局形成的动因机制。结果表明:(1)1990—2015年,黄土高原县域城镇化水平呈现稳步上升趋势,城镇化率由23.83%上升至54.33%,在地理空间上呈现出东中部高而西部低的宏观格局。省会城市和地级市等高城镇化县区的中心性明显,以鄂尔多斯高原为中心的高城镇化区形成并逐渐加强。(2)1990年以来,黄土高原县域人口空间集聚和社会经济发展的地域差异呈现减小趋势,县域城镇化均衡发展态势明显。在地理分区上,除高原风沙区县域经济发展地域差异显著扩大外,其余各分区县域人口集聚和经济发展的地区差异趋于缩小。(3)县域经济发展阶段、非农产业产值比重、人均社会消费品零售总额、人均粮食产量、人口密度、到中心城市的最短行车时间、城镇居民人均可支配收入等是区域城镇化地域分异格局形成与演化的基本驱动因素。(4)未来黄土高原地区城镇化应依据自然地理和社会经济要素的地域差异性科学定位、分类推进,通过地域功能优化、产业结构转型升级、人口迁移集聚、基础设施共建共享和生态补偿政策等的实施,协调好城镇化建设、农业生产和生态环境保护三者之间的关系,实现新时代黄土高原县域城镇化率的稳步提升和城乡建设的高质量发展。
Taking the 341 county-level administrative units in the Loess Plateau as the study subject, the characteristics of geographical differentiation and formation mechanism of the county urbanization from 1990 to 2015 were analyzed systematically using the methods of statistical analysis, zoning analysis and geography detectors. The results show that the urbanization level of the county in the Loess Plateau showed a steady upward trend, and the urbanization rate increased from 23.83% to 54.33% from 1990 to 2015. Geographically, the macro-pattern was low in the west and high in the east and middle regions. The centrality of provincial capitals and prefecture-level cities and other high-urbanized counties was obvious. Area of high urbanization rate centered on the Ordos Plateau being gradually strengthened. Since 1990, the regional differences of population agglomeration and socio-economic development of county have shown a decreasing trend, and the balanced development trend of county urbanization county in the Loess Plateau has been obvious. In geographical division, the regional differences of county economic development in the wind-sandy area of Loess Plateau have increased significantly, while the regional differences in population agglomeration and economic development in other districts tend to shrink. There are many factors affecting the formation and evolution of county urbanization differentiation pattern, mainly including economic development, proportion of non-agricultural industry, per capita total retail sales of consumer goods, per capita output of grain, population density, the shortest travel time to central cities and urban per capita disposable income. Therefore, regional urbanization should be scientifically positioned and promoted according to the geographical differences in natural environment and social economy. The relationship between urbanization construction, agricultural production and ecological environmental protection should be coordinated through regional function optimizing, industrial transforming and upgrading, population migration and agglomeration, infrastructure construction and sharing, and ecological compensation, to achieve the goals of steady improvement of county urbanization and high-quality development of urban and rural construction in Loess Plateau in the new era.
Taking the 341 county-level administrative units in the Loess Plateau as the study subject, the characteristics of geographical differentiation and formation mechanism of the county urbanization from 1990 to 2015 were analyzed systematically using the methods of statistical analysis, zoning analysis and geography detectors. The results show that the urbanization level of the county in the Loess Plateau showed a steady upward trend, and the urbanization rate increased from 23.83% to 54.33% from 1990 to 2015. Geographically, the macro-pattern was low in the west and high in the east and middle regions. The centrality of provincial capitals and prefecture-level cities and other high-urbanized counties was obvious. Area of high urbanization rate centered on the Ordos Plateau being gradually strengthened. Since 1990, the regional differences of population agglomeration and socio-economic development of county have shown a decreasing trend, and the balanced development trend of county urbanization county in the Loess Plateau has been obvious. In geographical division, the regional differences of county economic development in the wind-sandy area of Loess Plateau have increased significantly, while the regional differences in population agglomeration and economic development in other districts tend to shrink. There are many factors affecting the formation and evolution of county urbanization differentiation pattern, mainly including economic development, proportion of non-agricultural industry, per capita total retail sales of consumer goods, per capita output of grain, population density, the shortest travel time to central cities and urban per capita disposable income. Therefore, regional urbanization should be scientifically positioned and promoted according to the geographical differences in natural environment and social economy. The relationship between urbanization construction, agricultural production and ecological environmental protection should be coordinated through regional function optimizing, industrial transforming and upgrading, population migration and agglomeration, infrastructure construction and sharing, and ecological compensation, to achieve the goals of steady improvement of county urbanization and high-quality development of urban and rural construction in Loess Plateau in the new era.
引文
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[30] 冯兴华,钟业喜,李建新,等.长江中游城市群县域城镇化水平空间格局演变及驱动因子分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(6):899-908.
[31] 郭远智,周扬,成天婵,等.浙江省县域人口城镇化解构及其类型划分[J].经济地理,2018,38(10):63-71.
[32] 王洋,方创琳,王振波.中国县域城镇化水平的综合评价及类型区划分[J].地理研究,2012,31(7):1305-1316.
[33] 张立生.县域城镇化时空演变及其影响因素:以浙江省为例[J].地理研究,2016,35(6):1151-1163.
[34] 彭翀,常黎丽.湖南省县域城镇化时空格局及其经济发展相关性研究[J].经济地理,2013,33(8):73-78.
[35] 樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):186-201.
[36] FANG C L.Important progress and future direction of studies on China′s urban agglomerations[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2015,25(8):1003-1024.
[37] 中国科学院黄土高原综合考察队.黄土高原地区综合治理开发分区研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1990.
[38] 李武斌,宋永永,薛东前,等.1990—2015年黄土高原地区城镇化与城市发展数据集[DB/OL].西安:陕西师范大学,2018-12-25.
[39] 王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.
[40] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海.生态脆弱能源区人居环境与经济协调发展时空格局及演化机制:以晋陕蒙接壤区为例[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(6):1328-1337.
[41] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海,等.陕北能源开发区产业转型升级特征及其经济效应[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2019,46(1):121-130.
[42] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海,等.陕北能源开发区县域社会剥夺的空间差异与形成机制[J].地理与地理信息科学,2019,35(1):109-117.
[2] UNITED NATIONS.World cities report 2016[R].Nairobi:United Nations Human Settlements Programme,2016.
[3] 国家统计局城市社会经济调查司.中国城市统计年鉴(1985-2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018.
[4] 陆大道,陈明星.关于“国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020)”编制大背景的几点认识[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):179-185.
[5] 高佩义.中外城市化比较研究[M].增订版.天津:南开大学出版社,2006.
[6] NORTHAM R M.Urban Geography[M].New York:Wiley,1975.
[7] 霍利斯·钱纳里,莫伊思·赛尔昆.发展的型式:1950—1970[M].李新华,译.北京:经济科学出版社,1988.
[8] JIN G,DENG X Z,ZHAO X D,et al.Spatiotemporal patterns in urbanization efficiency within the Yangtze River Economic Belt between 2005 and 2014[J].Journal of Geographical Science,2018,28 (8):1113-1126.
[9] 于伟,吕晓,宋金平.山东省城镇化包容性发展的时空格局[J].地理研究,2018,37(2):319-332.
[10] 邹荟霞,任建兰,刘凯.中国地级市绿色城镇化时空格局演变[J].城市问题,2018(7):13-20.
[11] 郑德高,闫岩,朱郁郁.分层城镇化和分区城镇化:模式、动力与发展策略[J].城市规划学刊,2013(6):26-32.
[12] 汪莹,陆林,黄剑锋,等.上海、东京城市化进程及动力因子比较研究[J].人文地理,2017,32(3):77-85.
[13] 崔裴,李慧丽.城市化与产业结构升级的两种模式[J].城市问题,2012(6):2-8.
[14] 方创琳,毛其智,倪鹏飞.中国城市群科学选择与分级发展的争鸣及探索[J].地理学报,2015,70(4):515-527.
[15] 茅天颖,濮励杰,许艳,等.江苏省城市化与经济增长的脱钩研究[J].资源科学,2017,39(8):1560-1572.
[16] 王雪辉,谷国锋.基于城、市视角的城市化水平与经济增长关系[J].地理科学,2018,38(10):1634-1642.
[17] 方创琳,周成虎,顾朝林,等.特大城市群地区城镇化与生态环境交互耦合效应解析的理论框架及技术路径[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):531-550.
[18] 刘海猛,方创琳,李咏红.城镇化与生态环境“耦合魔方”的基本概念及框架[J].地理学报,2019,74(1):1-19.
[19] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海,等.晋陕蒙典型化石能源开发区土地利用变化及其生态响应[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(5):1199-1207.
[20] 龙花楼,刘彦随,张小林,等.农业地理与乡村发展研究新近进展[J].地理学报,2014,69(8):1145-1158.
[21] 王云,马丽,刘毅.城镇化研究进展与趋势:基于CiteSpace和HistCite的图谱量化分析[J].地理科学进展,2018,37(2):239-254.
[22] 顾朝林,于涛方.中国城市化格局·过程·机理[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[23] 欧向军.江苏省城市化发展格局与过程研究[J].城市规划,2009(2):43-49.
[24] 薛俊菲,陈雯,张蕾.中国市域综合城市化水平测度与空间格局研究[J].经济地理,2010,30(12):2005-2011.
[25] 刘彦随,杨忍.中国县域城镇化的空间特征与形成机理[J].地理学报,2012,67(8):1011-1020.
[26] 王婧,李裕瑞.中国县域城镇化发展格局及其影响因素:基于2000和2010年全国人口普查分县数据[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):621-636.
[27] 高金龙,包菁薇,刘彦随,等.中国县域土地城镇化的区域差异及其影响因素[J].地理学报,2018,73(12):2329-2344.
[28] 杨勃,石培基.甘肃省县域城镇化地域差异及形成机理[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(4):838-845.
[29] 杨新刚,张守文,强群莉.安徽省县域城镇化质量的时空演变[J].经济地理,2016,36(4):84-91.
[30] 冯兴华,钟业喜,李建新,等.长江中游城市群县域城镇化水平空间格局演变及驱动因子分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(6):899-908.
[31] 郭远智,周扬,成天婵,等.浙江省县域人口城镇化解构及其类型划分[J].经济地理,2018,38(10):63-71.
[32] 王洋,方创琳,王振波.中国县域城镇化水平的综合评价及类型区划分[J].地理研究,2012,31(7):1305-1316.
[33] 张立生.县域城镇化时空演变及其影响因素:以浙江省为例[J].地理研究,2016,35(6):1151-1163.
[34] 彭翀,常黎丽.湖南省县域城镇化时空格局及其经济发展相关性研究[J].经济地理,2013,33(8):73-78.
[35] 樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):186-201.
[36] FANG C L.Important progress and future direction of studies on China′s urban agglomerations[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2015,25(8):1003-1024.
[37] 中国科学院黄土高原综合考察队.黄土高原地区综合治理开发分区研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社,1990.
[38] 李武斌,宋永永,薛东前,等.1990—2015年黄土高原地区城镇化与城市发展数据集[DB/OL].西安:陕西师范大学,2018-12-25.
[39] 王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.
[40] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海.生态脆弱能源区人居环境与经济协调发展时空格局及演化机制:以晋陕蒙接壤区为例[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(6):1328-1337.
[41] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海,等.陕北能源开发区产业转型升级特征及其经济效应[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2019,46(1):121-130.
[42] 宋永永,薛东前,代兰海,等.陕北能源开发区县域社会剥夺的空间差异与形成机制[J].地理与地理信息科学,2019,35(1):109-117.