贵州省石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园越冬鸳鸯数量、分布及日行为初探
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摘要
为了解贵州省石阡鸳鸯湖国家湿地公园越冬鸳鸯Aix galericulata的种群密度、日行为特征及人为干扰对其的影响,于2017年10月—2018年3月,采用直接计数法对鸳鸯数量、性比及人为干扰下的种群密度进行了22次调查。越冬中期,种群数量稳定在755只±17只,性比为1.14∶1,各条河沟的数量之间的差异具有高度统计学意义(X~2=84.041,df=5,P<0.01),即大河、小河与坝坎为鸳鸯分布及活动的主要区域;种群密度与人为干扰次数呈极显著负相关(R=-0.799,n=90,P<0.01),在人为干扰次数为1次±1次的区域,种群密度为42只/hm~2±3只/hm~2～53只/hm~2±14只/hm~2,当人为干扰次数达到7次±3次时,几乎没有鸳鸯活动。同时采用瞬时扫描法对鸳鸯的8种越冬行为进行了34 d(442 h)的观察,共记录各行为136 933次。取食、休息和修整为鸳鸯的主要行为;除了修整,鸳鸯在保育区与非保育区的各行为时间分配差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);越冬日行为节律极具规律性,取食高峰在07∶00—08∶00、14∶00—15∶00和17∶00—18∶00;休息高峰在13∶00—14∶00和15∶00—16∶00;飞行高峰在06∶00—07∶00(飞回湖区)和18∶00—19∶00(飞往夜栖地);修整在各时间段发生均较为频繁。
In order to explore the population size, daily behavior characteristics and influence of human disturbance on the population density of wintering Aix galericulata in Shiqian Mandarin Duck Lake National Wetland Park, Guizhou province, direct counting method was used for 22 surveys on the quantity, distribution, sex ratio and population density under human disturbance of wintering A. galericulata in the reservoir wetlands(including 6 small ditches, such as Mahuanggou, Bakan, Xiaohe, Dahe, Liangchahe and Budaoqu) from October 2017 to March 2018. The results showed that the population size of A. galericulata was stable at 755±17 and the average sex ratio was 1.14∶1 in the midterm of wintering period. There was an extremely significant difference among the population sizes of 6 small ditches(X~2=84.041, df=5, P<0.01). The main population was distributed in Dahe, Xiaohe and Bakan. There was an extremely significant negative correlation between the population density of A. galericulata and the daily human disturbances(R=-0.799, n=90, P<0.01). The population density of A. galericulata ranged from 42 individuals/hm~2±3 individuals/hm~2 to 53 individuals/hm~2±14 individuals/hm~2 in the areas where the daily human disturbances were 1±1, however, almost no A. galericulata was detected when the daily human disturbances were 7±3. The instantaneous scanning method was then used to monitor the 8 behaviors of wintering A. galericulata for 34 d(442 h), and the behavior frequencies were recorded for 136 933 times. Feeding, resting and dressing were the main behaviors, while walking was the least. Except dressing, there was an extremely significant difference on the time budget among the other 7 behaviors(P<0. 01) between conservation areas and non-conservation areas. Daily behavior rhythm of wintering A. galericulata had an obvious regularity, such as feeding peaked at 07∶00-08∶00, 14∶00-15∶00 and 17∶00-18∶00, resting peaked at 13∶00-14∶00 and 15∶00-16∶00, flying peaked at 06∶00-07∶00 and 18∶00-19∶00, and dressing occurred frequently all the time.
In order to explore the population size, daily behavior characteristics and influence of human disturbance on the population density of wintering Aix galericulata in Shiqian Mandarin Duck Lake National Wetland Park, Guizhou province, direct counting method was used for 22 surveys on the quantity, distribution, sex ratio and population density under human disturbance of wintering A. galericulata in the reservoir wetlands(including 6 small ditches, such as Mahuanggou, Bakan, Xiaohe, Dahe, Liangchahe and Budaoqu) from October 2017 to March 2018. The results showed that the population size of A. galericulata was stable at 755±17 and the average sex ratio was 1.14∶1 in the midterm of wintering period. There was an extremely significant difference among the population sizes of 6 small ditches(X~2=84.041, df=5, P<0.01). The main population was distributed in Dahe, Xiaohe and Bakan. There was an extremely significant negative correlation between the population density of A. galericulata and the daily human disturbances(R=-0.799, n=90, P<0.01). The population density of A. galericulata ranged from 42 individuals/hm~2±3 individuals/hm~2 to 53 individuals/hm~2±14 individuals/hm~2 in the areas where the daily human disturbances were 1±1, however, almost no A. galericulata was detected when the daily human disturbances were 7±3. The instantaneous scanning method was then used to monitor the 8 behaviors of wintering A. galericulata for 34 d(442 h), and the behavior frequencies were recorded for 136 933 times. Feeding, resting and dressing were the main behaviors, while walking was the least. Except dressing, there was an extremely significant difference on the time budget among the other 7 behaviors(P<0. 01) between conservation areas and non-conservation areas. Daily behavior rhythm of wintering A. galericulata had an obvious regularity, such as feeding peaked at 07∶00-08∶00, 14∶00-15∶00 and 17∶00-18∶00, resting peaked at 13∶00-14∶00 and 15∶00-16∶00, flying peaked at 06∶00-07∶00 and 18∶00-19∶00, and dressing occurred frequently all the time.
引文
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郑作新. 1963. 中国经济动物志鸟类[M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 103-105.
钟福生, 陈冬平. 1992. 鸳鸯越冬生态的观察[J]. 动物学杂志, 27(2): 27-28.
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Bruggers R, Jackson WB. 1981. Age-related differences in reproductive behaviour of male mandarin ducks[J]. Bird Study, 28(2): 107-114.
Cao L, Mark B, Zhao MJ, et al. 2011. A systematic scheme for monitoring waterbird populations at Shengjin Lake, China: methodology and preliminary results[J]. Chinese Birds, 2(1): 1-17.
Gibb J. 1956. Food feeding habits and territory of the rock pipit Anthus spinoletta[J]. Ibis, 98(3): 506-530.
Lees J. 1948. Winter feeding hours of robins, blackbirds, and blue tits[J]. Brit Birds, 41(4099): 71-76.
Orians GH. 1961. The ecology of blackbird (Agelaius) social systems[J]. Ecological Monographs, 31(3): 285-312.
Rees EC, Bruce JH, White GT, et al. 2005. Factors affecting the behavioural responses of whooper swans (Cygnus c. cygnus) to various human activities[J]. Biological Conservation, 121(3): 369-382.
Sun YH, Bridgman CL, Wu HL, et al. 2011. Sex ratio and survival of mandarin ducks in the Tachia River of central Taiwan[J]. Waterbirds, 34(4): 509-513.
戴年华, 邵明勤, 蒋丽红, 等. 2013. 鄱阳湖小天鹅越冬种群数量与行为学特征[J]. 生态学报, 33(18): 5768-5776.
董超, 张国钢, 陆军, 等. 2015. 山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式[J]. 生态学报, 35(2): 290-296.
段成. 2012. 湖北三峡湿地自然保护区鸟类群落及生态分析[D]. 武汉: 华中师范大学.
焦致娴, 高艳娇, 张俊华, 等. 2012. 三峡库区青干河峡谷鸳鸯越冬生境选择初探[J]. 四川动物, 31(4): 647-649.
孔凡前, 何万存, 张毅, 等. 2013. 鸳鸯庐山停歇地生态因子的研究[J]. 江西林业科技, 28(4): 26-28.
李丁男. 2013. 中国雁鸭类的研究现状与展望[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 30(8): 161-164.
李言阔, 黄建刚, 李凤山, 等. 2013. 鄱阳湖越冬小天鹅在高水位年份的昼间时间分配和活动节律[J]. 四川动物, 32(4): 498-503.
刘宁. 1998. 野生动物数量调查方法综述[J]. 云南林业科技, 11(2): 59-61.
阮云秋. 1995. 鸳鸯越冬期日活动行为时间分配的研究[J]. 野生动物, 22(6): 19-23.
邵明勤, 张聪敏, 戴年华, 等. 2018. 越冬小天鹅在鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境的时间分配与行为节律[J]. 生态学杂志, 37(3): 817-822.
沈啸远, 刘洁, 金斌松, 等. 2016. 鄱阳湖越冬鹤鹬的日间行为节律[J]. 四川动物, 35(6): 810-817.
唐华兴, 周岐海, 黄中豪, 等. 2011. 喀斯特生境中猕猴的活动节律和时间分配[J]. 动物学杂志, 46(2): 32-38.
唐剑, 鲁长虎, 袁安全. 2007. 洪泽湖东部湿地自然保护区雁鸭类种类组成、数量及生境分布[J]. 动物学杂志, 42(1): 94-101.
王超, 安成武, 崔卿. 2016. 石阡鸳鸯湖山间碧水鸳鸯港湾[J]. 森林与人类, (1): 18-21.
易国栋, 杨志杰, 刘宇, 等. 2010. 中华秋沙鸭越冬行为时间分配及日活动节律[J]. 生态学报, 30(8): 2228-2234.
袁蕾, 付元宾, 于姬, 等. 2017. 鸟类迁徙及其研究方法综述[J]. 生物学教学, 42(7): 8-10.
郑光美. 2017. 中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)[M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 26.
郑作新. 1963. 中国经济动物志鸟类[M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 103-105.
钟福生, 陈冬平. 1992. 鸳鸯越冬生态的观察[J]. 动物学杂志, 27(2): 27-28.
主性, 田兴贵, 林家栋, 等. 2010. 石阡县鸳鸯资源及其活动生境调查[J]. 贵州农业科学, 38(11): 189-190.
Bruggers R, Jackson WB. 1981. Age-related differences in reproductive behaviour of male mandarin ducks[J]. Bird Study, 28(2): 107-114.
Cao L, Mark B, Zhao MJ, et al. 2011. A systematic scheme for monitoring waterbird populations at Shengjin Lake, China: methodology and preliminary results[J]. Chinese Birds, 2(1): 1-17.
Gibb J. 1956. Food feeding habits and territory of the rock pipit Anthus spinoletta[J]. Ibis, 98(3): 506-530.
Lees J. 1948. Winter feeding hours of robins, blackbirds, and blue tits[J]. Brit Birds, 41(4099): 71-76.
Orians GH. 1961. The ecology of blackbird (Agelaius) social systems[J]. Ecological Monographs, 31(3): 285-312.
Rees EC, Bruce JH, White GT, et al. 2005. Factors affecting the behavioural responses of whooper swans (Cygnus c. cygnus) to various human activities[J]. Biological Conservation, 121(3): 369-382.
Sun YH, Bridgman CL, Wu HL, et al. 2011. Sex ratio and survival of mandarin ducks in the Tachia River of central Taiwan[J]. Waterbirds, 34(4): 509-513.