夏季西南极探空观测以及南极大陆大气垂直结构特征分析
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摘要
利用第33次中国南极科学考察期间获取的中国长城站和智利Feri站以及夏季南极大陆沿岸8个世界气象组织(WMO)基准站探空资料对南极地区的大气垂直结构进行了分析,并结合NCEP和ERA-Interim再分析数据,对南极高纬度大气的表现能力进行了评估。研究发现长城站附近对流层顶的平均高度为9km,对应的温度和平均风速分别为–50℃、21m·s~(-1);对流层中部大气垂直温度递减率为–6.34℃·km~(-1);边界层平均高度为600 m,平均风速为10 m·s~(-1)。当长城站东侧存在气旋或者受极地高压控制时,对流层顶高度较低,大气垂直递减率偏小;相反当长城站西侧受气旋影响时,对流层顶高度偏高,大气垂直递减率偏大。夏季东南极沿岸对流层顶高度普遍高于西部,南极点对流层顶最低,可能与绕极气旋的生消源地存在密切的联系。在对流层顶高度、探空要素的垂直分布特征评估等方面, NCEP再分析数据比ERA-Interim再分析数据更接近观测数据真实值。
Based on the 33 rd Antarctica expedition radiosonde data collected at the Great Wall and Feri stations,the vertical structure characteristics of the atmosphere in the summer and the variations of tropopause height under different synoptic systems around the Great Wall station were analyzed with reanalysis data and radiosonde data from eight World Meteorological Orgation stations. The results show that the height of the lapse rate tropopause at the Great Wall station was 8 500 m and the height of cold point tropopause was 9 000 m.The tropopause temperature was approximately -50℃ and the mean wind velocity of the tropopause was 21 m·s~(-1).The mid-troposphere lapse rate was -6.34℃·km~(-1). The height of the boundary layer was 600 m and its mean wind velocity was 10 m·s~(-1). The tropopause height and vertical lapse rate at the Great Wall station varied considerably under different synoptic systems. When the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula is controlled by a cyclone or polar anticyclone, the Antarctic Great Wall station is affected by the cold dry southerly airstream. The development of convection is inhibited, leading to a low tropopause height and small vertical atmospheric lapse rate; the opposite is also true. Comparison with the WMO station data found that the tropopause height of the southeast continent is higher than that of the southwest. The height of the South Pole is the lowest, which may be closely related to the development source of a circumpolar cyclone. For the variation trend of the tropopause on a large scale, the reanalysis data(NCEP and ERA-interim) are reliable.However, on a synoptic scale, the NCEP data has a better performance than ERA-interim data compared with the radiosonde data results.
Based on the 33 rd Antarctica expedition radiosonde data collected at the Great Wall and Feri stations,the vertical structure characteristics of the atmosphere in the summer and the variations of tropopause height under different synoptic systems around the Great Wall station were analyzed with reanalysis data and radiosonde data from eight World Meteorological Orgation stations. The results show that the height of the lapse rate tropopause at the Great Wall station was 8 500 m and the height of cold point tropopause was 9 000 m.The tropopause temperature was approximately -50℃ and the mean wind velocity of the tropopause was 21 m·s~(-1).The mid-troposphere lapse rate was -6.34℃·km~(-1). The height of the boundary layer was 600 m and its mean wind velocity was 10 m·s~(-1). The tropopause height and vertical lapse rate at the Great Wall station varied considerably under different synoptic systems. When the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula is controlled by a cyclone or polar anticyclone, the Antarctic Great Wall station is affected by the cold dry southerly airstream. The development of convection is inhibited, leading to a low tropopause height and small vertical atmospheric lapse rate; the opposite is also true. Comparison with the WMO station data found that the tropopause height of the southeast continent is higher than that of the southwest. The height of the South Pole is the lowest, which may be closely related to the development source of a circumpolar cyclone. For the variation trend of the tropopause on a large scale, the reanalysis data(NCEP and ERA-interim) are reliable.However, on a synoptic scale, the NCEP data has a better performance than ERA-interim data compared with the radiosonde data results.
引文
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14傅良,效存德,卞林根,等.南极东部高原夏季大气垂直结构分析[J].高原气象,2015,34(2):299-306.
15 TOMASI C,PETKOV B,BENEDETTI E,et al.Characterization of the atmospheric temperature and moisture conditions above Dome C(Antarctica)during austral summer and fall months[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2006,111(D20):D20305.
16 Z?NGL G,HOINKA K P.The Tropopause in the Polar Regions.[J].Journal of Climate,2001,14(2001):3117-3139.
17张林.第六次南极考察--长城站越冬气象考察报告[J].海洋预报,1993(2):40-50.
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19卞林根,马永锋,逯昌贵,等.南极长城站(1985-2008)和中山站(1989-2008)地面温度变化[J].极地研究,2010,22(1):1-9.
20杨清华,于乐江,魏立新,等.南极长城站能见度变化分析[J].极地研究,2014,26(3):336-341.
21马强,王亚婷,张翠,等.南极长城站气温、风和降水变化特征分析[J].陕西气象,2016(1):25-28.
22 KALNAY E,KANAMITSU M,KISTLER R,et al.The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1996,77(3):437-472.
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24陈志昆,李志强,丁明虎.北极夏季大气垂直结构与空间分布特征[J].海洋学报,2015,37(11):68-78.
25卞林根,丁明虎,林祥,等.北冰洋中心区夏季大气边界层结构特征及其与海冰范围变化的关系[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(4):555.
26马永锋,卞林根,周秀骥,等.北冰洋80°~85°N浮冰区对流层大气的垂直结构[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011,33(2):48-59.
27 WMO.Definition of the tropopause[J].WMO Bull,1957,6:136.
28朱禾,王秀明.影响气温直减率变化的物理过程讨论[J].气象科技进展,2016,6(5):51-54.
29 EVTUSHEVSKY O,KLEKOCIUK A,GRYTSAI A,et al.Troposphere and stratosphere influence on tropopause in the polar regions during winter and spring[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2011,32(11):3153-3164.
30解思梅,郝春江,梅山,等.南极普里兹湾气旋的生消发展[J].海洋学报,2002,24(6):11-19.
31徐晓华.利用GNSS无线电掩星技术探测地球大气的研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2003.
32高攀,徐晓华,张小红,等.利用GPS掩星弯曲角确定对流层顶高度[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2012,37(12):1417-1420.
33 SUNIL KUMAR S V,PARAMESWARAN K,KRISHNA MURTHY B V.Lidar observations of cirrus cloud near the tropical tropopause:general features[J].Atmospheric Research,2003,66(3):203-227.
34徐晓华,高攀,张小红.利用COSMIC掩星弯曲角数据分析中国区域对流层顶结构变化[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(8):2531-2541.
2 HIBLER W D I,BRYAN K.A diagnostic ice-ocean model[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,1987,17(7):987-1015.
3 LI W,YUAN Y B,CHAI Y J,et al.Characteristics of the global thermal tropopause derived from multiple radio occultation measurements[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,185:142-157.
4韦志刚,陈文,黄荣辉.敦煌夏末大气垂直结构和边界层高度特征[J]:大气科学,2010,34(5):905-913.
5郭建平,薛红喜,马兆岩,等.珠穆朗玛峰地区若干气象要素的垂直特征[J].高原气象,2013,32(6):1568-1579.
6徐海,邹捍,李鹏,等.藏东南林芝机场低层风场垂直结构与变化特征[J].高原气象,2014,33(2):355-360.
7徐安伦,钟爱华,孙绩华,等.大理地区对流层至低平流层大气垂直结构的特征分析[J].高原气象,2016,35(1):77-85.
8洪健昌,郭建平,杜军,等.西藏改则地区雨季上对流层/下平流层大气垂直结构观测研究[J].气象学报,2016,74(5):827-836.
9 SEIDEL D J,ROSS R J,ANGELL J K,et al.Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(D8):7857-7878.
10 SEIDEL D J,RANDEL W J.Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2006,111(D21):5049-5066.
11 KILADIS G N,STRAUB K H,REID G C,et al.Aspects of interannual and intraseasonal variability of the tropopause and lower stratosphere[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2010,127(576):1961-1983.
12 SUN W,WANG W C.Interhemispheric asymmetry in the seasonal variation of the zonal mean tropopause[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2000,105(D21):26645-26659.
13林忠,卞林根,陆龙骅.南极中山站大气臭氧垂直廓线观测研究[C].中国气象学会年会冰冻圈与极地气象分会场.2009.
14傅良,效存德,卞林根,等.南极东部高原夏季大气垂直结构分析[J].高原气象,2015,34(2):299-306.
15 TOMASI C,PETKOV B,BENEDETTI E,et al.Characterization of the atmospheric temperature and moisture conditions above Dome C(Antarctica)during austral summer and fall months[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2006,111(D20):D20305.
16 Z?NGL G,HOINKA K P.The Tropopause in the Polar Regions.[J].Journal of Climate,2001,14(2001):3117-3139.
17张林.第六次南极考察--长城站越冬气象考察报告[J].海洋预报,1993(2):40-50.
18黄耀荣,许淙,张海影,等.西南极长城站地区晴好天气研究[J].极地研究,2000,12(3):203-210.
19卞林根,马永锋,逯昌贵,等.南极长城站(1985-2008)和中山站(1989-2008)地面温度变化[J].极地研究,2010,22(1):1-9.
20杨清华,于乐江,魏立新,等.南极长城站能见度变化分析[J].极地研究,2014,26(3):336-341.
21马强,王亚婷,张翠,等.南极长城站气温、风和降水变化特征分析[J].陕西气象,2016(1):25-28.
22 KALNAY E,KANAMITSU M,KISTLER R,et al.The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1996,77(3):437-472.
23 DEEP D P,UPPALA S M,SIMMONS A J,et al.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,2011,137(656):553-597.doi:10.1002/qj.828
24陈志昆,李志强,丁明虎.北极夏季大气垂直结构与空间分布特征[J].海洋学报,2015,37(11):68-78.
25卞林根,丁明虎,林祥,等.北冰洋中心区夏季大气边界层结构特征及其与海冰范围变化的关系[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(4):555.
26马永锋,卞林根,周秀骥,等.北冰洋80°~85°N浮冰区对流层大气的垂直结构[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011,33(2):48-59.
27 WMO.Definition of the tropopause[J].WMO Bull,1957,6:136.
28朱禾,王秀明.影响气温直减率变化的物理过程讨论[J].气象科技进展,2016,6(5):51-54.
29 EVTUSHEVSKY O,KLEKOCIUK A,GRYTSAI A,et al.Troposphere and stratosphere influence on tropopause in the polar regions during winter and spring[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2011,32(11):3153-3164.
30解思梅,郝春江,梅山,等.南极普里兹湾气旋的生消发展[J].海洋学报,2002,24(6):11-19.
31徐晓华.利用GNSS无线电掩星技术探测地球大气的研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2003.
32高攀,徐晓华,张小红,等.利用GPS掩星弯曲角确定对流层顶高度[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2012,37(12):1417-1420.
33 SUNIL KUMAR S V,PARAMESWARAN K,KRISHNA MURTHY B V.Lidar observations of cirrus cloud near the tropical tropopause:general features[J].Atmospheric Research,2003,66(3):203-227.
34徐晓华,高攀,张小红.利用COSMIC掩星弯曲角数据分析中国区域对流层顶结构变化[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(8):2531-2541.