1975–2014年福建省植被覆盖变化及其驱动因素
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摘要
福建省土壤易被侵蚀,水土流失严重,近年各类生态工程使其植被覆盖发生了较大变化。该文利用1975–2014年7期Landsat MSS/TM/OLI数据和监督分类方法研究了福建省1975–2014年的植被覆盖变化,并基于人工林、耕地和城镇面积的统计数据分析这些变化的可能驱动因素。结果表明:1975–2014年,福建省植被覆盖经历了增加—减少—增加的过程,但总体上呈增加趋势,由1975年的69.0%增加到2014年的77.8%,其中1995–2005年植被覆盖略有减少。森林主要分布在西北部,其间少量农田和居民地沿河/海分布,灌丛、草丛及裸地呈斑块化分布;西南裸地面积减少,沿河/海城镇化发展迅速,灌丛和草丛面积以及农田面积略有减少,森林面积增加。人工林面积增加和裸地面积减少导致植被覆盖面积增加,快速城镇化导致植被覆盖面积减少。
Aims Fujian Province has been one of the most severe soil erosion regions since Ming and Qing Dynasty in China. Recently, several ecological restoration projects have been implemented and they have significantly changed vegetation cover in this region. Methods We analyzed the four-decade vegetation cover change in Fujian Province using seven time-series data of Landsat Multispectral Scanner(MSS), Thematic Mapper(TM), and Operational Land Imager(OLI) between 1975 and 2014. We further explored the possible drivers on vegetation cover change by incorporating statistical data of plantation, cropland and urbanized area. Important findings Vegetation coverage in Fujian Province has increased from 69.0% to 77.8% between 1975 and 2014. However, a slight decrease was observed between 1995 and 2005. Spatially, forest was the primary vegetation type in the northwest, where croplands and human settlements were scattered along rivers or oceans. Shrubs and bare lands were also scattered across the northwest. In southwest, the areas of bare land, shrub land and cropland decreased, while areas of forest and human settlements expanded. The vegetation coverage and urbanized area increased at the cost of cropland and bare land.
Aims Fujian Province has been one of the most severe soil erosion regions since Ming and Qing Dynasty in China. Recently, several ecological restoration projects have been implemented and they have significantly changed vegetation cover in this region. Methods We analyzed the four-decade vegetation cover change in Fujian Province using seven time-series data of Landsat Multispectral Scanner(MSS), Thematic Mapper(TM), and Operational Land Imager(OLI) between 1975 and 2014. We further explored the possible drivers on vegetation cover change by incorporating statistical data of plantation, cropland and urbanized area. Important findings Vegetation coverage in Fujian Province has increased from 69.0% to 77.8% between 1975 and 2014. However, a slight decrease was observed between 1995 and 2005. Spatially, forest was the primary vegetation type in the northwest, where croplands and human settlements were scattered along rivers or oceans. Shrubs and bare lands were also scattered across the northwest. In southwest, the areas of bare land, shrub land and cropland decreased, while areas of forest and human settlements expanded. The vegetation coverage and urbanized area increased at the cost of cropland and bare land.
引文
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Houghton RA(2002).Temporal patterns of land-use change and carbon storage in China and tropical Asia.Science in China(Series C),45(Suppl.),10-17.
Jia K,Wu B,Tian Y,Zeng Y,Li Q(2011).Vegetation classification method with biochemical composition estimated from remote sensing data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,32,9307-9325.
Jiang H,Wang QM,Wang XQ(2006).Dynamic monitoring of vegetation fraction by remote sensing in Changting County of Fujian Province.Journal of Natural Resources,21,126-132.(in Chinese with English abstract)[江洪,王钦敏,汪小钦(2006).福建省长汀县植被覆盖度遥感动态监测研究.自然资源学报,21,126-132.]
Jiang ZL,Sha JM(2007).Study on the RS background value of vegetation eco-environment based on MODIS in Fujian Province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,14(4),11-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)[江振蓝,沙晋明(2007).基于MODIS的福建省植被生态环境遥感本底值研究.水土保持研究,14(4),11-15.]
Lei WN,Wen ZM(2008).Research on soil erosion vegetation factor index based on community structure.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,22(5),68-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)[雷婉宁,温仲明(2008).基于植物群落结构的水土流失植被因子指数研究.水土保持学报,22(5),68-72.]
Lin C,Zhou SL,Wu SH(2011).Evolution of soil erosion degree in 30 years in granite hills,southeastern of China-A case study of Changting County,Fujian.Scientia Geographica Sinica,31,1234-1241.(in Chinese with English abstract)[林晨,周生路,吴绍华(2011).30年来东南红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀度时空演变研究--以长汀县为例.地理科学,31,1235-1241.]
Lin TS(2002).Vegetation destruction and soil erosion in Ming and Qing dynasty.Chinese Social and Economic Research,(3),33-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)[林汀水(2002).明清福建植被的破坏与水土流失.中国社会经济史研究,(3),33-39.]
Liu JY,Liu ML,Zhuang DF,Zhang ZX,Deng XZ(2002).Spatial pattern analysis of recent land cover change in China.Science in China(Series D:Earth Science),321031-1042.(in Chinese)[刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方,张增祥,邓祥征(2002).中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析.中国科学:地球科学,32,1031-1040.]
Loveland TR,Pierce LL(1995).A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis.Remote Sensing of Environment,51,39-48.
Piao S,Fang J,Ji W,Guo Q,Ke J,Tao S(2004).Variation in a satellite-based vegetation index in relation to climate in China.Journal of Vegetation Science,15,219-226.
Qian LX,Chen YZ(2000).Spatial pattern of vegetation landscape and its responsibility on environment in Fujian.Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),30(4),66-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)[钱乐祥,陈云增(2000).福建植被景观空间格局及其环境响应特征.河南大学学报:自然科学版,30(4),66-73.]
Ruan XG,Zheng H,Zhang J(2014).Clear water and green mountains are priceless-Documentary of soil erosion control in Changting County concerned by Comrade Xi Jinping.Soil and Water Conservation in China,(12),1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)[阮锡桂,郑璜,张杰(2014).绿水青山就是金山银山--习近平同志关心长汀水土流失治理纪实.中国水土保持,(12),1-5.]
State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China(1987).China Forestry Statistical Yearbook.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.1024.(in Chinese)[国家林业局(1987).中国林业统计年鉴.中国林业出版社,北京.1024.]
State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China(2014).China Forestry Statistical Yearbook.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.1174.(in Chinese)[国家林业局(2014).中国林业统计年鉴.中国林业出版社,北京.1174.]
Wang KD,Deng LY(2014).Dynamics of forest vegetation carbon stock in Fujian Province based on national forest inventories.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,34,145-151.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王开德,邓璐莹(2014).基于森林清查资料的福建森林植被碳储量及其动态变化.福建林学院学报,34,145-151.]
Wang WM,Chen MH,Lin JL,Wu QQ,Zhong BL,Yue H(2005).Monitoring soil and water loss dynamics and its management measures in Changting County.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,25(4),73-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王维明,陈明华,林敬兰,吴清泉,钟炳林,岳辉(2005).长汀县水土流失动态变化及防治对策研究.水土保持通报,25(4),73-77.]
Wu GS,Lin HH,Zhu HJ,Sha JM,Dai WY(2011).Spatialtemporal variation of typical red soil eroded landscape pattern:A case study in Changting County of Fujian Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,22,1825-1832.(in Chinese with English abstract)[武国胜,林惠花,朱鹤健,沙晋明,戴文远(2011).典型红壤侵蚀景观的时空变化--以福建长汀为例.应用生态学报,22,1825-1832.]
Xu HQ,He H,Huang SL(2013).Analysis of fractional vegetation cover change and its impact on thermal environment in the Hetian basin area of County Changting,Fujian Province,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33,2954-2963.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐涵秋,何慧,黄绍霖(2013).福建省长汀县河田水土流失区植被覆盖度变化及其热环境效应.生态学报,33,2954-2963.]
Yang ST,Liu CM,Sun R(2002).The vegetation cover over last 20 years in Yellow River Basin.Acta Geographic Sinica,57,679-684.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨胜天,刘昌明,孙睿(2002).近20年来黄河流域植被覆盖变化分析.地理学报,57,679-684.]
Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G,Le Master DC,Parker GR,Dunning JB,Li Q(2000).China’s forest policy for the 21st century.Science,288,2135-2136.
Zhang X,Liao C,Li J,Sun Q(2013).Fractional vegetation cover estimation in arid and semi-arid environments using HJ-1 satellite hyperspectral data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information,21,506-512.
Zhang XS(1998).Development and utilization of grassland resources in southern China.Journal of Natural Resources,13,1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张新时(1998).南方草地资源开发利用对策研究.自然资源学报,13,1-7.]
Zhou R,Yang YH,Fang JY(2007).Responses of vegetation activity to precipitation variation on the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,43,771-775.(in Chinese with English abstract)[周睿,杨元合,方精云(2007).青藏高原植被活动对降水变化的响应.北京大学学报(自然科学版),43,771-775.]
Zhou XC,Li HG,Wang XQ(2007).An analysis about seasonal vegetation variety in Fujian Province using ENVISATMERIS NDVI.Journal of Remote Sensing,11,617-624.(in Chinese with English abstract)[周小成,励惠国,汪小钦(2007).利用MERIS数据植被指数分析福建省植被长势季节变化.遥感学报,11,617-624.]
Chen ZF(2014).Research of geographical condition monitoring of soil erosion in Fujian Province and its application-Taking 22 key counties as examples.Environmental Protection Science,40(5),45-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈哲锋(2014).福建省水土流失地理国情监测研究与应用--以22个重点县为例.环境保护科学,40(5),45-50.]
Fang JY,Piao SL,He JS,Ma WH(2003).Vegetation activity increasing in China over last 20 years.Science in China(Series C),33,554-565.(in Chinese)[方精云,朴世龙,贺金生,马文红(2003).近20年来中国植被活动在增强.中国科学(C辑),33,554-565.]
Fujian Provincial Bureau of Statistics(1999).Fujian Statistical Yearbook.China Statistics Press,Beijing.142.(in Chinese)[福建省统计局(1999).福建统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,北京.142.]
Fujian Provincial Bureau of Statistics(2015).Fujian Statistical Yearbook.China Statistics Press,Beijing.117.(in Chinese)[福建省统计局(2015).福建统计年鉴.中国统计出版社,北京.117.]
Hong W,Wu CZ(1999).Evaluation and analysis of forest vegetation potential productivity.System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,15(1),48-53.(in Chinese with English abstract)[洪伟,吴承祯(1999).福建省森林植被潜在生产力的估算及其分析.农业系统科学与综合应用,15(1),48-53.]
Hou XY(2001).1:1000000 Vegetation Atlas of China.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[侯学煜(2001).1:100万中国植被图集.科学出版社,北京.]
Houghton RA(2002).Temporal patterns of land-use change and carbon storage in China and tropical Asia.Science in China(Series C),45(Suppl.),10-17.
Jia K,Wu B,Tian Y,Zeng Y,Li Q(2011).Vegetation classification method with biochemical composition estimated from remote sensing data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,32,9307-9325.
Jiang H,Wang QM,Wang XQ(2006).Dynamic monitoring of vegetation fraction by remote sensing in Changting County of Fujian Province.Journal of Natural Resources,21,126-132.(in Chinese with English abstract)[江洪,王钦敏,汪小钦(2006).福建省长汀县植被覆盖度遥感动态监测研究.自然资源学报,21,126-132.]
Jiang ZL,Sha JM(2007).Study on the RS background value of vegetation eco-environment based on MODIS in Fujian Province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,14(4),11-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)[江振蓝,沙晋明(2007).基于MODIS的福建省植被生态环境遥感本底值研究.水土保持研究,14(4),11-15.]
Lei WN,Wen ZM(2008).Research on soil erosion vegetation factor index based on community structure.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,22(5),68-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)[雷婉宁,温仲明(2008).基于植物群落结构的水土流失植被因子指数研究.水土保持学报,22(5),68-72.]
Lin C,Zhou SL,Wu SH(2011).Evolution of soil erosion degree in 30 years in granite hills,southeastern of China-A case study of Changting County,Fujian.Scientia Geographica Sinica,31,1234-1241.(in Chinese with English abstract)[林晨,周生路,吴绍华(2011).30年来东南红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀度时空演变研究--以长汀县为例.地理科学,31,1235-1241.]
Lin TS(2002).Vegetation destruction and soil erosion in Ming and Qing dynasty.Chinese Social and Economic Research,(3),33-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)[林汀水(2002).明清福建植被的破坏与水土流失.中国社会经济史研究,(3),33-39.]
Liu JY,Liu ML,Zhuang DF,Zhang ZX,Deng XZ(2002).Spatial pattern analysis of recent land cover change in China.Science in China(Series D:Earth Science),321031-1042.(in Chinese)[刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方,张增祥,邓祥征(2002).中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析.中国科学:地球科学,32,1031-1040.]
Loveland TR,Pierce LL(1995).A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis.Remote Sensing of Environment,51,39-48.
Piao S,Fang J,Ji W,Guo Q,Ke J,Tao S(2004).Variation in a satellite-based vegetation index in relation to climate in China.Journal of Vegetation Science,15,219-226.
Qian LX,Chen YZ(2000).Spatial pattern of vegetation landscape and its responsibility on environment in Fujian.Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),30(4),66-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)[钱乐祥,陈云增(2000).福建植被景观空间格局及其环境响应特征.河南大学学报:自然科学版,30(4),66-73.]
Ruan XG,Zheng H,Zhang J(2014).Clear water and green mountains are priceless-Documentary of soil erosion control in Changting County concerned by Comrade Xi Jinping.Soil and Water Conservation in China,(12),1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)[阮锡桂,郑璜,张杰(2014).绿水青山就是金山银山--习近平同志关心长汀水土流失治理纪实.中国水土保持,(12),1-5.]
State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China(1987).China Forestry Statistical Yearbook.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.1024.(in Chinese)[国家林业局(1987).中国林业统计年鉴.中国林业出版社,北京.1024.]
State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China(2014).China Forestry Statistical Yearbook.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.1174.(in Chinese)[国家林业局(2014).中国林业统计年鉴.中国林业出版社,北京.1174.]
Wang KD,Deng LY(2014).Dynamics of forest vegetation carbon stock in Fujian Province based on national forest inventories.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,34,145-151.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王开德,邓璐莹(2014).基于森林清查资料的福建森林植被碳储量及其动态变化.福建林学院学报,34,145-151.]
Wang WM,Chen MH,Lin JL,Wu QQ,Zhong BL,Yue H(2005).Monitoring soil and water loss dynamics and its management measures in Changting County.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,25(4),73-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王维明,陈明华,林敬兰,吴清泉,钟炳林,岳辉(2005).长汀县水土流失动态变化及防治对策研究.水土保持通报,25(4),73-77.]
Wu GS,Lin HH,Zhu HJ,Sha JM,Dai WY(2011).Spatialtemporal variation of typical red soil eroded landscape pattern:A case study in Changting County of Fujian Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,22,1825-1832.(in Chinese with English abstract)[武国胜,林惠花,朱鹤健,沙晋明,戴文远(2011).典型红壤侵蚀景观的时空变化--以福建长汀为例.应用生态学报,22,1825-1832.]
Xu HQ,He H,Huang SL(2013).Analysis of fractional vegetation cover change and its impact on thermal environment in the Hetian basin area of County Changting,Fujian Province,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33,2954-2963.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐涵秋,何慧,黄绍霖(2013).福建省长汀县河田水土流失区植被覆盖度变化及其热环境效应.生态学报,33,2954-2963.]
Yang ST,Liu CM,Sun R(2002).The vegetation cover over last 20 years in Yellow River Basin.Acta Geographic Sinica,57,679-684.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨胜天,刘昌明,孙睿(2002).近20年来黄河流域植被覆盖变化分析.地理学报,57,679-684.]
Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G,Le Master DC,Parker GR,Dunning JB,Li Q(2000).China’s forest policy for the 21st century.Science,288,2135-2136.
Zhang X,Liao C,Li J,Sun Q(2013).Fractional vegetation cover estimation in arid and semi-arid environments using HJ-1 satellite hyperspectral data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information,21,506-512.
Zhang XS(1998).Development and utilization of grassland resources in southern China.Journal of Natural Resources,13,1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张新时(1998).南方草地资源开发利用对策研究.自然资源学报,13,1-7.]
Zhou R,Yang YH,Fang JY(2007).Responses of vegetation activity to precipitation variation on the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,43,771-775.(in Chinese with English abstract)[周睿,杨元合,方精云(2007).青藏高原植被活动对降水变化的响应.北京大学学报(自然科学版),43,771-775.]
Zhou XC,Li HG,Wang XQ(2007).An analysis about seasonal vegetation variety in Fujian Province using ENVISATMERIS NDVI.Journal of Remote Sensing,11,617-624.(in Chinese with English abstract)[周小成,励惠国,汪小钦(2007).利用MERIS数据植被指数分析福建省植被长势季节变化.遥感学报,11,617-624.]