西方教学幽默研究的40年回眸与启示
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摘要
教学幽默是西方教学领域的研究热点。西方学者认为,幽默是让我们发笑的东西,教学幽默是幽默的一种特殊形式,其根据不同的划分标准可分为不同的类型;性情与不协调处理理论和教学幽默处理理论为教学幽默的适恰性提供理论阐释,教学幽默的使用受性别、幽默取向和教学经验等因素的影响,不同性质的教学幽默对学习结果、教师形象和课堂氛围具有不同的影响。这些研究成果对深化和完善我国教学幽默研究具有借鉴价值。
Teaching humor is a research hotspot in western teaching field. Western scholars believe that humor is something that makes us laugh,Teaching humor is a special form of humor,which can be divided into different types according to different standards,The incongruity-resolution and disposition theory and instructional humor processing theory provide theoretical explanation for the appropriateness of teaching humor,The gender,humor orientation and teaching experience are important factors influencing the use of humor in teaching. The use of different humor has different effects on learning outcomes,teacher image and classroom atmosphere. These achievements have great guiding significance for deepening and improving the research of teaching humor in China.
Teaching humor is a research hotspot in western teaching field. Western scholars believe that humor is something that makes us laugh,Teaching humor is a special form of humor,which can be divided into different types according to different standards,The incongruity-resolution and disposition theory and instructional humor processing theory provide theoretical explanation for the appropriateness of teaching humor,The gender,humor orientation and teaching experience are important factors influencing the use of humor in teaching. The use of different humor has different effects on learning outcomes,teacher image and classroom atmosphere. These achievements have great guiding significance for deepening and improving the research of teaching humor in China.
引文
[1]品洁,宋乃庆.论教学幽默的本质与特点[J].课程·教材·教法,2005,(5):26-30.
[2]李涛.教学幽默新论[J].教育理论与实践,2000,(4):47-49.
[3]王德清.教学幽默的功能与运用[J].中国教育学刊,2005,(7):44-46.
[4]唐树芝.论课堂教学的幽默[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,1999,(2):112-115.
[5]Henry S. Pancoast. An Introduction to English Literature[M]. London:Longman's Green&Co.Ltd,1966:16-17.
[6]特鲁·赫伯.幽默的艺术[M].上海:上海文化出版社,1987:2.
[7]Owen H. Lynch. Humorous Communication:Finding a Place for Humour in Communication Re-search[J]. International Communication Association,2002,12(4):423-445.
[8]Cornett,Claudia E.. Learning through laughter:Humor in the classroom[M]. Bloomington:PhiDelta Kappa Educational Foundation,1986:19.
[9]Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,Ann Bainbridge Frymier,Ann M. Wojtaszczyk&Tony Smith. Appropri-ate and inappropriate uses of humor by teachers[J]. Communication Education,2006,55(2):178-196.
[10]Jennifer Hay. Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women[J]. Journal of Prag-matics,2000,32(6):709-742.
[11]Rod A. Martin,Patricia Puhlik-Doris,Gwen Larsen,Jeanette Gray,Kelly Weir. Individual dif-ferences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being:Development of the Humor StylesQuestionnaire[J]. Journal of Research in Personality,2003,37(1):48-75.
[12][16][21][23][25]Ann Bainbridge Frymier,Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,Ann M. Wojtaszczyk. As-sessing students'perceptions of inappropriate and appropriate teacher humor[J]. Communication Educa-tion,2008,57(2):266-288.
[13][28]Jennings Bryant,Paul Comisky,Dolf Zillmann. Teachers'humor in the college classroom[J]. Communication Education,1979,28(2):110-118.
[14]Wanzer M,Booth-Butterfield M,Booth-Butterfield S."If we didn't use humor,we'd cry"humor-ous coping communication in health care settings[J]. Journal of Health Communication,2005,10(2):105-125.
[15][51][54]Joan Gorham&Diane M. Christophel. The relationship of teachers'use of humor inthe classroom to immediacy and student learning[J]. Communication Education,1990,39(1):46-62.
[17]Jerry Suls. Cognitive processes in humor appreciation[M]//Paul E. McGhee,Jeffrey H. Gold-stein(Ed.). Handbook of humor research. New York:Springer-Verlag,1983:39-57.
[18]Berlyne,Daniel E. Laughter,humor and play[M]//Gardner Lindzey&Elliot Aronson(Eds.).Handbook of social psychology(Vol. 3). Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley,1969:795-852.
[19]Wicker,Frank W.,Barron,William L.,Willis,Amy C.. Disparagement humor:Dispositions andresolutions[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1980,39(4):701-709.
[20][38]John A. Banas,Norah Dunbar,Dariela Rodriguez,Shr-Jie Liu. A Review of Humor in Edu-cational Settings:Four Decades of Research[J]. Communication Education,2011,60(1):115-144.
[22]La Fave,Lawrence Haddad,Jay Maesen,William A.. Superiority,enhanced self-esteem,andperceived incongruity humour theory[M]//Antony J. Chapman&Hugh C. Foot(Eds.). Humor and laugh-ter:Theory,research and applications. New Brunswick,NJ:Transaction Publishers,1996:63-91.
[24]Zillmann Dolf,Cantor Joanne R.. A disposition theory of humour and mirth[M]//Chapman Ant-ony J,Foot Hugh C,Derks Peter(Eds.). Humor and laughter:Theory,research and applications. NewBrunswick,NJ:Transaction Publishers,1996:93-115.
[26][35]Melissa B. Wanzer,Ann B. Frymier&Jeffrey Irwin. An explanation of the relationship be-tween instruction humor and student learning:Instructional humor processing theory[J]. CommunicationEducation,2010,59(1):1-18.
[27]N. Kohn,T. Kellermanna,R. C. Gur,F. Schneider,U. Habel. Gender differences in the neuralcorrelates of humor processing:Implications for different processing modes[J]. Neuropsychologia,2011,(49):888–897.
[29]Aysan Sev'er&Sheldon Ungar. No laughing matter:Boundaries of gender-based humour in theclassroom[J]. Journal of Higher Education,1997,68(1):87-105.
[30]Ann L. Darling&Jean M. Civikly. The effect of teacher humor on student perceptions of class-room communicative climate[J]. Journal of Classroom Interaction,1987,20(1):24-30.
[31]James M. Honeycutt&ReneéBrown. Did you hear the one about? Typological and spousal dif-ferences in the planning of jokes and sense of humor in marriage[J]. Communication Quarterly,1998,46(3):342-352.
[32]Brian J. Rizzo,Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,Melanie Booth-Butterfield. Individual differences inmanagers'use of humor:Subordinate perceptions of managers'humor orientation,effectiveness,and humorbehaviors[J]. Communication Research Reports,1999,16(4):360-369.
[33][47]Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,etc.. The relationship between student perceptions of instructorhumor and students'reports of learning[J]. Communication Education,1999,48(1):48-62.
[34]Brooks Aylor,etc.. Out-of-class communication and student perceptions of instructor humor ori-entation and socio-communicative style[J]. Communication Education,2003,52(2):122-134.
[36]Timothy G. Plax,Patricia Kearney&Linda K. Tucker. Prospective teachers'use of behavior al-teration techniques on common student misbehaviors[J]. Communication Education,1986,35(1):32-42.
[37]Manoochehr N. Javidi&Larry W. Long. Teachers'use of humor,self-disclosure,and narrativeactivity as a function of experience[J]. Communications Research Reports,1989,(6):47-52.
[39]Robinson,Vera M.. Humor and health[M]//Paul E. McGhee,Jeffrey H. Goldstein(Eds.).Handbook of humor research(Vol. II). New York:Springer-Verlag,1983:121.
[40]Gnanaguru Vijay. Being Humourous:A Privilege for the English Language Teachers[J]. Lan-guage in India,2014,14(2):257-263.
[41]Robert D. Whisonant. The Effects of Humor on Cognitive Learning in a Computer-Based Envi-ronment[D]. Virginia:Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,1998:13.
[42]Robert M. Kaplan&Gregory C. Pascoe. Humorous lectures and humorous examples:Some ef-fects upon comprehension and retention[J]. Journal of Educational Psychology,1977,69:61-65.
[43][55]Arafat AbdAli1,Najoom Ashur,Luma Ghazi,Ammar Muslim. Measuring Students'Atti-tudes towards Teachers'Use of Humour during Lessons:A Questionnaire Study[J]. Journal of Educationand Practice,2016,35:52-59.
[44]James Weaver,Dolf Zillmann&Jennings Bryant. Effects of humorous distortions on children'slearning from education television:Further evidence[J]. Communication Education,1988,(37):181-187.
[45]San Bolkan,Darrin J. Griffin,Alan K. Goodboy. Humor in the classroom:the effects of integrat-ed humor on student learning[J]. Communication Education,2018,67(2):1-21.
[46]Marian L. Houser,Renee L. Cowan,Daniel A. West. Investigating a new education frontier:In-structor communication behavior in CD-ROM texts-do traditionally positive behaviors translate into thisnew environment?[J]. Communication Quarterly,2007,55(1):19-38.
[48]Ziv,Avner. Teaching and learning with humor:Experiment and replication[J]. Journal of Exper-imental Education,1988,57(1):5-15.
[49][58]LoreVan Praag,Peter A. J. Stevens,MiekeVan Houtte. How humor makes or breaks stu-dent-teacher relationships:A classroom ethnography in Belgium[J]. Teaching and Teacher Education,2017,(66):393-401.
[50]Jennings Bryant,Paul W. Comisky,Jon S. Crane,Dolf Zillmann. Relationship between collegeteachers'use of humor in the classroom and students'evaluation of their teachers[J]. Journal of Education-al Psychology,1980,72(4):511-519.
[52]James C. McCroskey,William Holdridge&J. Kevin Toomb. An instrument for measuring thesource credibility of basic communication instructors[J]. Speech Teacher,1974,23(1):26-33.
[53]Jason S. Wrench&Virginia P. Richmond. Understanding the psychometric properties of the hu-mor assessment instrument through an analysis of the relationships between teacher humor assessment andinstructional communication variables in the college classroom[J]. Communication Research Reports,2004,21(1):92-103.
[56]William D. Stuart&Lawrence B. Rosenfeld. Student perceptions of teacher humor and class-room climate[J]. Communication Research Reports,1994,11(1):87-97.
[57]Sam Friedman,Giselinde Kuipers. The divisive power of humor:Comedy,taste and symbolicboundaries[J]. Cultural Sociology,2013,7(2):179-195.
[59]Sarah E. Torok,Robert F. McMorris&Wen-Chi Lin. Is humor an appreciated teaching tool?Perceptions of professors'teaching styles and use of humor[J]. College Teaching,2004,52(1):14-20.
[60]亚里士多德.尼各马可伦理学[M].廖申白,译.北京:商务印书馆,2003:36.
[61]陈国海.国内教学幽默研究述评[J].高等教育研究学报,2007,30(2):88-91.
[2]李涛.教学幽默新论[J].教育理论与实践,2000,(4):47-49.
[3]王德清.教学幽默的功能与运用[J].中国教育学刊,2005,(7):44-46.
[4]唐树芝.论课堂教学的幽默[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,1999,(2):112-115.
[5]Henry S. Pancoast. An Introduction to English Literature[M]. London:Longman's Green&Co.Ltd,1966:16-17.
[6]特鲁·赫伯.幽默的艺术[M].上海:上海文化出版社,1987:2.
[7]Owen H. Lynch. Humorous Communication:Finding a Place for Humour in Communication Re-search[J]. International Communication Association,2002,12(4):423-445.
[8]Cornett,Claudia E.. Learning through laughter:Humor in the classroom[M]. Bloomington:PhiDelta Kappa Educational Foundation,1986:19.
[9]Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,Ann Bainbridge Frymier,Ann M. Wojtaszczyk&Tony Smith. Appropri-ate and inappropriate uses of humor by teachers[J]. Communication Education,2006,55(2):178-196.
[10]Jennifer Hay. Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women[J]. Journal of Prag-matics,2000,32(6):709-742.
[11]Rod A. Martin,Patricia Puhlik-Doris,Gwen Larsen,Jeanette Gray,Kelly Weir. Individual dif-ferences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being:Development of the Humor StylesQuestionnaire[J]. Journal of Research in Personality,2003,37(1):48-75.
[12][16][21][23][25]Ann Bainbridge Frymier,Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,Ann M. Wojtaszczyk. As-sessing students'perceptions of inappropriate and appropriate teacher humor[J]. Communication Educa-tion,2008,57(2):266-288.
[13][28]Jennings Bryant,Paul Comisky,Dolf Zillmann. Teachers'humor in the college classroom[J]. Communication Education,1979,28(2):110-118.
[14]Wanzer M,Booth-Butterfield M,Booth-Butterfield S."If we didn't use humor,we'd cry"humor-ous coping communication in health care settings[J]. Journal of Health Communication,2005,10(2):105-125.
[15][51][54]Joan Gorham&Diane M. Christophel. The relationship of teachers'use of humor inthe classroom to immediacy and student learning[J]. Communication Education,1990,39(1):46-62.
[17]Jerry Suls. Cognitive processes in humor appreciation[M]//Paul E. McGhee,Jeffrey H. Gold-stein(Ed.). Handbook of humor research. New York:Springer-Verlag,1983:39-57.
[18]Berlyne,Daniel E. Laughter,humor and play[M]//Gardner Lindzey&Elliot Aronson(Eds.).Handbook of social psychology(Vol. 3). Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley,1969:795-852.
[19]Wicker,Frank W.,Barron,William L.,Willis,Amy C.. Disparagement humor:Dispositions andresolutions[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1980,39(4):701-709.
[20][38]John A. Banas,Norah Dunbar,Dariela Rodriguez,Shr-Jie Liu. A Review of Humor in Edu-cational Settings:Four Decades of Research[J]. Communication Education,2011,60(1):115-144.
[22]La Fave,Lawrence Haddad,Jay Maesen,William A.. Superiority,enhanced self-esteem,andperceived incongruity humour theory[M]//Antony J. Chapman&Hugh C. Foot(Eds.). Humor and laugh-ter:Theory,research and applications. New Brunswick,NJ:Transaction Publishers,1996:63-91.
[24]Zillmann Dolf,Cantor Joanne R.. A disposition theory of humour and mirth[M]//Chapman Ant-ony J,Foot Hugh C,Derks Peter(Eds.). Humor and laughter:Theory,research and applications. NewBrunswick,NJ:Transaction Publishers,1996:93-115.
[26][35]Melissa B. Wanzer,Ann B. Frymier&Jeffrey Irwin. An explanation of the relationship be-tween instruction humor and student learning:Instructional humor processing theory[J]. CommunicationEducation,2010,59(1):1-18.
[27]N. Kohn,T. Kellermanna,R. C. Gur,F. Schneider,U. Habel. Gender differences in the neuralcorrelates of humor processing:Implications for different processing modes[J]. Neuropsychologia,2011,(49):888–897.
[29]Aysan Sev'er&Sheldon Ungar. No laughing matter:Boundaries of gender-based humour in theclassroom[J]. Journal of Higher Education,1997,68(1):87-105.
[30]Ann L. Darling&Jean M. Civikly. The effect of teacher humor on student perceptions of class-room communicative climate[J]. Journal of Classroom Interaction,1987,20(1):24-30.
[31]James M. Honeycutt&ReneéBrown. Did you hear the one about? Typological and spousal dif-ferences in the planning of jokes and sense of humor in marriage[J]. Communication Quarterly,1998,46(3):342-352.
[32]Brian J. Rizzo,Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,Melanie Booth-Butterfield. Individual differences inmanagers'use of humor:Subordinate perceptions of managers'humor orientation,effectiveness,and humorbehaviors[J]. Communication Research Reports,1999,16(4):360-369.
[33][47]Melissa Bekelja Wanzer,etc.. The relationship between student perceptions of instructorhumor and students'reports of learning[J]. Communication Education,1999,48(1):48-62.
[34]Brooks Aylor,etc.. Out-of-class communication and student perceptions of instructor humor ori-entation and socio-communicative style[J]. Communication Education,2003,52(2):122-134.
[36]Timothy G. Plax,Patricia Kearney&Linda K. Tucker. Prospective teachers'use of behavior al-teration techniques on common student misbehaviors[J]. Communication Education,1986,35(1):32-42.
[37]Manoochehr N. Javidi&Larry W. Long. Teachers'use of humor,self-disclosure,and narrativeactivity as a function of experience[J]. Communications Research Reports,1989,(6):47-52.
[39]Robinson,Vera M.. Humor and health[M]//Paul E. McGhee,Jeffrey H. Goldstein(Eds.).Handbook of humor research(Vol. II). New York:Springer-Verlag,1983:121.
[40]Gnanaguru Vijay. Being Humourous:A Privilege for the English Language Teachers[J]. Lan-guage in India,2014,14(2):257-263.
[41]Robert D. Whisonant. The Effects of Humor on Cognitive Learning in a Computer-Based Envi-ronment[D]. Virginia:Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,1998:13.
[42]Robert M. Kaplan&Gregory C. Pascoe. Humorous lectures and humorous examples:Some ef-fects upon comprehension and retention[J]. Journal of Educational Psychology,1977,69:61-65.
[43][55]Arafat AbdAli1,Najoom Ashur,Luma Ghazi,Ammar Muslim. Measuring Students'Atti-tudes towards Teachers'Use of Humour during Lessons:A Questionnaire Study[J]. Journal of Educationand Practice,2016,35:52-59.
[44]James Weaver,Dolf Zillmann&Jennings Bryant. Effects of humorous distortions on children'slearning from education television:Further evidence[J]. Communication Education,1988,(37):181-187.
[45]San Bolkan,Darrin J. Griffin,Alan K. Goodboy. Humor in the classroom:the effects of integrat-ed humor on student learning[J]. Communication Education,2018,67(2):1-21.
[46]Marian L. Houser,Renee L. Cowan,Daniel A. West. Investigating a new education frontier:In-structor communication behavior in CD-ROM texts-do traditionally positive behaviors translate into thisnew environment?[J]. Communication Quarterly,2007,55(1):19-38.
[48]Ziv,Avner. Teaching and learning with humor:Experiment and replication[J]. Journal of Exper-imental Education,1988,57(1):5-15.
[49][58]LoreVan Praag,Peter A. J. Stevens,MiekeVan Houtte. How humor makes or breaks stu-dent-teacher relationships:A classroom ethnography in Belgium[J]. Teaching and Teacher Education,2017,(66):393-401.
[50]Jennings Bryant,Paul W. Comisky,Jon S. Crane,Dolf Zillmann. Relationship between collegeteachers'use of humor in the classroom and students'evaluation of their teachers[J]. Journal of Education-al Psychology,1980,72(4):511-519.
[52]James C. McCroskey,William Holdridge&J. Kevin Toomb. An instrument for measuring thesource credibility of basic communication instructors[J]. Speech Teacher,1974,23(1):26-33.
[53]Jason S. Wrench&Virginia P. Richmond. Understanding the psychometric properties of the hu-mor assessment instrument through an analysis of the relationships between teacher humor assessment andinstructional communication variables in the college classroom[J]. Communication Research Reports,2004,21(1):92-103.
[56]William D. Stuart&Lawrence B. Rosenfeld. Student perceptions of teacher humor and class-room climate[J]. Communication Research Reports,1994,11(1):87-97.
[57]Sam Friedman,Giselinde Kuipers. The divisive power of humor:Comedy,taste and symbolicboundaries[J]. Cultural Sociology,2013,7(2):179-195.
[59]Sarah E. Torok,Robert F. McMorris&Wen-Chi Lin. Is humor an appreciated teaching tool?Perceptions of professors'teaching styles and use of humor[J]. College Teaching,2004,52(1):14-20.
[60]亚里士多德.尼各马可伦理学[M].廖申白,译.北京:商务印书馆,2003:36.
[61]陈国海.国内教学幽默研究述评[J].高等教育研究学报,2007,30(2):88-91.