基于体感温度的中国供暖需求分区
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摘要
冬季,中国北方通过集中供暖提高室内温度,而非集中供暖的南方部分地区室内阴冷,对于供暖的需求日益显现。针对仅以空气温度为依据划分的现有中国供暖区与实际人体供暖需求不一致的问题,利用1971～2010年全国740个气象站点旬气候资料,基于综合空气温度和空气湿度的体感温度模型,分析了体感温度的空间分布格局,重新界定了公里级的中国供暖需求分区。分区结果显示供暖需求高的区域(最高需求区及高需求区)面积比现有的集中供暖区大,增加的供暖需求高的地区主要位于长江中下游地区。新的供暖需求分区结果考虑了空气湿度的影响,与现有的仅考虑空气温度的供暖分区相比,更接近人体对室内冷热程度的直观感受,这可以为我国不同地区制定冬季采暖政策提供科学依据。
In winter,indoor temperature is kept by district heating in northern China,while human feels cold indoors in southern parts of the non-district heating areas. The demand for heating is increasing as time goes on.To resolve the inconsistency between the existing air temperature-based heating zone and actual human heating feeling demand,this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of apparent temperature and redefined the kilometerscale heating demand zone of China with ten-day winter climate dataset of 740 meteorology stations from 1971 to2010,combining an apparent temperature model involved air temperature and air humidity. The result shows that the high heating demand region,including Highest and High heating demand,is larger than the existing heating region. And the extended high heating demand region is mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Compared to existing heating zoning,which only considers air temperature,the new heating demand zoning result takes air humidity into account and reflects the human intuitive feelings of indoor cold and heat. This research may provide a scientific view for policy making of winter heating in various regions of China.
In winter,indoor temperature is kept by district heating in northern China,while human feels cold indoors in southern parts of the non-district heating areas. The demand for heating is increasing as time goes on.To resolve the inconsistency between the existing air temperature-based heating zone and actual human heating feeling demand,this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of apparent temperature and redefined the kilometerscale heating demand zone of China with ten-day winter climate dataset of 740 meteorology stations from 1971 to2010,combining an apparent temperature model involved air temperature and air humidity. The result shows that the high heating demand region,including Highest and High heating demand,is larger than the existing heating region. And the extended high heating demand region is mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Compared to existing heating zoning,which only considers air temperature,the new heating demand zoning result takes air humidity into account and reflects the human intuitive feelings of indoor cold and heat. This research may provide a scientific view for policy making of winter heating in various regions of China.
引文
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[8] BECKER S. Bioclimatological rating of cities and resorts in South Africa according to the climate index[J]. International Journal of Climatology,2000,20(12):1403-1414.
[9] GAGGE A P. A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment[J]. ASHRAE Transaction,1986,92(2B):709-731.
[10] SPAGNOLO J,DEAR R D. A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia[J]. Building&Environment,2003,38(5):721-731.
[11]于波,刘梅,严明良,等.凉爽条件下体感温度模型的建立及风速、水汽压、辐射的影响[J].气象科学,2002,22(3):304-312.YU B,LIU M, YAN M L, et al. The apparent temperature model under cool condition and effects of wind,vapor-pressure and extra radiation[J]. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,2002,22(3):304-312.
[12] YAMTRAIPAT N, KHEDARI J, HIRUNLABH J. Thermal comfort standards for air conditioned buildings in hot and humid Thailand considering additional factors of acclimatization and education level[J]. Solar Energy,2005,78(4):504-517.
[13] INDRAGANTI M. Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated apartments in Summer:findings from a field study in Hyderabad,India[J]. Applied Energy,2010,87(3):866-883.
[14]石春娥,王兴荣,陈晓平,等.人体舒适度预报方法研究[J].气象科学,2001,21(3):363-368.SHI CH E,WANG X R,CHEN X P,et al. Method study on forecast for body comfort index[J]. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,2001,21(3):363-368.
[15] DEAR D R,BRAGER G S. The adaptive model of thermal comfort and energy conservation in the built environment[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2001,45(2):100-108.
[16] NICOL J F,HUMPHREYS M A. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings[J]. Energy&Buildings,2002,34(6):563-572.
[17] HAN J,ZHANG G,ZHANG Q,et al. Field study on occupants’thermal comfort and residential thermal environment in a hot-humid climate of China[J]. Building&Environment,2007,42(12):4043-4050.
[18] HEIJS W, STRINGER P. Research on residential thermal comfort:some contributions from environmental psychology[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1988, 8(3):235-247.
[19] HAMILTON J M, MADDISON D J, TOL R S J. Climate change and international tourism:a simulation study[J]. Global Environmental Change,2005,15(3):253-266.
[20]刘梅,于波,姚克敏.体感温度模型在中国旅游气象区划中的应用[J].资源科学,2009,31(3):456-461.LIU M,YU B,YAO K M. Application of apparent temperature model to the tour meteorological regionalization in China[J].Resources Science,2009,31(3):456-461.
[21]尹炤寅,范进进,陈幼姣,等.体感温度对夏季气象负荷率变化的影响研究——以湖北省黄石市为例[J].气象,2017,43(5):620-627.YIN Z Y, FAN J J, CHEN Y J, et al. Impact of sensible temperature on summer weather sensitive power load rate in Huangshi City[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2017, 43(5):620-627.
[22] STEADMAN R G. The assessment of sultriness. partⅡ:effects of wind, extra radiation and barometric pressure on apparent temperature[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2010, 18(7):874-885.
[23] JACOBS S J,PEZZA A B,BARRAS V,et al. An analysis of the meteorological variables leading to apparent temperature in australia:present climate,trends,and global warming simulations[J]. Global&Planetary Change,2013,107:145-156.
[24] JANINE W. Heat effects of ambient apparent temperature on allcause mortality in Cape town,Durban and Johannesburg,South Africa:2006-2010[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2017,587(3):266-272.
[25]杨明灿,等.宁德地区夏季体感温度差异及其变化趋势分析[J].农业灾害研究,2017,7(3):35-36.YANG M C,et al. Analysis on difference of sensible temperature and change trend of Ningde area in the Summer[J]. Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2017,7(3):35-36.
[26] HPPE P. The physiological equivalent temperature-a universal index for the biometeorological assement of the thermal environment[J]. Int J Biometeorol,1999,43(2):71-75.
[27] MONTEIRO L M, ALUCCI M P. Proposal of an outdoor thermal comfort index:empirical verification in the subtropical climate[R]//PLEA 2011-27th International conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture,architecture&sustainable development[M]. Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium:Architecture et Climat,2011:433! 438.
[28] STEADMAN R G. A universal scale of apparent temperature[J]. Journal of Climatology&Applied Meteorology,1984,23(12):1674-1687.
[29] ATMACA I,YIGIT A. Predicting the effect of relative humidity on skin temperature and skin wittedness[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology,2006,31(5):442-452.
[30] OLIVER M A,WEBSTER R. Kriging:a method of interpolation for geographical information systems[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1990,4(3):313-332.
[31] CHMURA P, KONEFAL M, ANDRZEJEWSKI M, et al.Physical activity profile of 2014 FIFA world cup players,with regard to different ranges of air temperature and relative humidity[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology,2017,61(4):1-8.
[32]彭彬,周艳莲,高苹,等.气温插值中不同空间插值方法的适用性分析——以江苏省为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2011,13(4):539-548.PENG B,ZHOU Y L, GAO P, et al. Suitability assessment of different interpolation methods in the gridding process of station collected air temperature:A case study in Jiangsu province, China[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science,2011,13(4):539-548.
[33]程朋,任鸿瑞.山西高原气温空间插值分析[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(1):73-79.CHEN P,REN H R. Spatial interpolation analysis of annual average air temperature in Shanxi plateau[J]. Journal of Hebei Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2016,40(1):73-79.
[34]刘琰琰.气象要素插值的空间化精度提高方法研究[J].气象科学,2017,37(2):278-282.LIU Y Y. Analysis of spatial interpolation methods for meteorological elements anomaly[J]. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2017,37(2):278-282.
[35]郑小波,罗宇翔,于飞,等.西南复杂山地农业气候要素空间插值方法比较[J].中国农业气象,2008(4):458-462.ZHENG X B,LUO Y X,YU F,et al. Comparisons of spatial interpolation methods for agro-climate factors in complex mountain areas of southwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2008(4):458-462.
[36] MATZARAKIS A,MAYER H,IZIOMON M G. Applications of a universal thermal index:physiological equivalent temperature[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 1999, 43(2):76-84.
[37]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范:GB50736-2012[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012:5-145.Ministry of housing and urban-rural development of the people’s republic of china. code for design of heating ventilation and air conditioning for civil buildings:GB50736-2012[M]. Beijing:China architecture&building press,2012:5-145.
[2]关银俊,邵宗义,宋孝春,等.供暖系统分时分区运行节能分析[J].暖通空调,2016,46(5):119-122.GUAN Y J, SHAO Z Y, SONG X C, et al. Energy saving analysis of time-sharing district operation of heating system[J].HV&AC,2016,46(5):119-122.
[3]孙延勋.关于我国供暖分区问题的历史回顾[J].暖通空调,2014,44(6):1-6.SUN Y X. Historical review on heating regions in China[J].Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning,2014,44(6):1-6.
[4]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.严寒和寒冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010:4-22.Ministry of housing and urban-rural development of the people’s republic of China. design code for energy efficiency of residential buildings in severe cold and cold regions[M]. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010:4-22.
[5]董旭娟,闫增峰,魏成幸.夏热冬冷地区住宅供暖气候分区研究[J].工业建筑,2016,46(4):55-59.DONG X J, YAN Z F, WEI CH X. Study on the climate division of residential heating in hot summer and cold winter regions[J]. Industrial Construction,2016,46(4):55-59.
[6]陈婉君,裘君,杨捷.基于改进GEP算法的体感温度建模[J].控制工程,2018,25(1):136-142.CHEN W J,QIU J,YANG J. Apparent temperature modeling based on improved GEP algorithm[J]. Control Engineering of China,2018,25(1):136-142.
[7] KUO Y H, DONALL E G, SHAPIRO M A. Feasibility of short-range numerical weather prediction using observations from a network of profilers[J]. Monthly Weather Review, 1987,115(10):2402-2427.
[8] BECKER S. Bioclimatological rating of cities and resorts in South Africa according to the climate index[J]. International Journal of Climatology,2000,20(12):1403-1414.
[9] GAGGE A P. A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment[J]. ASHRAE Transaction,1986,92(2B):709-731.
[10] SPAGNOLO J,DEAR R D. A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia[J]. Building&Environment,2003,38(5):721-731.
[11]于波,刘梅,严明良,等.凉爽条件下体感温度模型的建立及风速、水汽压、辐射的影响[J].气象科学,2002,22(3):304-312.YU B,LIU M, YAN M L, et al. The apparent temperature model under cool condition and effects of wind,vapor-pressure and extra radiation[J]. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,2002,22(3):304-312.
[12] YAMTRAIPAT N, KHEDARI J, HIRUNLABH J. Thermal comfort standards for air conditioned buildings in hot and humid Thailand considering additional factors of acclimatization and education level[J]. Solar Energy,2005,78(4):504-517.
[13] INDRAGANTI M. Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated apartments in Summer:findings from a field study in Hyderabad,India[J]. Applied Energy,2010,87(3):866-883.
[14]石春娥,王兴荣,陈晓平,等.人体舒适度预报方法研究[J].气象科学,2001,21(3):363-368.SHI CH E,WANG X R,CHEN X P,et al. Method study on forecast for body comfort index[J]. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,2001,21(3):363-368.
[15] DEAR D R,BRAGER G S. The adaptive model of thermal comfort and energy conservation in the built environment[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2001,45(2):100-108.
[16] NICOL J F,HUMPHREYS M A. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings[J]. Energy&Buildings,2002,34(6):563-572.
[17] HAN J,ZHANG G,ZHANG Q,et al. Field study on occupants’thermal comfort and residential thermal environment in a hot-humid climate of China[J]. Building&Environment,2007,42(12):4043-4050.
[18] HEIJS W, STRINGER P. Research on residential thermal comfort:some contributions from environmental psychology[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1988, 8(3):235-247.
[19] HAMILTON J M, MADDISON D J, TOL R S J. Climate change and international tourism:a simulation study[J]. Global Environmental Change,2005,15(3):253-266.
[20]刘梅,于波,姚克敏.体感温度模型在中国旅游气象区划中的应用[J].资源科学,2009,31(3):456-461.LIU M,YU B,YAO K M. Application of apparent temperature model to the tour meteorological regionalization in China[J].Resources Science,2009,31(3):456-461.
[21]尹炤寅,范进进,陈幼姣,等.体感温度对夏季气象负荷率变化的影响研究——以湖北省黄石市为例[J].气象,2017,43(5):620-627.YIN Z Y, FAN J J, CHEN Y J, et al. Impact of sensible temperature on summer weather sensitive power load rate in Huangshi City[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2017, 43(5):620-627.
[22] STEADMAN R G. The assessment of sultriness. partⅡ:effects of wind, extra radiation and barometric pressure on apparent temperature[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 2010, 18(7):874-885.
[23] JACOBS S J,PEZZA A B,BARRAS V,et al. An analysis of the meteorological variables leading to apparent temperature in australia:present climate,trends,and global warming simulations[J]. Global&Planetary Change,2013,107:145-156.
[24] JANINE W. Heat effects of ambient apparent temperature on allcause mortality in Cape town,Durban and Johannesburg,South Africa:2006-2010[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2017,587(3):266-272.
[25]杨明灿,等.宁德地区夏季体感温度差异及其变化趋势分析[J].农业灾害研究,2017,7(3):35-36.YANG M C,et al. Analysis on difference of sensible temperature and change trend of Ningde area in the Summer[J]. Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2017,7(3):35-36.
[26] HPPE P. The physiological equivalent temperature-a universal index for the biometeorological assement of the thermal environment[J]. Int J Biometeorol,1999,43(2):71-75.
[27] MONTEIRO L M, ALUCCI M P. Proposal of an outdoor thermal comfort index:empirical verification in the subtropical climate[R]//PLEA 2011-27th International conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture,architecture&sustainable development[M]. Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium:Architecture et Climat,2011:433! 438.
[28] STEADMAN R G. A universal scale of apparent temperature[J]. Journal of Climatology&Applied Meteorology,1984,23(12):1674-1687.
[29] ATMACA I,YIGIT A. Predicting the effect of relative humidity on skin temperature and skin wittedness[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology,2006,31(5):442-452.
[30] OLIVER M A,WEBSTER R. Kriging:a method of interpolation for geographical information systems[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1990,4(3):313-332.
[31] CHMURA P, KONEFAL M, ANDRZEJEWSKI M, et al.Physical activity profile of 2014 FIFA world cup players,with regard to different ranges of air temperature and relative humidity[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology,2017,61(4):1-8.
[32]彭彬,周艳莲,高苹,等.气温插值中不同空间插值方法的适用性分析——以江苏省为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2011,13(4):539-548.PENG B,ZHOU Y L, GAO P, et al. Suitability assessment of different interpolation methods in the gridding process of station collected air temperature:A case study in Jiangsu province, China[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science,2011,13(4):539-548.
[33]程朋,任鸿瑞.山西高原气温空间插值分析[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(1):73-79.CHEN P,REN H R. Spatial interpolation analysis of annual average air temperature in Shanxi plateau[J]. Journal of Hebei Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2016,40(1):73-79.
[34]刘琰琰.气象要素插值的空间化精度提高方法研究[J].气象科学,2017,37(2):278-282.LIU Y Y. Analysis of spatial interpolation methods for meteorological elements anomaly[J]. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2017,37(2):278-282.
[35]郑小波,罗宇翔,于飞,等.西南复杂山地农业气候要素空间插值方法比较[J].中国农业气象,2008(4):458-462.ZHENG X B,LUO Y X,YU F,et al. Comparisons of spatial interpolation methods for agro-climate factors in complex mountain areas of southwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2008(4):458-462.
[36] MATZARAKIS A,MAYER H,IZIOMON M G. Applications of a universal thermal index:physiological equivalent temperature[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 1999, 43(2):76-84.
[37]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范:GB50736-2012[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012:5-145.Ministry of housing and urban-rural development of the people’s republic of china. code for design of heating ventilation and air conditioning for civil buildings:GB50736-2012[M]. Beijing:China architecture&building press,2012:5-145.