添加牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃发酵特征及青贮、黄贮玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响
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摘要
【目的】探究添加不同剂量牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃发酵动态特征及青、黄贮玉米饲料在瘤胃中降解的影响.【方法】以3只平均体质量57kg,装有永久瘤胃瘘管的绵羊(德国美利奴♂×小尾寒羊♀的杂交2代)作为试验动物.试验采用拉丁方设计,通过瘤胃瘘管每只试羊人为添加牛至精油0、4、7g/d,经消化0、4、8、12、24和48h后,测定瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH_3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和青、黄贮玉米营养成分酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗蛋白(CP)、干物质(DM)等的瘤胃降解率变化.【结果】与对照组相比,添加4和7g/d牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃液pH及氨氮浓度(NH_3-N)无显著影响(P>0.05),乙酸(acetate)和丙酸(propionate)浓度有明显的升高趋势,也显著提高了24h和48h的乙酸丙酸比(A/P);添加4g/d牛至精油显著提高了青贮玉米秸秆NDF的降解率,对ADF、CP、DM的降解率也表现出明显的促进作用,但对黄贮玉米秸秆无明显的促进作用.7g/d牛至精油处理对青贮和黄贮玉米秸秆ADF,NDF,CP及DM的降解率表现出明显的抑制效应.【结论】牛至精油添加量为4g/d时对绵羊瘤胃发酵及青贮饲料的利用率有较好地促进作用,但其作用机制还需要进一步研究.
【Objective】In order to investigate the effects of oregano essential oil adding with different dosages on rumen fermentation and corn silage degradation.【Method】Three sheep(Germany Merino sheep♂×Small Tail Han sheep♀second generation,average weight 57 kg)fitted with permanent rumen fistula were chosen as experimental animals with a 3×3 Latin square design experiment,and added a new feed additive-oregano essential oil(0,4,7 g/d per sheep)through fistula.After 0,4,8,12,24 and 48 h,the change of rumen fluid pH,ammonia nitrogen concentration(NH_3-N),volatile fatty acids(VFA),and acid detergent fibers(ADF),neutral detergent fibers(NDF),crude protein(CP),dry matter(DM)which relat-ed to corn straw silage degradation rate were measured.【Result】Compared with the control group,the experimental group with the addition dosage of 4 g/d and 7 g/d showed no significant effects on rumen solution pH and NH_3-N content(P>0.05),whereas showed an obviously increasing trend on both acetate and propionate contents,while had a significant facilitation effect on acetate/propionate ratio(A/P)in 24 hand48 h.The group with the addition dosage of 4 g/d significantly increased the NDF degradation rate and also obviously promoted the degradation rate of ADF,CP and DM of corn silage,but no improvement on corn straw silage.The group with the addition dosage of 7 g/d showed significant inhibition on degradation rates of ADF,NDF,CP and DM of both corn silage and corn straw silage.【Conclusion】These preliminary evidences suggested that oregano essential oil was beneficial to sheep rumen fermentation and degradation of corn silage and corn straw silage when adding dosage was 4 g/d,however,the mechanism of oregano essential oil on rumen fermentation is still waiting for further research work.
【Objective】In order to investigate the effects of oregano essential oil adding with different dosages on rumen fermentation and corn silage degradation.【Method】Three sheep(Germany Merino sheep♂×Small Tail Han sheep♀second generation,average weight 57 kg)fitted with permanent rumen fistula were chosen as experimental animals with a 3×3 Latin square design experiment,and added a new feed additive-oregano essential oil(0,4,7 g/d per sheep)through fistula.After 0,4,8,12,24 and 48 h,the change of rumen fluid pH,ammonia nitrogen concentration(NH_3-N),volatile fatty acids(VFA),and acid detergent fibers(ADF),neutral detergent fibers(NDF),crude protein(CP),dry matter(DM)which relat-ed to corn straw silage degradation rate were measured.【Result】Compared with the control group,the experimental group with the addition dosage of 4 g/d and 7 g/d showed no significant effects on rumen solution pH and NH_3-N content(P>0.05),whereas showed an obviously increasing trend on both acetate and propionate contents,while had a significant facilitation effect on acetate/propionate ratio(A/P)in 24 hand48 h.The group with the addition dosage of 4 g/d significantly increased the NDF degradation rate and also obviously promoted the degradation rate of ADF,CP and DM of corn silage,but no improvement on corn straw silage.The group with the addition dosage of 7 g/d showed significant inhibition on degradation rates of ADF,NDF,CP and DM of both corn silage and corn straw silage.【Conclusion】These preliminary evidences suggested that oregano essential oil was beneficial to sheep rumen fermentation and degradation of corn silage and corn straw silage when adding dosage was 4 g/d,however,the mechanism of oregano essential oil on rumen fermentation is still waiting for further research work.
引文
[1]李海亮,汪春,孙海天,等.农作物秸秆的综合利用与可持续发展[J].农机化研究,2017,39(8):256-262.
[2]陈树人,蒋成宠,姚勇,等.水稻秸秆压块热值模型构建及其影响因子相关性分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(24):200-208.
[3]王亚静,毕于运,高春雨.中国秸秆资源可收集利用量及其适宜性评价[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(9):1852-1859.
[4]董臣飞,丁成龙,许能祥,等.稻草饲用品质及茎秆形态特征的研究[J].草业学报,2013,22(4):83-88.
[5]韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.
[6]王博,吴建平,雷赵民,等.两种生物添加剂在全株玉米青贮中的应用效果[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2012,47(5):24-27.
[7]任海伟,赵拓,李金平,等.玉米秸秆与废弃白菜的混贮品质及乳酸菌多样性研究[J].草业学报,2016,25(1):197-206.
[8]陈明宇,曹志东,陈学通.堆放时间对氨化麦秸含氮量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1999(2):134-136.
[9]陶蕾,王曙阳,曹广益,等.复合菌剂发酵秸秆的作用及应用[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2011,46(2):37-40.
[10]HOBSON P N,STEWART C S.The rumen microbial ecosystem[M].2nd ed.New York:Blackie Academic and Professional,1997.
[11]安登第.瘤胃发酵调控研究进展[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2002,37(1):10-15.
[12]CONE J W,SARKLOG C,PELLIKAAN W,et al.Utilization of rice straw and different treatments to improve its feed value for ruminants:A review[J].Asian-Australasian Animal Sci,2010,23(5):680-692.
[13]PATRA A K,SAXENA J.Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriclture,2011,91(1):24-37.
[14]WALLACE R J,MC EWAN N R,MC INTOSH F M,et al.Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2002,15:1458-1468.
[15]王聪,刘强,董群,等.日粮补充苹果酸对牛瘤胃发酵和养分消化代谢的影响[J].草业学报,2009,18(3):224-231.
[16]RUSSELL J B,HOULIHAN A J.Ionophore resistance of ruminal bacteria and its potential impact on human health[J].FEMS Microbiol Rev,2003,27(1):65-74.
[17]DAVIDSON P M,NAIDU A S.Phyto-phenols[M]∥Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems.Richard Florida:CRC Press LLC,2000:265-293.
[18]CALSAMIGLLA S,CASTILLEJOS L,BUSQUET M.Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle[J].Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition,2006,2005(1):129-167.
[19]WALLACE R J.Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2004,63:621-629.
[20]赵海伊.牛至精油的制备及体外抗氧化活性的抑菌作用的研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[21]蔡杰,张文举.新型饲料添加剂—牛至油的研究进展[J].饲料博览,2013(2):38-42
[22]BOTSOGLOU N A,FLOROU-PANERI P,CCHRISRAKI E,et al.Performance of rabbits and oxidative stability of muscle tissues as affected by dietary supplementation with Oregano essential oil[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2004,58(3):209-218.
[23]杨昭,刘婷,吴建平,等.TMR中添加牛至精油抑菌作用的研究[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(14):8-13.
[24]姚喜喜,吴建平,等.全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(2):299-304.
[25]徐方华.牛至油及主要成分对瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量影响的研究[D].延边:延边大学,2014.
[26]梁建勇.不同添加剂对青贮饲料品质、纤维结构及绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[27]冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(6/7):37.
[28]柏雪.反相高效液相色谱法测定瘤胃内容物中挥发性脂肪酸的方法研究[J].中国饲料,2014,13:28-29.
[29]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[30]唐其文,郝庆菊,江长胜,等.流动注射分析法和传统方法测定土壤氮的比较研究[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(18):226-230.
[31]HOOVER W H,KINCAID C R,VARGA G A,et al.Effects of solids and liquid flows on fermentation in continuous cultures.Ⅳ.p H and dilution rate[J].Journal of Animal Science,1984,58:692-699.
[32]ANANTASOOK N,WANAPAT M,CHERDTHONG A,et al.Effect of plants containing secondary compounds with palm oil on feed intake,digestibility,microbial protein synthesis and microbial population in dairy cows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,26(6):820-826.
[33]MURPHY J J,KENNELLY J J.Effect of protein concentrate and protein source on the degradability of dry matter and protein source in situ[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1987,70:1841-1849.
[34]张莹,郭旭生,龙瑞军,等.饲粮氮水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化代谢特征的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011,23(6):956-964.
[35]赵国琦,贾亚红,陈小连,等.不同NDF/NFE比的日粮对山羊瘤胃发酵参数影响的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2006,42(13):29-33.
[36]Salter D N,Daneshvar K,Smith R H.The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein and urea containing diets[J].The British Journal of Nutrition,1979,41(1):197-209.
[37]MC DONALD P.Animal Nutrition[M].4th Edition.New York:Copublished in the US with Wiley,1988.
[38]SRINIVAS B,GUPTA B N.Rumen fermentation,bacterial and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA)production rates in cattle fed on urea-molasses-mineral block licks supplement[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1997,65(1/2/3/4):275-286.
[39]王芳,王吉谭,孙信权.牛至油研究进展及其在畜牧业中应用[J].中国饲料,2005(1):12-14.
[40]张文娟,王金虎.新型植物抗生素——牛至油的研究进展[J].养殖技术顾问,2015(1):128-130.
[41]VAB H M.Challenging the retinal for altering VFA ratios in growing ruminates[J].Feed Mix,1996,4(1):8-12.
[42]远立国,佟恒敏,沈建忠.牛至油和黄霉素在奶牛生产中应用的研究[J].饲料工业,2004,25(1):38-42.
[2]陈树人,蒋成宠,姚勇,等.水稻秸秆压块热值模型构建及其影响因子相关性分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(24):200-208.
[3]王亚静,毕于运,高春雨.中国秸秆资源可收集利用量及其适宜性评价[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(9):1852-1859.
[4]董臣飞,丁成龙,许能祥,等.稻草饲用品质及茎秆形态特征的研究[J].草业学报,2013,22(4):83-88.
[5]韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.
[6]王博,吴建平,雷赵民,等.两种生物添加剂在全株玉米青贮中的应用效果[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2012,47(5):24-27.
[7]任海伟,赵拓,李金平,等.玉米秸秆与废弃白菜的混贮品质及乳酸菌多样性研究[J].草业学报,2016,25(1):197-206.
[8]陈明宇,曹志东,陈学通.堆放时间对氨化麦秸含氮量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1999(2):134-136.
[9]陶蕾,王曙阳,曹广益,等.复合菌剂发酵秸秆的作用及应用[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2011,46(2):37-40.
[10]HOBSON P N,STEWART C S.The rumen microbial ecosystem[M].2nd ed.New York:Blackie Academic and Professional,1997.
[11]安登第.瘤胃发酵调控研究进展[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2002,37(1):10-15.
[12]CONE J W,SARKLOG C,PELLIKAAN W,et al.Utilization of rice straw and different treatments to improve its feed value for ruminants:A review[J].Asian-Australasian Animal Sci,2010,23(5):680-692.
[13]PATRA A K,SAXENA J.Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriclture,2011,91(1):24-37.
[14]WALLACE R J,MC EWAN N R,MC INTOSH F M,et al.Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2002,15:1458-1468.
[15]王聪,刘强,董群,等.日粮补充苹果酸对牛瘤胃发酵和养分消化代谢的影响[J].草业学报,2009,18(3):224-231.
[16]RUSSELL J B,HOULIHAN A J.Ionophore resistance of ruminal bacteria and its potential impact on human health[J].FEMS Microbiol Rev,2003,27(1):65-74.
[17]DAVIDSON P M,NAIDU A S.Phyto-phenols[M]∥Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems.Richard Florida:CRC Press LLC,2000:265-293.
[18]CALSAMIGLLA S,CASTILLEJOS L,BUSQUET M.Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle[J].Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition,2006,2005(1):129-167.
[19]WALLACE R J.Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2004,63:621-629.
[20]赵海伊.牛至精油的制备及体外抗氧化活性的抑菌作用的研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[21]蔡杰,张文举.新型饲料添加剂—牛至油的研究进展[J].饲料博览,2013(2):38-42
[22]BOTSOGLOU N A,FLOROU-PANERI P,CCHRISRAKI E,et al.Performance of rabbits and oxidative stability of muscle tissues as affected by dietary supplementation with Oregano essential oil[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2004,58(3):209-218.
[23]杨昭,刘婷,吴建平,等.TMR中添加牛至精油抑菌作用的研究[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(14):8-13.
[24]姚喜喜,吴建平,等.全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(2):299-304.
[25]徐方华.牛至油及主要成分对瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量影响的研究[D].延边:延边大学,2014.
[26]梁建勇.不同添加剂对青贮饲料品质、纤维结构及绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[27]冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(6/7):37.
[28]柏雪.反相高效液相色谱法测定瘤胃内容物中挥发性脂肪酸的方法研究[J].中国饲料,2014,13:28-29.
[29]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[30]唐其文,郝庆菊,江长胜,等.流动注射分析法和传统方法测定土壤氮的比较研究[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(18):226-230.
[31]HOOVER W H,KINCAID C R,VARGA G A,et al.Effects of solids and liquid flows on fermentation in continuous cultures.Ⅳ.p H and dilution rate[J].Journal of Animal Science,1984,58:692-699.
[32]ANANTASOOK N,WANAPAT M,CHERDTHONG A,et al.Effect of plants containing secondary compounds with palm oil on feed intake,digestibility,microbial protein synthesis and microbial population in dairy cows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,26(6):820-826.
[33]MURPHY J J,KENNELLY J J.Effect of protein concentrate and protein source on the degradability of dry matter and protein source in situ[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1987,70:1841-1849.
[34]张莹,郭旭生,龙瑞军,等.饲粮氮水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化代谢特征的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011,23(6):956-964.
[35]赵国琦,贾亚红,陈小连,等.不同NDF/NFE比的日粮对山羊瘤胃发酵参数影响的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2006,42(13):29-33.
[36]Salter D N,Daneshvar K,Smith R H.The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein and urea containing diets[J].The British Journal of Nutrition,1979,41(1):197-209.
[37]MC DONALD P.Animal Nutrition[M].4th Edition.New York:Copublished in the US with Wiley,1988.
[38]SRINIVAS B,GUPTA B N.Rumen fermentation,bacterial and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA)production rates in cattle fed on urea-molasses-mineral block licks supplement[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1997,65(1/2/3/4):275-286.
[39]王芳,王吉谭,孙信权.牛至油研究进展及其在畜牧业中应用[J].中国饲料,2005(1):12-14.
[40]张文娟,王金虎.新型植物抗生素——牛至油的研究进展[J].养殖技术顾问,2015(1):128-130.
[41]VAB H M.Challenging the retinal for altering VFA ratios in growing ruminates[J].Feed Mix,1996,4(1):8-12.
[42]远立国,佟恒敏,沈建忠.牛至油和黄霉素在奶牛生产中应用的研究[J].饲料工业,2004,25(1):38-42.