湖南省县域乡村反贫困绩效评价与空间分异特征
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摘要
综合运用熵值法、地理探测器等方法,从基本生存绩效、自身发展绩效,县域扶贫绩效3个方面构建指标体系,对湖南省51个贫困县2017年反贫困绩效空间地域分异特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:①湖南省贫困农户一般能满足基本的生存需要;自身发展绩效水平得分较高的区域大多处于武陵源区、鹤城区等城市市区周围以及罗霄山片区,而雪峰山脉周围县市则普遍较低;县域扶贫绩效水平高的区域分布较为零散,大致位于各城区周围,而省城或西北的少数民族聚集区以及中南部绩效水平还有待提高。②反贫困绩效总体上呈现出高、中、低3种绩效水平交替分布的空间特征,愈靠近武陵源区、鹤城区和长株潭地区的贫困县市,综合反贫困绩效水平愈高。③县域发展情况是影响湖南省反贫困绩效的决定性因素,农户条件与乡村状况是基础性因素,自然条件是重要因素,各因子间交互作用的影响远大于单因子,不存在独立作用的因素,体现出湖南省反贫困绩效影响因素的复杂性特征。
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, there are significant changes occurred in the urban and rural regional structure, industrial structure, employment structure, and social structure, and China's economic growth and social development have made great achievements in recent years. Nevertheless, the development strategy of urban bias, the low level of inter-generational culture of farmers, and the constraints of environmental bottlenecks have led to the emergence of the binary urban-rural structure. With a large base and a wide distribution of vulnerable rural population, the development of the poor and the multi-dimensional poverty group, the problem of the vicious cycle of poverty is extremely serious. China has been an active advocator and a powerful promoter of the world's poverty alleviation cause. The problem of rural poverty remains a significance hurdle to building a moderately prosperous society comprehensively and charting the roadmap for rural vitalization in China. Using entropy method and geodetector, the paper selects18 indicators from 3 aspects of farmers' basic survival performance, self-development performance and county poverty alleviation performance to study the anti-poverty performance evaluation, spatial geographical differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of 51 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province, China in2017. It can be shown that: farmers in poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province can generally meet the basic needs of survival; the poverty-stricken counties around the urban areas such as Wulingyuan district and Hecheng district, as well as those around the Luoxiao Mountain Range, have higher scores for self-development performance, while those around the Xuefeng Mountain Range are generally lower; the poverty-stricken counties with high levels of poverty alleviation performance are scattered in space, and the performance levels of the northwestern minority areas in the province and the poverty-stricken counties in the south-central areas need to be strengthened. The anti-poverty performance of Hunan Province generally presents spatial characteristics of alternating high, medium and low performance levels. The poverty-stricken counties with higher anti-poverty performance levels are closer to urban areas such as Wulingyuan district and Hecheng district and Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations. The development of county areas are the decisive factor affecting the performance of anti-poverty in Hunan Province, the conditions of farmers and rural conditions are the basic factors, and natural conditions are important factors. The interaction between these factors is far greater than the single factor, and no single factor can play an independent role in the development process. These all reflect the complexity characteristics of the influencing factors of anti-poverty performance in Hunan Province.
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, there are significant changes occurred in the urban and rural regional structure, industrial structure, employment structure, and social structure, and China's economic growth and social development have made great achievements in recent years. Nevertheless, the development strategy of urban bias, the low level of inter-generational culture of farmers, and the constraints of environmental bottlenecks have led to the emergence of the binary urban-rural structure. With a large base and a wide distribution of vulnerable rural population, the development of the poor and the multi-dimensional poverty group, the problem of the vicious cycle of poverty is extremely serious. China has been an active advocator and a powerful promoter of the world's poverty alleviation cause. The problem of rural poverty remains a significance hurdle to building a moderately prosperous society comprehensively and charting the roadmap for rural vitalization in China. Using entropy method and geodetector, the paper selects18 indicators from 3 aspects of farmers' basic survival performance, self-development performance and county poverty alleviation performance to study the anti-poverty performance evaluation, spatial geographical differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of 51 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province, China in2017. It can be shown that: farmers in poverty-stricken counties in Hunan Province can generally meet the basic needs of survival; the poverty-stricken counties around the urban areas such as Wulingyuan district and Hecheng district, as well as those around the Luoxiao Mountain Range, have higher scores for self-development performance, while those around the Xuefeng Mountain Range are generally lower; the poverty-stricken counties with high levels of poverty alleviation performance are scattered in space, and the performance levels of the northwestern minority areas in the province and the poverty-stricken counties in the south-central areas need to be strengthened. The anti-poverty performance of Hunan Province generally presents spatial characteristics of alternating high, medium and low performance levels. The poverty-stricken counties with higher anti-poverty performance levels are closer to urban areas such as Wulingyuan district and Hecheng district and Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations. The development of county areas are the decisive factor affecting the performance of anti-poverty in Hunan Province, the conditions of farmers and rural conditions are the basic factors, and natural conditions are important factors. The interaction between these factors is far greater than the single factor, and no single factor can play an independent role in the development process. These all reflect the complexity characteristics of the influencing factors of anti-poverty performance in Hunan Province.
引文
[1]陈光金.中国农村贫困的程度、特征与影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2008(9):13-25,34.[Chen Guangjin.Analysis of the degree,characteristics and influencing factors of rural poverty in China.China Rural Economy,2008(9):13-25,34.]
[2]Sen A K.Development as freedom[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[3]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[Liu Yansui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]
[4]赵海林.统筹城乡发展必须转变城市偏向发展战略[J].中国乡村发现,2010(2):24-27.[Zhao Hailin.Coordinating urban and rural development must transform urban development strategy.China Country Found,2010(2):24-27.]
[5]刘彦随,严镔,王艳飞.新时期中国城乡发展的主要问题与转型对策[J].经济地理,2016,36(7):1-8.[Liu Yansui,Yan Bin,Wang Yanfei.Urban-rural development problems and transformation countermeasures in the new period in China.Economic Geography,2016,36(7):1-8.]
[6]刘永富.有效应对脱贫攻坚面临的困难和挑战[N].人民日报,2018-10-21.[Liu Yongfu.Effectively coping with the difficulties and challenges faced by poverty alleviation.Peoples Daily,2018-10-21.]
[7]黄承伟,刘欣.“十二五”时期我国反贫困理论研究述评[J].云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,33(2):42-50.[Huang Chengwei,Liu Xin.A theoretical review of the domestic research findings on anti-poverty in China's 12th“Five-Year Plan”period.Journal of Yunnan Minzu University(Social Sciences),2016,33(2):42-50.]
[8]周扬,郭远智,刘彦随.中国县域贫困综合测度及2020年后减贫瞄准[J].地理学报,2018,73(8):1478-1493.[Zhou Yang,Guo Yuanzhi,Liu Yansui.Geographical patterns and anti-poverty targeting post-2020 in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(8):1478-1493.]
[9]袁媛,王仰麟,马晶,等.河北省县域贫困度多维评估[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(1):124-133.[Yuan Yuan,Wang Yanglin,Ma Jing et al.Multidimensional evaluation of county poverty degree in Hebei Province.Progress in Geography,2014,33(1):124-133.]
[10]杨志恒,黄秋昊,李满春,等.产业扶贫视角下村域空间贫困陷阱识别与策略分析--以湘西保靖县为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(6):885-894.[Yang Zhiheng,Huang Qiuhao,Li Manchun et al.Identification and strategy analysis of poverty alleviation traps in village area from the perspective of industry poverty alleviation:A case of Baojing county in Hunan province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(6):885-894.]
[11]Karthikeyan R,Nalini V.Changing profile of rural poverty in India:An exploratory analysis[J].International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review,2017,1(39):126-134.
[12]吴乐.深度贫困地区脱贫机制构建与路径选择[J].中国软科学,2018(7):63-70.[Wu Le.Mechanism and path selection of poverty alleviation in deep-poverty areas.China Soft Science,2018(7):63-70.]
[13]贺雪峰.中国农村反贫困问题研究:类型、误区及对策[J].社会科学,2017(4):57-63.[He Xuefeng.Research on anti-poverty in rural China:Types,misunderstandings and countermeasures.Journal of Social Sciences,2017(4):57-63.]
[14]冈纳·缪尔达尔.世界贫困的挑战--世界反贫困大纲[M].顾朝阳,等译.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1991.[Myrdal G.The challenge of world poverty-world anti-poverty outline.Translatied by Gu Zhaoyang et al.Beijing:Beijing Economic College Press,1991.]
[15]Edeh N,Udoikah M,Ugbala K.Politics of poverty reduction in Nigeria:A study of the activities of ebonyi State community poverty reduction agency(EB-CPRA)[J].IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2017,22(7):35-45.
[16]Rapanna P.Optimization strategy for handling poverty towards strengthening the economy in Indonesia[J].International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology,2017,50(3):122-129.
[17]孙晗霖.连片特困地区财政扶贫绩效评价及影响因素研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.[Sun Hanlin.Research on the performance and influence factors of financial poverty alleviation in contiguous destitute areas of southeast Chongqing.Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.]
[18]李凯恩.精准扶贫视域下的云南省反贫困治理绩效研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院,2017.[Li Kaien.Research on the performance of anti-poverty governance in Yunnan province from the perspective of accurate poverty alleviation.Beijing:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,2017.]
[19]许达哲.2018年湖南省政府工作报告[N/OL].湖南日报,http://hunan.voc.com.cn/article/201802/201802110613542191.html,2018-02-11.[Xu Dazhe.Report on the work of Hunan provincial government in 2018.Hunan Daily,http://hunan.voc.com.cn/article/201802/201802110613542191.html,2018-02-11.]
[20]湖南省统计局.湖南农村统计年鉴(2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018.[Statistical bureau of Hunan Province.Hunan rural statistical yearbook,2018.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2018.]
[21]湖南省统计局.湖南统计年鉴(2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版,2018.[Statistical Bureau of Hunan Province.Hunan statistical yearbook,2018.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2018.]
[22]国家统计局湖南调查总队.湖南调查年鉴(2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018.[NBS Survey Office in Hunan.Hunan survey yearbook,2018.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2018.]
[23]冷志明,唐珊.武陵山片区自我发展能力测算及时空演变分析--基于2005、2008和2011年县级数据的实证[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):782-796.[Leng Zhiming,Tang Shan.Estimation and spatio-temporal evolution analysis of self-development capacity in Wuling Mountain Areas based on county data of 2005,2008 and 2011.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):782-796.]
[24]安悦,周国华,贺艳华,等.基于“三生”视角的乡村功能分区及调控--以长株潭地区为例[J].地理研究,2018,37(4):695-703.[An Yue,Zhou Guohua,He Yanhua et al.Research on the functional zoning and regulation of rural areas based on the production-life-ecological function perspective:A case study of Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations.Geographical Research,2018,37(4):695-703.]
[25]谭雪兰,于思远,陈婉铃,等.长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(8):1203-1210.[Tan Xuelan,Yu Siyuan,Chen Wanling et al.Evaluation of rural function and spatial division in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(8):1203-1210.]
[26]刘彦随,李进涛.中国县域农村贫困化分异机制的地理探测与优化决策[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):161-173.[Liu Yansui,Li Jintao.Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):161-173.]
[27]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[Wang Jinfeng,Xu Chengdong.Geodetector:Principle and prospective.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[28]张金茜,巩杰,柳冬青.地理探测器方法下甘肃白龙江流域景观破碎化与驱动因子分析[J].地理科学,2018,38(8):1370-1378.[Zhang Jinxi,Gong Jie,Liu Dongqing.Dynamics and driving factors of landscape fragmentation based on geo detector in the Bailongjiang watershed of Gansu province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(8):1370-1378.]
[29]杨振,丁启燕,周晴雨,等.长江中下游地区人口健康水平空间分异特征与地理影响因子[J].地理与地理信息科学,2018,34(6):77-84,2.[Yang Zhen,Ding Qiyan,Zhou Qingyu et al.Differentiation pattern of population health and its geographical influencing factors in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2018,34(6):77-84,2.]
[2]Sen A K.Development as freedom[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[3]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[Liu Yansui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]
[4]赵海林.统筹城乡发展必须转变城市偏向发展战略[J].中国乡村发现,2010(2):24-27.[Zhao Hailin.Coordinating urban and rural development must transform urban development strategy.China Country Found,2010(2):24-27.]
[5]刘彦随,严镔,王艳飞.新时期中国城乡发展的主要问题与转型对策[J].经济地理,2016,36(7):1-8.[Liu Yansui,Yan Bin,Wang Yanfei.Urban-rural development problems and transformation countermeasures in the new period in China.Economic Geography,2016,36(7):1-8.]
[6]刘永富.有效应对脱贫攻坚面临的困难和挑战[N].人民日报,2018-10-21.[Liu Yongfu.Effectively coping with the difficulties and challenges faced by poverty alleviation.Peoples Daily,2018-10-21.]
[7]黄承伟,刘欣.“十二五”时期我国反贫困理论研究述评[J].云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,33(2):42-50.[Huang Chengwei,Liu Xin.A theoretical review of the domestic research findings on anti-poverty in China's 12th“Five-Year Plan”period.Journal of Yunnan Minzu University(Social Sciences),2016,33(2):42-50.]
[8]周扬,郭远智,刘彦随.中国县域贫困综合测度及2020年后减贫瞄准[J].地理学报,2018,73(8):1478-1493.[Zhou Yang,Guo Yuanzhi,Liu Yansui.Geographical patterns and anti-poverty targeting post-2020 in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(8):1478-1493.]
[9]袁媛,王仰麟,马晶,等.河北省县域贫困度多维评估[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(1):124-133.[Yuan Yuan,Wang Yanglin,Ma Jing et al.Multidimensional evaluation of county poverty degree in Hebei Province.Progress in Geography,2014,33(1):124-133.]
[10]杨志恒,黄秋昊,李满春,等.产业扶贫视角下村域空间贫困陷阱识别与策略分析--以湘西保靖县为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(6):885-894.[Yang Zhiheng,Huang Qiuhao,Li Manchun et al.Identification and strategy analysis of poverty alleviation traps in village area from the perspective of industry poverty alleviation:A case of Baojing county in Hunan province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(6):885-894.]
[11]Karthikeyan R,Nalini V.Changing profile of rural poverty in India:An exploratory analysis[J].International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review,2017,1(39):126-134.
[12]吴乐.深度贫困地区脱贫机制构建与路径选择[J].中国软科学,2018(7):63-70.[Wu Le.Mechanism and path selection of poverty alleviation in deep-poverty areas.China Soft Science,2018(7):63-70.]
[13]贺雪峰.中国农村反贫困问题研究:类型、误区及对策[J].社会科学,2017(4):57-63.[He Xuefeng.Research on anti-poverty in rural China:Types,misunderstandings and countermeasures.Journal of Social Sciences,2017(4):57-63.]
[14]冈纳·缪尔达尔.世界贫困的挑战--世界反贫困大纲[M].顾朝阳,等译.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1991.[Myrdal G.The challenge of world poverty-world anti-poverty outline.Translatied by Gu Zhaoyang et al.Beijing:Beijing Economic College Press,1991.]
[15]Edeh N,Udoikah M,Ugbala K.Politics of poverty reduction in Nigeria:A study of the activities of ebonyi State community poverty reduction agency(EB-CPRA)[J].IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2017,22(7):35-45.
[16]Rapanna P.Optimization strategy for handling poverty towards strengthening the economy in Indonesia[J].International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology,2017,50(3):122-129.
[17]孙晗霖.连片特困地区财政扶贫绩效评价及影响因素研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.[Sun Hanlin.Research on the performance and influence factors of financial poverty alleviation in contiguous destitute areas of southeast Chongqing.Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.]
[18]李凯恩.精准扶贫视域下的云南省反贫困治理绩效研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院,2017.[Li Kaien.Research on the performance of anti-poverty governance in Yunnan province from the perspective of accurate poverty alleviation.Beijing:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,2017.]
[19]许达哲.2018年湖南省政府工作报告[N/OL].湖南日报,http://hunan.voc.com.cn/article/201802/201802110613542191.html,2018-02-11.[Xu Dazhe.Report on the work of Hunan provincial government in 2018.Hunan Daily,http://hunan.voc.com.cn/article/201802/201802110613542191.html,2018-02-11.]
[20]湖南省统计局.湖南农村统计年鉴(2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018.[Statistical bureau of Hunan Province.Hunan rural statistical yearbook,2018.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2018.]
[21]湖南省统计局.湖南统计年鉴(2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版,2018.[Statistical Bureau of Hunan Province.Hunan statistical yearbook,2018.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2018.]
[22]国家统计局湖南调查总队.湖南调查年鉴(2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2018.[NBS Survey Office in Hunan.Hunan survey yearbook,2018.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2018.]
[23]冷志明,唐珊.武陵山片区自我发展能力测算及时空演变分析--基于2005、2008和2011年县级数据的实证[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):782-796.[Leng Zhiming,Tang Shan.Estimation and spatio-temporal evolution analysis of self-development capacity in Wuling Mountain Areas based on county data of 2005,2008 and 2011.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):782-796.]
[24]安悦,周国华,贺艳华,等.基于“三生”视角的乡村功能分区及调控--以长株潭地区为例[J].地理研究,2018,37(4):695-703.[An Yue,Zhou Guohua,He Yanhua et al.Research on the functional zoning and regulation of rural areas based on the production-life-ecological function perspective:A case study of Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations.Geographical Research,2018,37(4):695-703.]
[25]谭雪兰,于思远,陈婉铃,等.长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(8):1203-1210.[Tan Xuelan,Yu Siyuan,Chen Wanling et al.Evaluation of rural function and spatial division in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(8):1203-1210.]
[26]刘彦随,李进涛.中国县域农村贫困化分异机制的地理探测与优化决策[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):161-173.[Liu Yansui,Li Jintao.Geographic detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):161-173.]
[27]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[Wang Jinfeng,Xu Chengdong.Geodetector:Principle and prospective.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[28]张金茜,巩杰,柳冬青.地理探测器方法下甘肃白龙江流域景观破碎化与驱动因子分析[J].地理科学,2018,38(8):1370-1378.[Zhang Jinxi,Gong Jie,Liu Dongqing.Dynamics and driving factors of landscape fragmentation based on geo detector in the Bailongjiang watershed of Gansu province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(8):1370-1378.]
[29]杨振,丁启燕,周晴雨,等.长江中下游地区人口健康水平空间分异特征与地理影响因子[J].地理与地理信息科学,2018,34(6):77-84,2.[Yang Zhen,Ding Qiyan,Zhou Qingyu et al.Differentiation pattern of population health and its geographical influencing factors in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2018,34(6):77-84,2.]