基于可信性理论的含直流落点系统风电与负荷协调恢复优化
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摘要
在高风电占比的交直流混联电力系统中,大停电后快速恢复负荷需要风电与常规电源、直流输电系统共同支撑,但风电的不确定性阻碍了其在恢复中应用。考虑风电与负荷的不确定性,引入风电场出力和负荷恢复量的模糊模型,基于可信性理论,建立风电与负荷协调恢复的模糊机会约束规划模型,在控制频率与备用风险水平基础上,优化风电与负荷接入效益。采用模糊机会约束的清晰等价类方法,将模糊模型转化为确定性的混合整数线性规划模型,保证了求解效率,满足在线快速决策的要求。算例表明该方法能够平衡风电、负荷与常规电源在多阶段恢复过程中的效益与安全,对风电接入具有更好的适应性。
In an AC/DC hybrid power system with high proportion of wind power, rapid load restoration after blackout requires participation of both wind power, conventional generators and DC system. But uncertainty of wind power hinders its application in this restoration. This paper proposed a fuzzy chance constrained programming model for wind power-load coordinated restoration optimization, in which the load and wind power were expressed as fuzzy parameters for taking uncertainty of wind farms and load into account according to credibility theory. In this model, the objective function was to optimize the benefits of load restoration with the constraints of frequency security and reserve risk level. Furthermore, the fuzzy chance constraints including fuzzy parameters were turned into their clear equivalent forms. In this way, the load restoration model could be transformed to a mixed integer linear programming model, which would be solved with deterministic solution and dramatically improve computation efficiency. Case studies show that the proposed model can balance the benefit and security of wind power, load and conventional sources in multi-stage load restoration, and the decision results are more suitable for load restoration optimization for power system with high wind power penetration.
In an AC/DC hybrid power system with high proportion of wind power, rapid load restoration after blackout requires participation of both wind power, conventional generators and DC system. But uncertainty of wind power hinders its application in this restoration. This paper proposed a fuzzy chance constrained programming model for wind power-load coordinated restoration optimization, in which the load and wind power were expressed as fuzzy parameters for taking uncertainty of wind farms and load into account according to credibility theory. In this model, the objective function was to optimize the benefits of load restoration with the constraints of frequency security and reserve risk level. Furthermore, the fuzzy chance constraints including fuzzy parameters were turned into their clear equivalent forms. In this way, the load restoration model could be transformed to a mixed integer linear programming model, which would be solved with deterministic solution and dramatically improve computation efficiency. Case studies show that the proposed model can balance the benefit and security of wind power, load and conventional sources in multi-stage load restoration, and the decision results are more suitable for load restoration optimization for power system with high wind power penetration.
引文
[1]葛睿,董昱,吕跃春.欧洲“11.4”大停电事故分析及对我国电网运行工作的启示[J].电网技术,2007,31(3):1-6.Ge Rui,Dong Yu,LüYuechun.Analysis of large-scale blackout in UCTE power grid and lessons to be drawn to power grid operation in China[J].Power System Technology,2007,31(3):1-6(in Chinese).
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[14]Qian A,Fan S,Piao L.Optimal scheduling strategy for virtual power plants based on credibility theory[J].Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems,2016,1(3):1-8.
[15]Wang B,Li Y,Watada J.Supply reliability and generation cost analysis due to load forecast uncertainty in unit commitment problems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2242-2252.
[16]Gao H,Chen Y,Mei S,et al.Resilience-oriented pre-hurricane resource allocation in distribution systems considering electric buses[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2017,105(7):1214-1233.
[17]熊虎,向铁元,陈红坤,等.含大规模间歇式电源的模糊机会约束机组组合研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(13):36-44.Xiong Hu,Xiang Tieyuan,Chen Hongkun,et al.Research of fuzzy chance constrained unit commitment containing large-scale intermittent power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(13):36-44(in Chinese).
[18]Liao S,Yao W,Han X,et al.Two-stage optimization method for network reconfiguration and load recovery during power system restoration[C]//Power&Energy Society General Meeting.IEEE,2015:1-5.
[19]Qin Z,Hou Y,Liu C C,et al.Coordinating generation and load pickup during load restoration with discrete load increments and reserve constraints[J].Generation Transmission&Distribution IET,2015,9(15):2437-2446.
[20]Coffrin C,Hentenryck P V.Transmission system restoration with co-optimization of repairs,load pickups,and generation dispatch[J].International Journal of Electrical Power&Energy Systems,2015(72):144-154.
[21]陈彬,王洪涛,曹曦.计及负荷模糊不确定性的网架重构后期负荷恢复优化[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(20):6-12.Chen Bin,Wang Hongtao,Cao Xi.Load restoration optimization during the last stage of network reconfiguration considering load fuzzy uncertainty[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(20):6-12(in Chinese).
[22]张雪丽,梁海平,朱涛,等.基于模糊机会约束规划的电力系统网架重构优化[J].电力系统及其自动化,2015,39(14):68-74.Zhang Xueli,Liang Haiping,Zhu Tao,et al.Optimization of power network reconfiguration based on fuzzy chance constrained programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(14):68-74(in Chinese).
[23]周玮,孙辉,顾宏,等.含风电场的电力系统经济调度研究综述[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(24):148-154.Zhou Wei,Sun Hui,Gu Hong,et al.A review on economic dispatch of power system including wind farms[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(24):148-154(in Chinese).
[24]周剑,李建设,苏寅生.电网黑启动情况下高压直流输电系统启动条件分析[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(3):92-96.Zhou Jian,Li Jianshe,Su Yinsheng.Analysis on start-up conditions of HVDC system in black-start[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems.2011,35(3):92-96(in Chinese).
[25]汪娟娟,梁泽勇,李子林,等.高压直流输电系统低功率运行的无功控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(6):154-158.Wang Juanjuan,Liang Zeyong,Li Zilin,et al.Reactive power control strategy for low power operation of HVDC transmission system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(6):154-158(in Chinese).
[26]刘昌盛,谢云云,周前,等.高压直流输电参与的电网恢复路径优化方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(9):2579-2588.Liu Changsheng,Xie Yunyun,Zhou Qian,et al.Optimization of restoration path for blackout grid with the aid of high-voltage direct current transmission[J].Proceedings of the CSEE.2017,37(9):2579-2588(in Chinese).
[27]刘宝碇,彭锦.不确定理论教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[28]Adibi M M,Borkoski J N,Kafka R J,et al.Frequency response of prime movers during restoration[J].IEEE Trans on Power System,1999,14(2):751-756.
[2]Lalor G,Mullane A,O'Malley M.Frequency control and wind turbine technologies[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(4):1905-1913.
[3]Almeida R G D,Lopes J A P.Participation of doubly fed induction wind generators in system frequency regulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(3):944-950.
[4]张旭,陈云龙,岳帅,等.风电参与电力系统调频技术研究的回顾与展望[J].电网技术,2018,42(6):1793-1803.Zhang Xu,Chen Yunlong,Yue Shuai,et al.Retrospect and prospect of research on frequency regulation technology of power system by wind power[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(6):1793-1803(in Chinese).
[5]Seca L,Costa H,Moreira C L,et al.An innovative strategy for power system restoration using utility scale wind parks[C]//2013 IREPSymposium-Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control-IXOptimization,Security and Control,Rethymnon,2013.
[6]El-Zonkoly A M.Renewable energy sources for complete optimal power system black-start restoration[J].Generation Transmission&Distribution IET,2014,9(6):531-539.
[7]叶茂,刘艳,顾雪平,等.基于条件风险方法的风电黑启动价值评估及其应用[J].电网技术,2018,42(11):3796-3804.Ye Mao,Liu Yan,Gu Xueping,et al.Black-start value evaluation of wind power using a conditional risk method and its application[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(11):3796-3804(in Chinese).
[8]曹曦,王洪涛.大规模电网源荷协调恢复决策与控制方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1666-1675.Cao Xi,Wang Hongtao.Source-load coordinated restoration decisionmaking and control method for large scale power system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1666-1675(in Chinese).
[9]Golshani A,Sun W,Zhou Q,et al.Incorporating wind energy in power system restoration planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,PP(99):1-1.
[10]叶茂,刘艳,顾雪平,等.基于动态风电穿透功率极限的黑启动方案制定[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(3):744-752.Ye Mao,Liu Yan,Gu Xueping,et al.Black start scheme formation considering dynamic wind power penetration limit[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(3):744-752(in Chinese).
[11]赵瑾,王洪涛,曹曦.计及风电条件风险价值的负荷恢复双层优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(18):5275-5285.Zhao Jin,Wang Hongtao,Cao Xi.Bi-level optimization of load restoration considering the conditional value at risk of wind power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(18):5275-5285(in Chinese).
[12]付媛,王毅,张祥宇,等.变速风电机组的惯性与一次调频特性分析及综合控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(27):4706-4716.Fu Yuan,Wang Yi,Zhang Xiangyu,et al.Analysis and integrated control of inertia and primary frequency regulation for variable speed wind turbines[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(27):4706-4716(in Chinese).
[13]张冠锋,杨俊友,孙峰,等.基于虚拟惯量和频率下垂控制的双馈风电机组一次调频策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(22):225-232.Zhang Guanfeng,Yang Junyou,Sun Feng,et al.Primary frequency regulation strategy of DFIG based on virtual inertia and frequency droop control[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(22):225-232(in Chinese).
[14]Qian A,Fan S,Piao L.Optimal scheduling strategy for virtual power plants based on credibility theory[J].Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems,2016,1(3):1-8.
[15]Wang B,Li Y,Watada J.Supply reliability and generation cost analysis due to load forecast uncertainty in unit commitment problems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2013,28(3):2242-2252.
[16]Gao H,Chen Y,Mei S,et al.Resilience-oriented pre-hurricane resource allocation in distribution systems considering electric buses[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2017,105(7):1214-1233.
[17]熊虎,向铁元,陈红坤,等.含大规模间歇式电源的模糊机会约束机组组合研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(13):36-44.Xiong Hu,Xiang Tieyuan,Chen Hongkun,et al.Research of fuzzy chance constrained unit commitment containing large-scale intermittent power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(13):36-44(in Chinese).
[18]Liao S,Yao W,Han X,et al.Two-stage optimization method for network reconfiguration and load recovery during power system restoration[C]//Power&Energy Society General Meeting.IEEE,2015:1-5.
[19]Qin Z,Hou Y,Liu C C,et al.Coordinating generation and load pickup during load restoration with discrete load increments and reserve constraints[J].Generation Transmission&Distribution IET,2015,9(15):2437-2446.
[20]Coffrin C,Hentenryck P V.Transmission system restoration with co-optimization of repairs,load pickups,and generation dispatch[J].International Journal of Electrical Power&Energy Systems,2015(72):144-154.
[21]陈彬,王洪涛,曹曦.计及负荷模糊不确定性的网架重构后期负荷恢复优化[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(20):6-12.Chen Bin,Wang Hongtao,Cao Xi.Load restoration optimization during the last stage of network reconfiguration considering load fuzzy uncertainty[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(20):6-12(in Chinese).
[22]张雪丽,梁海平,朱涛,等.基于模糊机会约束规划的电力系统网架重构优化[J].电力系统及其自动化,2015,39(14):68-74.Zhang Xueli,Liang Haiping,Zhu Tao,et al.Optimization of power network reconfiguration based on fuzzy chance constrained programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(14):68-74(in Chinese).
[23]周玮,孙辉,顾宏,等.含风电场的电力系统经济调度研究综述[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(24):148-154.Zhou Wei,Sun Hui,Gu Hong,et al.A review on economic dispatch of power system including wind farms[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(24):148-154(in Chinese).
[24]周剑,李建设,苏寅生.电网黑启动情况下高压直流输电系统启动条件分析[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(3):92-96.Zhou Jian,Li Jianshe,Su Yinsheng.Analysis on start-up conditions of HVDC system in black-start[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems.2011,35(3):92-96(in Chinese).
[25]汪娟娟,梁泽勇,李子林,等.高压直流输电系统低功率运行的无功控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(6):154-158.Wang Juanjuan,Liang Zeyong,Li Zilin,et al.Reactive power control strategy for low power operation of HVDC transmission system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(6):154-158(in Chinese).
[26]刘昌盛,谢云云,周前,等.高压直流输电参与的电网恢复路径优化方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(9):2579-2588.Liu Changsheng,Xie Yunyun,Zhou Qian,et al.Optimization of restoration path for blackout grid with the aid of high-voltage direct current transmission[J].Proceedings of the CSEE.2017,37(9):2579-2588(in Chinese).
[27]刘宝碇,彭锦.不确定理论教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[28]Adibi M M,Borkoski J N,Kafka R J,et al.Frequency response of prime movers during restoration[J].IEEE Trans on Power System,1999,14(2):751-756.