厦门市颗粒物输送路径和源区季节特征分析
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摘要
该研究基于聚类后向轨迹分析法和潜在源贡献因子法,针对2015-2016年厦门地区季轨迹聚类结果进行统计分析,春季、秋季和冬季以偏北和局地路径占比最高,夏季为偏南和局地路径占比高。当颗粒物污染等级达到良或以上时,偏西和局地路径的PM2.5浓度较高;除局地累积外,冬季表现出明显的由北向南的跨区域输送特征,春季受来自长三角以及湖南、江西、福建西南等地区的污染气团影响明显;细颗粒物污染主要出现在局地输送和偏北路径下,粗颗粒污染则是在西北长距离路径下出现。潜在源区分析结果表明,本地排放、长三角、华北一带是冬春季污染输送的主要源地,珠三角至闽南沿海一带是厦门地区秋季的主要源区。空气相对清洁的厦门地区颗粒物来源存在明显季节差异,受多来源多尺度颗粒物共同影响。
This paper is intended to analyze the impact of regional transport of PM(particulate matter) on Xiamen city. The characteristics of clustering trajectory in seasons of the years from 2015 to 2016 in Xiamen were statistically analyzed by using the clustering backward trajectory and the PSCF(potential source contribution function) method. Relatively analysis suggested that regarding PM transport the north and local were of great proportion in spring, autumn and winter, while in summer the south and local paths were the main. The high concentrations of PM2.5 occurred via the transport paths of west and local as PM pollution level got worse than the level of‘fine'or the‘slight pollution'in terms of the national environmental standard, and apart from the local accumulation of PM the pollution in winter was featured by the transport path from north to Xiamen, while in spring the pollutant air mass was transported from Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces; fine particle pollutants mainly came from local source and via the north, and coarse particles were transported through long distance from northwest China. The analytic results by PSCF indicated that the areas of the YRD(Yangtze River Delta), NCP(North China Plain) and the local region were the main PM sources that impact Xiamen in spring and winter, and transport from the Pearl River Delta(PRD) to Xiamen was the most important pollution path during autumn. In conclusion, the PM pollution of Xiamen city where the air is relatively clean was characterized with apparent seasonal difference being affected by the synthetic factors of multi-sourced and multi-scale.
This paper is intended to analyze the impact of regional transport of PM(particulate matter) on Xiamen city. The characteristics of clustering trajectory in seasons of the years from 2015 to 2016 in Xiamen were statistically analyzed by using the clustering backward trajectory and the PSCF(potential source contribution function) method. Relatively analysis suggested that regarding PM transport the north and local were of great proportion in spring, autumn and winter, while in summer the south and local paths were the main. The high concentrations of PM2.5 occurred via the transport paths of west and local as PM pollution level got worse than the level of‘fine'or the‘slight pollution'in terms of the national environmental standard, and apart from the local accumulation of PM the pollution in winter was featured by the transport path from north to Xiamen, while in spring the pollutant air mass was transported from Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces; fine particle pollutants mainly came from local source and via the north, and coarse particles were transported through long distance from northwest China. The analytic results by PSCF indicated that the areas of the YRD(Yangtze River Delta), NCP(North China Plain) and the local region were the main PM sources that impact Xiamen in spring and winter, and transport from the Pearl River Delta(PRD) to Xiamen was the most important pollution path during autumn. In conclusion, the PM pollution of Xiamen city where the air is relatively clean was characterized with apparent seasonal difference being affected by the synthetic factors of multi-sourced and multi-scale.
引文
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[10]朱书慧,周敏,乔利平,等. 2015年12月气流轨迹对长三角区域细颗粒物浓度和分布的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2016,36(12):4285-4294.Zhu Shuhui, Zhou Min, Qiao Liping, et al. Impact of the air mass trajectories on PM2.5concentrations and distribution in the Yangtze River Delta in December 2015[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(12):4285-4294.
[11]赵恒,王体健,江飞,等.利用后向轨迹模式研究TRACEP期间香港大气污染物的来源[J].热带气象学报, 2009, 25(2):181-186.Zhao Heng, Wang Tijian, Jiang Fei, et al. Investigation into the source of air pollutions to Hong Kong by using backward trajrctory method during the TRACE-P campaign[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2009, 25(2):181-186.
[12]Shan W B, Yin Y Q, Lu H X, et al. A meteorological analysis of ozone episodes using HYSPLIT model and surface data[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 93:767-776.
[13]Chiapello I, Bergametti G, Chatenet B, et al. Origins of African dust transported over northeastern tropical Atlantic[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102:13701-13709.
[14]Keeler G J, Samson J. Spatial representativeness of trace element ratios[J]. Environ Sci Tec, 1989, 23:1358-1364.
[15]Sthol A. Trajectory statistics-a new method to establishsource-receptor relationships of air pollutants and its application to the transport of particulate sulfate in Europe[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30:579-587.
[16]Koo Youn Seo, Kim Sung Tae, Yun Hui Young, et al. The simulation of aerosol transport over East Asia region[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2008, 4:264-271.
[17]Huang J P, Fung C H, Lau K H, et al. Numerical simulation and process analysis of typhoon-related ozone episodes in Hong Kong[J]. J Geophys Res, 2005, 110(D5):D05301.
[18]李莉,蔡鋆琳,周敏. 2013年12月中国中东部地区严重灰霾期间上海市颗粒物的输送途径及潜在源区贡献分析[J].环境科学, 2015, 36(7):2327-2336.Li Li, Cai Junlin, Zhou Min. Potential source contribution analysis of the particulate matters in Shanghai during the heavy haze episode in eastern and middle China in December,2013[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2327-2336.
[19]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学, 2014, 34(12):3009-3016.Wang Guochen, Wang Jue, Xin Yujie, et al. Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10and NO2in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(12):3009-3016.
[20]Shan Wenpo, Zhang Jianda, Huang Zhixin, et al. Characterizations of ozone and related compounds under the influence of maritime and continental winds at a coastal site in the Yangtze Delta, nearby Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Research,2010(2):26-34.
[21]Draxler R, Stunder B, Rolph G, et al. HYSPLIT4USER’s GUIDE[DB/OL]. http://gus.arlhq.noaa.gov/~rdraxler/cover.htm.
[22]Wang Y Q, Zhang X Y, Draxler R R. TrajStat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods toidentify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J]. Environmental Modeling and Software, 2009, 24(8):938-939.
[23]Ward J H. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association,1963, 58:236-244.
[24]Polissar A V, Hopke P K, Kaufmann P P, et al. The aerosol at Barrow, Alaska:long-term trends and souce location[J]Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33:2441-2458.
[25]张磊,金莲姬,朱彬,等. 2011年6-8月平流输送对黄山顶污染物浓度的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2013, 33(6):969-978.Zhang Lei, Jin Lianji, Zhu Bin, et al. The influence of advective transport on the concentrations of pollutants at the top of Mt. Huangshan from June to August, 2011[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(6):969-978.
[2]Tanner P A, Law P T. Effects of synoptic climatology of air pollution in Moscow[J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2001, 61:85-102.
[3]叶光营,吴毅伟,刘必桔.福州区域雾霾天气时空分布特征分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2010, 33(10):114-119.Ye Guangying, Wu Yiwei, Liu Biju. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of fog and haze in Fuzhou[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010,33(10):114-119.
[4]Zhao X J, Zhao P S, Xu J, et al. Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in North China Plain[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13:5685-5696.
[5]王珊,修天阳,孙杨,等.1960-2012年西安地区雾霾日数与气象因素变化规律分析[J].环境科学学报, 2014, 34(1):19-26.Wang Shan, Xiu Tianyang, Sun Yang, et al. The changes of mist and haze days and meteorological element during1960-2012 in Xi'an[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2014,34(1):19-26.
[6]Carroll J J, Dixon A J. Regional scale transport over complex terrain, a case study:tracing the Sacramento plume in the Sierra Nevada of California[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(23):3745-3758.
[7]Wang Z, Li J, Wang Z, et al. Modeling study of regional severe hazes over mid-eastern China in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention and control[J]. Science China:Earth Sciences, 2014(1):3-13.
[8]Jiang C, Wang H, Zhao T, et al. Modeling study of PM2.5pollutant transport across cities in China’s Jing–Jin–Ji region during a severe haze episode in December 2013[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015(15):5803-5814.
[9]周沙,刘宁,刘朝顺. 2013-2015年上海市霾污染事件潜在源区贡献分析[J].环境科学学报, 2017, 37(5):1835-1842.Zhou Sha, Liu Ning, Liu Chaoshun. Identification for potential sources for haze events in Shanghai from 2013 to 2015[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2017, 37(5):1835-1842.
[10]朱书慧,周敏,乔利平,等. 2015年12月气流轨迹对长三角区域细颗粒物浓度和分布的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2016,36(12):4285-4294.Zhu Shuhui, Zhou Min, Qiao Liping, et al. Impact of the air mass trajectories on PM2.5concentrations and distribution in the Yangtze River Delta in December 2015[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(12):4285-4294.
[11]赵恒,王体健,江飞,等.利用后向轨迹模式研究TRACEP期间香港大气污染物的来源[J].热带气象学报, 2009, 25(2):181-186.Zhao Heng, Wang Tijian, Jiang Fei, et al. Investigation into the source of air pollutions to Hong Kong by using backward trajrctory method during the TRACE-P campaign[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2009, 25(2):181-186.
[12]Shan W B, Yin Y Q, Lu H X, et al. A meteorological analysis of ozone episodes using HYSPLIT model and surface data[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 93:767-776.
[13]Chiapello I, Bergametti G, Chatenet B, et al. Origins of African dust transported over northeastern tropical Atlantic[J].Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102:13701-13709.
[14]Keeler G J, Samson J. Spatial representativeness of trace element ratios[J]. Environ Sci Tec, 1989, 23:1358-1364.
[15]Sthol A. Trajectory statistics-a new method to establishsource-receptor relationships of air pollutants and its application to the transport of particulate sulfate in Europe[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30:579-587.
[16]Koo Youn Seo, Kim Sung Tae, Yun Hui Young, et al. The simulation of aerosol transport over East Asia region[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2008, 4:264-271.
[17]Huang J P, Fung C H, Lau K H, et al. Numerical simulation and process analysis of typhoon-related ozone episodes in Hong Kong[J]. J Geophys Res, 2005, 110(D5):D05301.
[18]李莉,蔡鋆琳,周敏. 2013年12月中国中东部地区严重灰霾期间上海市颗粒物的输送途径及潜在源区贡献分析[J].环境科学, 2015, 36(7):2327-2336.Li Li, Cai Junlin, Zhou Min. Potential source contribution analysis of the particulate matters in Shanghai during the heavy haze episode in eastern and middle China in December,2013[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2327-2336.
[19]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学, 2014, 34(12):3009-3016.Wang Guochen, Wang Jue, Xin Yujie, et al. Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10and NO2in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(12):3009-3016.
[20]Shan Wenpo, Zhang Jianda, Huang Zhixin, et al. Characterizations of ozone and related compounds under the influence of maritime and continental winds at a coastal site in the Yangtze Delta, nearby Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Research,2010(2):26-34.
[21]Draxler R, Stunder B, Rolph G, et al. HYSPLIT4USER’s GUIDE[DB/OL]. http://gus.arlhq.noaa.gov/~rdraxler/cover.htm.
[22]Wang Y Q, Zhang X Y, Draxler R R. TrajStat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods toidentify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J]. Environmental Modeling and Software, 2009, 24(8):938-939.
[23]Ward J H. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association,1963, 58:236-244.
[24]Polissar A V, Hopke P K, Kaufmann P P, et al. The aerosol at Barrow, Alaska:long-term trends and souce location[J]Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33:2441-2458.
[25]张磊,金莲姬,朱彬,等. 2011年6-8月平流输送对黄山顶污染物浓度的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2013, 33(6):969-978.Zhang Lei, Jin Lianji, Zhu Bin, et al. The influence of advective transport on the concentrations of pollutants at the top of Mt. Huangshan from June to August, 2011[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(6):969-978.