堆石料强度及变形特性缩尺效应试验
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摘要
对某原型级配堆石料,采用混合法根据规范要求缩尺,获得3条模拟级配曲线,相应的最大颗粒粒径分别为20 mm、40 mm和60 mm。对缩尺后的堆石料,采用同一相对密度作为制样标准,利用大型和中型三轴剪切仪分别进行不同围压下各向等压固结排水剪切试验,探讨堆石料强度和变形特性的缩尺效应。结果表明:堆石料的非线性强度指标φ_0和Δφ均随试样最大粒径d_(max)的增加呈对数函数增大;通过研究粒径和围压对粗粒土变形性质的影响,发现初始弹性模量E_i和体积切线模量B_t均随d_(max)的增加而线性增大,初始泊松比ν_i随d_(max)的增大逐渐减小(两者之间存在良好的幂函数关系);此外,总结出E_i、ν_i和B_t与d_(max)及围压σ_3之间的关系式,据此可初步估计d_(max)对E_i、ν_i和B_t的影响。
The hybrid method was adopted to model the original gradation of a rock-fill material according to the code, and three simulated gradations of rock-fill material have been obtained. By the same token, their equivalent particle diameters are 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm, respectively. With samples prepared under the criterion of a same relative density, the scale effect on strength and deformation characteristics of the rock-fill material were studied by large/medium-scale and consolidated-drained triaxial compression tests. The results show that the nonlinear strength indexes, φ_0 and Δφ, have an increasing trend of a logarithm function with the maximum grain diameter d_(max) of rock-fill material. Through analyzing the influences of particle size and confining pressure on the axial strains and volumetric strains, some useful conclusion can be drawn as: both the initial elastic modulus E_i and the tangent volumetric modulus B_t increase with the maximum grain size d_(max), and there is a good linear relationships between the initial elastic modulus and the maximum grain size as well as that between the tangent volume modulus and the maximum grain size; the initial Poisson's ratio ν_i decreases with the maximum grain size d_(max), and there is a good exponential relationship between the initial Poisson's ratio and the maximum grain size. Meanwhile, formulas considering the initial elastic modulus, the initial Poisson's ratio, the tangent volume modulus, the maximum grain size and the confining pressure were obtained, which can roughly estimate the effect of maximum grain size on the initial elastic modulus, the tangent volumetric modulus and the initial Poisson's ratio.
The hybrid method was adopted to model the original gradation of a rock-fill material according to the code, and three simulated gradations of rock-fill material have been obtained. By the same token, their equivalent particle diameters are 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm, respectively. With samples prepared under the criterion of a same relative density, the scale effect on strength and deformation characteristics of the rock-fill material were studied by large/medium-scale and consolidated-drained triaxial compression tests. The results show that the nonlinear strength indexes, φ_0 and Δφ, have an increasing trend of a logarithm function with the maximum grain diameter d_(max) of rock-fill material. Through analyzing the influences of particle size and confining pressure on the axial strains and volumetric strains, some useful conclusion can be drawn as: both the initial elastic modulus E_i and the tangent volumetric modulus B_t increase with the maximum grain size d_(max), and there is a good linear relationships between the initial elastic modulus and the maximum grain size as well as that between the tangent volume modulus and the maximum grain size; the initial Poisson's ratio ν_i decreases with the maximum grain size d_(max), and there is a good exponential relationship between the initial Poisson's ratio and the maximum grain size. Meanwhile, formulas considering the initial elastic modulus, the initial Poisson's ratio, the tangent volume modulus, the maximum grain size and the confining pressure were obtained, which can roughly estimate the effect of maximum grain size on the initial elastic modulus, the tangent volumetric modulus and the initial Poisson's ratio.
引文
[ 1 ] 郦能惠.土石坝安全监测分析评价预报系统[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[ 2 ] 郭庆国.堆石料的工程特性及应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[ 3 ] 郦能惠.高混凝土面板堆石坝新技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[ 4 ] 杨杰,蔡新,宋小波.基于大三轴试验的胶凝堆石料力学特性[J].水利水电科技进展,2014,34(4):24-28.(YANG Jie,CAI Xin,SONG Xiaobo.Mechanical properties of CSG material based on large triaxial tests[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2014,34(4):24-28.(in Chinese))
[ 5 ] 杨杰,蔡新,郭兴文.基于强度试验的胶凝堆石材料破坏准则[J].水利水电科技进展,2013,33(2):47-50.(YANG Jie,CAI Xin,GUO Xingwen.Experimental study of scale effect on strength of rockfill meterial[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2013,33(2):47-50.(in Chinese))
[ 6 ] 蔡新,宋小波,明宇,等.胶凝堆石料大三轴试验[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(5):424-428.(CAI Xin,SONG Xiaobo,MING Yu,et al.Large-scale triaxial tests for CSG materials[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2013,41(5):424-428.(in Chinese))
[ 7 ] 徐志华,孙大伟,张国栋.堆石料应力-应变特性大型三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,41(5):1565-1572.(XU Zhihua,SUN Dawei,ZHANG Guodong.Study on stress-strain behavior of rockfill using large-scale triaxial tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,41(5):1565-1572.(in Chinese))
[ 8 ] 朱晟,宁志远,钟春欣,等.考虑级配效应的堆石料颗粒破碎与变形特性研究[J].水利学报,2018,49(7):849-857.(ZHU Sheng,NING Zhiyuan,ZHONG Chunxin,et al.Study on particle crush and deformation characteristics considering rockfill gradation effect[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2018,49(7):849-857.(in Chinese))
[ 9 ] MARSAL R J.Mechanical properties of rockfill embankment dam engineering [M].New York:John Wiley,1973:109-200.
[10] MARACHI N D,CHAN C K,SEED H B.Evaluation of properties of rockfill mechanicals[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations,Division,ASCE,1972,98(1):95-114.
[11] 郦能惠,朱铁,米占宽.小浪底坝过渡料的强度与变形特性及缩尺效应[J].水电能源科学,2001,19(2):40-43.(LI Nenghui,ZHU Tie,MI Zhankuan.Experimental study of compact density of scaled coarse-grained soil[J].Water Resources and Power,2001,19(2):40-43.(in Chinese))
[12] 花俊杰,周伟,常晓林,等.堆石体应力变形的尺寸效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):328-335.(HUA Junjie,ZHOU Wei,CHANG Xiaolin,et al.Study of scale effect on stress and deformation of rockfill[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):328-335.(in Chinese))
[13] 王继庄.堆石料的变形特性和缩尺效应[J].岩土工程学报,1994,16(4):89-95.(WANG Jizhuang.Deformation behaviour and scale effects of coarse-grained materials[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,16(4):89-95.(in Chinese))
[14] 翁厚洋,朱俊高,余挺,等.堆石料缩尺效应研究现状与趋势[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(4):426-429.(WENG Houyang,ZHU Jungao,YU Ting,et al.Status quo and tendency of studies on scale effect of coarse-grained soil materials[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2009,37(4):426-429.(in Chinese))
[15] 翁厚洋.堆石料缩尺效应试验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2008.
[16] 凌华,殷宗泽,朱俊高,等.堆石料强度的缩尺效应试验研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(5):540-544.(LING Hua,YIN Zongze,ZHU Jungao,et al.Experimental study of scale effect on strength of rockfill meterial[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2011,39(5):540-544.(in Chinese))
[17] 李翀,何昌荣,王琛,等.粗粒料大型三轴试验的尺寸效应研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(增刊1):563-566.(LI Chong,HE Changrong,WANG Chen,et al.Study of scale effect of large-scale triaxial of coarse-grained materials[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(Sup1):563-566.(in Chinese))
[18] VARADARAJAN A,SHARMA K G,VENKATACHALAM K,et al.Testing and modeling two rockfill materials[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2003,129(3):206-218.
[19] 饶锡保,何晓民,刘鸣.粗粒含量对砾质土工程性质的影响的研究[J].长江科学院院报,1999,16(11):21-25.(RAO Xibao,HE Xiaomin,LIU Ming.Influence of coarse-grained content on engineering properties of gravelly soil[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,1999,16(11):21-25.(in Chinese))
[20] 中华人民共和国水利部.土工试验规程:SL 237—1999[M].北京:中国水利水电出版,1999.
[ 2 ] 郭庆国.堆石料的工程特性及应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.
[ 3 ] 郦能惠.高混凝土面板堆石坝新技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[ 4 ] 杨杰,蔡新,宋小波.基于大三轴试验的胶凝堆石料力学特性[J].水利水电科技进展,2014,34(4):24-28.(YANG Jie,CAI Xin,SONG Xiaobo.Mechanical properties of CSG material based on large triaxial tests[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2014,34(4):24-28.(in Chinese))
[ 5 ] 杨杰,蔡新,郭兴文.基于强度试验的胶凝堆石材料破坏准则[J].水利水电科技进展,2013,33(2):47-50.(YANG Jie,CAI Xin,GUO Xingwen.Experimental study of scale effect on strength of rockfill meterial[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2013,33(2):47-50.(in Chinese))
[ 6 ] 蔡新,宋小波,明宇,等.胶凝堆石料大三轴试验[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(5):424-428.(CAI Xin,SONG Xiaobo,MING Yu,et al.Large-scale triaxial tests for CSG materials[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2013,41(5):424-428.(in Chinese))
[ 7 ] 徐志华,孙大伟,张国栋.堆石料应力-应变特性大型三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,41(5):1565-1572.(XU Zhihua,SUN Dawei,ZHANG Guodong.Study on stress-strain behavior of rockfill using large-scale triaxial tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,41(5):1565-1572.(in Chinese))
[ 8 ] 朱晟,宁志远,钟春欣,等.考虑级配效应的堆石料颗粒破碎与变形特性研究[J].水利学报,2018,49(7):849-857.(ZHU Sheng,NING Zhiyuan,ZHONG Chunxin,et al.Study on particle crush and deformation characteristics considering rockfill gradation effect[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2018,49(7):849-857.(in Chinese))
[ 9 ] MARSAL R J.Mechanical properties of rockfill embankment dam engineering [M].New York:John Wiley,1973:109-200.
[10] MARACHI N D,CHAN C K,SEED H B.Evaluation of properties of rockfill mechanicals[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations,Division,ASCE,1972,98(1):95-114.
[11] 郦能惠,朱铁,米占宽.小浪底坝过渡料的强度与变形特性及缩尺效应[J].水电能源科学,2001,19(2):40-43.(LI Nenghui,ZHU Tie,MI Zhankuan.Experimental study of compact density of scaled coarse-grained soil[J].Water Resources and Power,2001,19(2):40-43.(in Chinese))
[12] 花俊杰,周伟,常晓林,等.堆石体应力变形的尺寸效应研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):328-335.(HUA Junjie,ZHOU Wei,CHANG Xiaolin,et al.Study of scale effect on stress and deformation of rockfill[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):328-335.(in Chinese))
[13] 王继庄.堆石料的变形特性和缩尺效应[J].岩土工程学报,1994,16(4):89-95.(WANG Jizhuang.Deformation behaviour and scale effects of coarse-grained materials[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,16(4):89-95.(in Chinese))
[14] 翁厚洋,朱俊高,余挺,等.堆石料缩尺效应研究现状与趋势[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(4):426-429.(WENG Houyang,ZHU Jungao,YU Ting,et al.Status quo and tendency of studies on scale effect of coarse-grained soil materials[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2009,37(4):426-429.(in Chinese))
[15] 翁厚洋.堆石料缩尺效应试验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2008.
[16] 凌华,殷宗泽,朱俊高,等.堆石料强度的缩尺效应试验研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(5):540-544.(LING Hua,YIN Zongze,ZHU Jungao,et al.Experimental study of scale effect on strength of rockfill meterial[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2011,39(5):540-544.(in Chinese))
[17] 李翀,何昌荣,王琛,等.粗粒料大型三轴试验的尺寸效应研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(增刊1):563-566.(LI Chong,HE Changrong,WANG Chen,et al.Study of scale effect of large-scale triaxial of coarse-grained materials[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(Sup1):563-566.(in Chinese))
[18] VARADARAJAN A,SHARMA K G,VENKATACHALAM K,et al.Testing and modeling two rockfill materials[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2003,129(3):206-218.
[19] 饶锡保,何晓民,刘鸣.粗粒含量对砾质土工程性质的影响的研究[J].长江科学院院报,1999,16(11):21-25.(RAO Xibao,HE Xiaomin,LIU Ming.Influence of coarse-grained content on engineering properties of gravelly soil[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,1999,16(11):21-25.(in Chinese))
[20] 中华人民共和国水利部.土工试验规程:SL 237—1999[M].北京:中国水利水电出版,1999.