三角链半杯勺式丘陵山区马铃薯精密播种机设计与试验
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摘要
针对中国丘陵山区地形复杂、马铃薯机械化水平偏低、种植规模较小等问题,设计了一种可实现施肥、播种、开沟起垄、整形镇压一体化作业的三角链半杯勺式马铃薯精密播种机。将传统的链勺式马铃薯播种机的"上下"2个链轮的传动改为3个链轮的"三角形排列"的传动模式,增加了水平清种区,依靠重力清种,减少种薯的损伤,以及实现单粒精播的要求;将勺式取种装置改为半杯状取种装置,有效增加了取种数量,提高了取种的可靠性;通过分析计算确定了排肥系统、靴式开沟器、排种系统的工作参数,对于丘陵山区土地粘性大造成的起垄高度低、起垄不平整等问题,设计了一套开沟起垄、整形镇压装置。田间试验结果表明,当作业速度1. 9～2. 0 km/h时,粒距合格指数83. 26%,重播指数8. 36%,漏播指数8. 38%,变异系数22. 31%,垄高、垄底宽、垄面宽和垄距的稳定系数均在97%以上,性能指标符合国家标准要求。
Aiming at the problems of complex topography,low level of potato mechanization and small planting scale in hilly mountainous areas of China,a triangular chain half cup spoon-shaped potato precision planter was designed,which can realize the integration of fertilization,sowing,ditching and ridging,shaping,soil-covering and soil-compacting. The transmission mode of the "up and low"two sprocket of the traditional chain spoon potato planter was changed to the"triangular arrangement"of three sprockets,which increased the horizontal clearance area,relied on the gravity clear species,reduced the damage of seed potato,and realized the requirement of single-grain precision sowing. Changing the spoon-type device into a half-cup seed-taking device effectively increased the number of seed taken and improved the reliability of the seed taking. The working parameters of the fertilizer discharging system,the boot-type opener and the seeding system were determined by the analysis and calculation. A set of ditching and ridging,shaping,soil-covering and soil-compacting device was designed to solve the problem of low ridge height and uneven ridge formation caused by large land viscosity in hilly mountainous areas. The field test results showed that when the working speed was 1. 9 ～ 2. 0 km/h,the qualified grain distance index was 83. 26%,the rebroadcasting index was 8. 36%,and the missed-airing index was 8. 38%,the coefficient of variation was 22. 31%,and the stability coefficient of the ridge height,ridge bottom width,ridge width and ridge distance were all above 97%. Performance index met national standards.
Aiming at the problems of complex topography,low level of potato mechanization and small planting scale in hilly mountainous areas of China,a triangular chain half cup spoon-shaped potato precision planter was designed,which can realize the integration of fertilization,sowing,ditching and ridging,shaping,soil-covering and soil-compacting. The transmission mode of the "up and low"two sprocket of the traditional chain spoon potato planter was changed to the"triangular arrangement"of three sprockets,which increased the horizontal clearance area,relied on the gravity clear species,reduced the damage of seed potato,and realized the requirement of single-grain precision sowing. Changing the spoon-type device into a half-cup seed-taking device effectively increased the number of seed taken and improved the reliability of the seed taking. The working parameters of the fertilizer discharging system,the boot-type opener and the seeding system were determined by the analysis and calculation. A set of ditching and ridging,shaping,soil-covering and soil-compacting device was designed to solve the problem of low ridge height and uneven ridge formation caused by large land viscosity in hilly mountainous areas. The field test results showed that when the working speed was 1. 9 ～ 2. 0 km/h,the qualified grain distance index was 83. 26%,the rebroadcasting index was 8. 36%,and the missed-airing index was 8. 38%,the coefficient of variation was 22. 31%,and the stability coefficient of the ridge height,ridge bottom width,ridge width and ridge distance were all above 97%. Performance index met national standards.
引文
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[22]杨锴,段宏兵,宋波涛,等.半杯勺式马铃薯排种器的设计与试验[J].华中农业大学学报,2018,37(2):103-109.YANG Kai,DUAN Hongbing,SONG Botao,et al. Design and trial of half-cup type potato seed-metering device[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2018,37(2):103-109.(in Chinese)
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[2]韩宏宇,徐俊,杨华,等.马铃薯播种机机械式取种技术研究[J].农机化研究,2017,39(10):104-107,118.HAN Hongyu,XU Jun,YANG Hua,et al. The research of mechanical seed extraction based on potato seeder[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(10):104-107,118.(in Chinese)
[3]刘全威.马铃薯播种机播种监测与漏播补偿系统的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013.LIU Quanwei. Development of automatic monitor and loss reseeding compensation system for the potato seeder[D]. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[4] SINGH R C,SINGH G,SARASWATD C. Optimisation of design and operational parameters of a pneumatic seed metering device for planting cottonseeds[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2005,92(4):429-438.
[5]戴飞,辛尚龙,赵武云,等.全膜面覆土式马铃薯播种联合作业机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(3):76-83,56. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? file_no=20170309&flag=1. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn.1000-1298. 2017. 03. 009.DAI Fei,XIN Shanglong,ZHAO Wuyun,et al. Design and experiment of potato planter combined machine for covering soil on the top of full film surface[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(3):76-83,56.(in Chinese)
[6]吕金庆,杨颖,李紫辉,等.舀勺式马铃薯播种机排种器的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(16):17-25.LJinqing,YANG Ying,LI Zihui,et al. Design and experiment of cup-belt type potato seed-metering device[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(16):17-25.(in Chinese)
[7]宋言明,王芬娥.国内外马铃薯机械的发展概况[J].农机化研究,2008,30(9):224-227.SONG Yanming,WANG Fene. The general development of potato machinery at home and abroad[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2008,30(9):224-227.(in Chinese)
[8]吕金庆,王英博,李紫辉,等.加装导流板的舀勺式马铃薯播种机排种器性能分析与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):19-28.LJinqing,WANG Yingbo,LI Zihui,et al. Perform analysis and experiment of cup-belt type patato seed-metering device with flow deflector[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(9):19-28.(in Chinese)
[9] BUITENWERG H,HOOGMOED W B,LERINK P,et al. Assessment of the behaviour of potatoes in a cup-belt planter[J].Biosystems Engineering,2006,95(1):35-41.
[10]王希英,唐汉,王金武,等.双列交错勺带式马铃薯精量排种器优化设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(11):82-90. http:∥www. jcsam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20161111&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 11. 011.WANG Xiying,TANG Han,WANG Jinwu,et al. Optimized design and experiment on double-row cross spoon-belt potato precision seed metering device[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(11):82-90.(in Chinese)
[11] ASAF Z,RUBINSTEIN D,SHMULEVICH I. Determination of discrete element model parameters required for soil tillage[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2007,92(1-2):227-242.
[12] GULATI S,SINGH M. Design and development of a manually drawn cup type potato planter[J]. Journal of Indian Potato Association,2003,30(1-2):61-62.
[13]杜宏伟,尚书旗,杨然兵,等.我国马铃薯机械化播种排种技术研究与分析[J].农机化研究,2011,33(2):214-217,221.DU Hongwei,SHANG Shuqi,YANG Ranbing,et al. Research and analysis on mechanized potato seed sowing techniques[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(2):214-217,221.(in Chinese)
[14] ARZU Y,ADNAN D. Optimisation of the seed spacing uniformity performance of a vacuum-type precision seeder using response surface methodology[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2007,97(3):347-356.
[15]徐跃进.浙江省丘陵山区农业机械化发展研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.XU Yuejin. Study on agricultural mechanization development in hilly and mountain areas of Zhejiang Province[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.(in Chinese)
[16]徐晓军.丘陵山区马铃薯高产栽培新技术要点[J].南方农业,2018(17):25-26.
[17]辛尚龙,戴飞,石林榕,等.单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机工作参数优化[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(5):282-287.XIN Shanglong,DAI Fei,SHI Linrong,et al. Optimization of working parameters of potato planter with fertilizer and mulching[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(5):282-287.(in Chinese)
[18]石林榕,杨小平,赵武云,等.抛扬式膜际覆土马铃薯播种联合作业机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(6):129-137. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20180615&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 06. 015.SHI Linrong,YANG Xiaoping,ZHAO Wuyun,et al. Design and test of potato combine seeder with throwing and covering soil on film edge[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(6):129-137.(in Chinese)
[19]孙伟,刘小龙,张华,等.马铃薯施肥播种起垄全膜覆盖种行覆土一体机设计[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(20):14-22.SUN Wei,LIU Xiaolong,ZHANG Hua,et al. Design of potato casingsoil planter in all-in-one machine combined with fertilizing,sowing,ridging,complete film mulching and planting line covering[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(20):14-22.(in Chinese)
[20]李明.气力杯勺式马铃薯排种器的设计与试验研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2017.LI Ming. Design and research of pneumatic metering device with cup spoon type for potato[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[21]王泽明.舀勺式马铃薯播种机排种器的设计与试验研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2015.WANG Zeming. Design and experimental of metering device of cup-belt type potato planter[D]. Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)
[22]杨锴,段宏兵,宋波涛,等.半杯勺式马铃薯排种器的设计与试验[J].华中农业大学学报,2018,37(2):103-109.YANG Kai,DUAN Hongbing,SONG Botao,et al. Design and trial of half-cup type potato seed-metering device[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2018,37(2):103-109.(in Chinese)
[23]石林榕,孙伟,赵武云,等.马铃薯种薯机械排种离散元仿真模型参数确定及验证[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):35-42.SHI Linrong,SUN Wei,ZHAO Wuyun,et al. Parameter determination and validation of discrete element model of seed potato mechanical seeding[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(6):35-42.(in Chinese)
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